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Cicero 
From a bust in the Vatican 



SIX 
ORATIONS OF CICERO 



WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, AND 
VOCABULARY 



BY 



ALBERT HARKNESS, Ph.D., LL.D. 

PROFESSOR EMERITUS IN BROWN UNIVERSITY 
ASSISTED BY 

JOHN C. KIRTLAND, JR., A.M. 

PROFESSOR IN THE PHILLIPS EXETER ACADEMY 

AND 

GEORGE A. WILLIAMS, Ph.D. 

PROFESSOR IN KALAMAZOO COLLEGE; LATE INSTRUCTOR IN 
THE PHILLIPS EXETER ACADEMY 



o'i^c 



NEW YORK •:. CINCINNATI .:• CHICAGO 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 






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LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
TwoCoDies Received 

JUN 15 1906 

■\ eopyright Entry ^ 

l^CLASS Q^ XXc. No. 

CO*>Y B. 



Copyright, 1906, by 
ALBERT HARKNESS. 



ORATIONS OF CICERO. 
W. P. I 



FR-EFACE 

The volume now offered to the public is intended to be 
emphatically a student's edition of the orations most frequently- 
read in a Latin course preparatory for college. The orations 
which it contains are all fine specimens of Roman eloquence, 
and they illustrate the forensic, senatorial, and judicial depart- 
ments of Roman oratory. They are arranged in the order in 
which, it is thought, they can be studied to best advantage. 
Before the text of each oration is placed a special introduction, 
intended to furnish the pupil with such information in regard 
to the occasion and the subject as the orator assumes to be 
already in the possession of his hearers. The principal rhetori- 
cal divisions of the orations are designated by the technical 
Latin terms usually employed by the ancient rhetoricians. 

The text is that of C. F. W. Mueller, Leipzig, 1895 and 1896. 
Long vowels are marked in the first five orations only, as it is 
deemed important for the student of Cicero to have some prac- 
tice in reading Latin without such aid. 

The notes are intended to aid and guide the efforts of the. 
student who has already had some experience in the reading 
of a Latin classic and is now just beginning the study of Roman 
oratory, a subject intimately connected with the public life of 
the Romans, and one which the student ought to find not only 
highly instructive, but deeply interesting. They aim, therefore, 
to give him the key to all really difficult passages, and at the 
same time to furnish him such collateral information upon 
Roman manners and customs, upon Roman history and life, 
as will enable him to understand, appreciate, and enjoy these 

3 



4 PREFACE 

masterpieces of Roman oratory. Care has, however, been taken 
not to interfere with that special course of direct instruction 
and illustration which belongs exclusively to the teacher. 

In the notes questions are inserted at intervals to aid the 
student in adding to his stock of knowledge in a definite form 
such grammatical and historical information as his author places 
within his reach or such as he may readily find elsewhere. This 
feature of the work, it is hoped, may also prove helpful to the 
teacher in the difficult task of keeping the subject-matter of the 
orations steadily before the minds of his pupils, and may thus 
enable him greatly to enrich his class-room work and to throw 
around it an interest which would otherwise be absolutely 
impossible. 

The volume is supplied with the needed maps and plans and 
with various pictorial illustrations inserted in the introduction 
and text, not for ornament, but for use. The learner wdll doubt- 
less find them helpful in his attempts to appreciate Roman 
life. 

In the vocabulary the editors have aimed to give the primary 
meanings of words with such other meanings as the student 
will need in translating the orations. They have also endeav- 
ored to treat the important subject of etymology in a simple 
and practical way, and thus to give the learner the advantage 
of seeing the significant elements which unite in forming com- 
pound and derivative words. 

The general introduction to this edition contains an outline 
of the life of Cicero, a brief history of Roman oratory, a chrono- 
logical table of contemporaneous Roman history, and a short 
treatise on Roman public life, giving an account of the divisions 
of the people, the powers and duties of the magistrates, of the 
senate, of the popular assemblies, and of the courts of justice. 
This large amount of introductory' matter seemed to be de- 
manded to meet the special needs of the student of Roman 
oratory, and it will doubtless be welcomed by teachers in view 



PREFACE 5 

of the interest now taken in historical and political questions 
both in school and in college. 

The notes and the vocabulary are the product of the joint 
labors of the three editors whose names stand on the title-page. 
For the introductions and the illustrations the senior editor 
alone is responsible. 

My thanks are due to Harper & Company for permission to 
use the illustration of the Tumulus of Achilles from the "IHos " of 
Dr. Schliemann, and to Houghton, Mifflin & Company and The 
Macmillan Company for the use of illustrations from Lanciani's 
" Ancient Rome " and Kelsey's edition of Man's " Pompeii," 
and to E. Becchetti of Rome for the use of his valuable draw- 
ings of the Restoration of the Forum and its Surroundings. 

My thanks are also due to Professor J. H. Dickason of 
Wooster, Ohio, for his kindness in reading the proof and in 
making valuable suggestions. 

In conclusion I desire once more to convey my sincere 
thanks to the classical teachers of the country, who by their 
fidelity and skill in the use of my previous books have con- 
tributed so largely to their success. To their hands this volume 
is now respectfully and gratefully committed. 

ALBERT HARKNESS. 

Brown University. 



CONTENTS 



Introduction 

Life of Cicero . 

Cicero a Learned Scholar and Author . 

Roman Oratory . . . . . . . 

Delivery 

Technical Terms ....... 

Chronological Table ...... 

Roman Public Life, Patricians, Plebeians, and Clients 

Duties and Powers of Magistrates 

Duties and Powers of the Senate .... 

Duties and Powers of the Popular Assemblies 
Duties and Powers of the Courts of Justice . 
Places of Special Interest to the Student of Cicero 
Valuable Works of Reference .... 



Orations 

First Oration against Catiline 
Second Oration against Catiline 
Third Oration against Catiline 
Fourth Oration against Catiline 
Oration for the Manihan Law 
Oration for the Poet Archias 

Notes 

Vocabulary 



9 
32 
37 
41 
42 

44 
50 
51 
65 

70 

75 

n 

83 



85 

104 

121 

138 
154 
189 



I 

(6 or.) 



MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS 

Cicero . . . « Frontispiece 

PAGE 

Imperium Romanum ....,., facing 9 

Consul and Lictors 54 

Sella Curulis 55 

Suovetaurilia 58 

Plan of Rome with that of the Forum and Capitol . facing 72 
Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus (restored) ..... 78 

Curia Hostiha .......... 80 

The Forum — Looking West. The same (restored) . facing 81 
Pompeian Basilica (restored) . . . . . » .81 

Tullianum ........... 82 

The Fomm — Looking East . . . . . facing 83 

Italia facing 85 

Rome and Vicinity facing 85 

The Aegean Sea and Adjacent Countries . . . facing 85 
Head of Marius . . . . . . .' * . .89 

Cicero denouncing Catiline in the Senate ..... 95 

Sacrarium . 99 

Head of Zeus (Jupiter) 103 

Amphitheater at Pompeii ........ 108 

Gladiators training for the Arena, //^<^//;j'^/rt^/«/(9r//^j' . . .110 

Roman citizen in the toga, togatus 120 

Wall of Romu]uF,, g7a /lanc ierdem condidit . . . . .123 

The Mulvian Bridge, now Ponte Molle . . . . . 125 

Head of Sulla 134 

Vestal Virgin 139 

Temple of Vesta . 140 

Head of Caesar 143 

Taberna, a Pompeian shop restored ...... 149 

Head of Pompcius (Pompey) 157 

Medea 166 

Navis, cximia vis reinigiini . . . . . . . .174 

Fortuna 177 

Appia Via • . . .180 

Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus 200 

Achillis Tumulus ' . 202 



(6 or.) 



y 











IMPERIUM ROMANUM 
44 B.C. 



SCALE OF MILES 



100 200 300 400 

Roman Territory and Provinces 
Protected States 




Longitude 



LIFE AND WORKS OF CICERO 

CICERO'S BOYHOOD, THE FIRST SIXTEEN YEARS OF HIS 
LIFE, 106 TO 90 B.C. 

1. Rome at the Birth of Cicero. — Marcus Tullius Cicero, 
the celebrated orator, belonged to the equestrian order of 
Roman aristocracy, but no member of the family had ever 
held a curule office. He was born on the third of January, 
1 06 B.C., at or near Arpinum in Latium, the birthplace of 
Gains Marius, the famous general and reformer. The 
Roman republic was already on the eve of great events. 
Pompey, who was destined to play an important part in its 
subsequent history, was born that very year ; Marius, then 
in Numidia, was soon to defeat King Jugurtha and lead 
him in chains to Rome to grace his triumph ; the bar- 
barian hordes of the North, the Cimbri and the Teutones, 
were already threatening the city, but were destined soon 
to suffer a terrible defeat at the hands of Marius ; Lucius 
Cornelius Sulla, soon to be the formidable rival of Marius, 
was rapidly rising to influence and power ; Gains Julius 
Caesar was born six years later. Cicero, Caesar, Pompey, 
Marius, and Sulla are famous names in the history of the 
last century of the republic. 

2. Early Education. — Young Cicero was early sent to 
Rome that he might enjoy all the educational advantages 
that the capital could afford. Lucius Crassiis, the orator, 
superintended his education and procured for him the 

9 



lO INTRODUCTION 

ablest teachers of the day. One of these was the poet 
Archias, who seems to have won the lasting gratitude of 
his pupil, if we may judge from the oration pronounced 
many years after in his defense. Under the guidance of 
these teachers, most of whom were Greeks, Cicero com- 
pleted the regular curriculum of studies then deemed 
essential for the education of a Roman gentleman, includ- 
ing grammar, rhetoTic, the Greek language and literature. 

CICERO'S EARLY MANHOOD, TO THE TWENTY-SIXTH YEAR 
OF HIS AGE, 90 to 81 B.C. 

3. Professional Studies. — ^At the age of sixteen, on as- 
suming the manly gown, the toga virilis, Cicero was placed 
under the care of Quintus Mucins Scaevola, the Augur, 
the famous lawyer and jurist, under whose guidance he 
entered at once upon a special course of education and 
training for the bar and the Forum. He continued his 
studies in Greek literature, devoting himself especially to 
the Greek poets and orators. He frequented the courts 
of justice and the Forum, where he heard the great 
advocates and orators of the day, — Crassus, Antonius, 
Sulpicius, and others. 

4. Military Service. — One or two campaigns in the 
field were considered an essential part of the education 
of every candidate for a public career at Rome. Accord- 
ingly, in the year 89 b.c, in the midst of the Social War, 
we find Cicero, then in his eighteenth year, serving his first 
campaign under Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo, the father of 
Pompey the Great. 

5. He resumes his Studies. — Returning to Rome after 
this brief experience of military service, which he regarded 



LIFE OF CICERO 11 

as an unfortunate interruption of his favorite studies, he 
resumed with pleasure his quiet student life, and for the 
next five or six years we find him devoting himself untir- 
ingly to the preparation for that high position of useful- 
ness and honor to which he was looking forward with so 
much confidence. He determined that he would make 
himself an orator and a statesman ; that his voice should 
be heard in defense of the right in courts of justice and in 
the Forum. No sacrifice of time or labor would be too 
great if thereby he could achieve success. Indeed, the 
record of these years of preparation reminds us of the 
remarkable accounts which have come down to us in 
regard to the severe course of training and discipline to 
which Demosthenes is said to have subjected himself in 
preparing for the bema, where he achieved such won- 
derful success. Cicero, like Demosthenes, had certain 
defects to overcome. He accordingly labored untiringly 
to cultivate his voice, to acquire graceful movements, and 
to increase his physical strength, which was by no means 
equal to the strain of the Forum. He studied the action 
of the great leaders of the Roman stage, thus pressing 
into his service the best lessons of the histrionic art. In 
this part of his work the famous actors Aesop and Ros- 
cius were his teachers and his models. 

6. His Favorite Studies. — Cicero, in accordance with his 
theory of the extensive demands of the orator's art, strove 
to compass in a general way all the departments of human 
knowledge then known to the Roman world, but rhetoric, 
logic, philosophy, and law were his favorite studies. 
Rome was already beginning to be the home of Greek 
culture and refinement, and abounded in learned teachers 
who were ready to impart instruction in all the branches 



12 INTRODUCTION 

of a liberal education. Cicero gladly availed himself of 
the learned instruction thus fortunately brought within his 
reach. Molo of Rhodes, the renowned rhetorician, be- 
came his special instructor in oratory, while Phaedrus, 
Philo, and Diodotus initiated him into the leading doc- 
trines of the three great schools of Greek philosophy. 

CICERO AT THE BAR, TO THE THIRTY-SECOND YEAR OF HIS 
AGE, 81 TO 75 B.C. 

7. He delivers his First Oration. — In the year 81 b.c, 
Cicero, then in his twenty-sixth year, delivered the first of 
his extant orations. It was in defense of Publius Quinc- 
tius in a civil suit, in which the opposing counsel was 
the renowned Hortensius, then at the head of the Roman 
bar. 

8. His First Criminal Suit. — In the year 80 b.c. Cicero, 
then in his twenty-seventh year, appeared for the first time 
in a criminal suit. He defended Sextus Roscius, a heroic 
act on the part of the young advocate, as the plaintiff was 
a favorite of Sulla, who had become perpetual dictator, 
and held Rome firmly in his grasp. Roscius was unjustly 
accused of having murdered his own father, and Cicero 
procured the acquittal of his client by proving positively 
that there was not a particle of evidence to support the 
charge. It seems probable that the murdered man was 
one of the victims of the terrible proscription ordered by 
the dictator himself. Accordingly, the courageous and || 
triumphant defense of the unfortunate son attracted public 
attention to the youthful advocate, and assured his success 
at the bar. 

9. Foreign Travel and Study. — But finding his health 



LIFE OF CICERO 1 3 

and strength inadequate for the arduous duties of a Roman 
orator and desirous of a larger acquaintance with the 
scholars of the world, he spent the next two years in 
study and travel abroad. He went first to Athens, the 
university town of the ancient world, the home of poetry 
and art, of letters and philosophy, where he remained six 
months and renewed his acquaintance with Titus Pompo- 
nius, whom he had met in boyhood and who was subse- 
quently best known by his surname Atticus. With this 
elegant and accompHshed scholar, to whom he was ever 
most warmly attached, he continued to correspond till the 
day of his death. At Athens he studied philosophy un- 
der Antiochus of Ascalon ; elocution and rhetoric under 
Demetrius the Syrian. 

10. After leaving Athens he visited the chief cities of 
Asia Minor, where he made the acquaintance of some 
of the most learned men of the age and availed himself of 
the instruction of the most renowned professors that could 
be found in that part of the world. He was especially 
attracted to Rhodes by the fame of its learned schools. 
There he heard Posidonius, the leading Stoic of his time, 
and Molo, the celebrated rhetorician, whose acquaintance 
he had previously made at Rome. 

11. He marries Terentia. — After an absence of two 
years he returned to Rome, married Terentia, and re- 
sumed the practice of the law. He was then in the full 
vigor of early manhood, an accomplished scholar in all 
the learning of the time, and better equipped for the duties 
of the bar and the Forum than any other young man 
in Rome. His first client after his return was Quintus 
Roscius, the actor, whom he defended in a civil suit. 



14 INTRODUCTION 

CICERO'S POLITICAL CAREER, TO THE FORTY-FOURTH YEAR 
OF HIS AGE, 75 to 62 b.c. 

12. Cicero as Quaestor. — At the age of thirty, Cicero was 
elected quaestor ; at thirty-six, curule aedile ; at thirty-nine, 
praetor ; and at forty-two, consul, — a remarkable career of 
poUtical preferment for a member of the equestrian order 
with no illustrious ancestry. His quaestorship took him 
to Sicily, where his genial manners and his upright admin- 
istration made him the idol of the people, while his wise 
forethought in sending supplies of grain to Rome in a 
time of great scarcity won him popularity among his 
fellow-citizens at home. His success well-nigh turned his 
head. He tells us himself, in his genial way, that he 
began to think that the Roman people were talking only of 
his quaestorship, but that on his journey home he was 
thoroughly undeceived, when he met a friend at a famous 
watering-place, who asked him what day he left Rome 
and whether there was any news, and when he with no 
little annoyance informed his friend that he was just 
returning from his province, '* Oh, yes, to be sure," saidB 
he; '* from Africa, I beheve." 

13. The quaestorship gave Cicero a seat in the senate 
for life, and his eloquence and his scholarly attainments 
soon made him the leader and practically the organ of that 
august body. 

14. The Prosecution of Verres. — In the year 70 b.c. 
Cicero undertook, in behalf of the oppressed Sicilians, 
the prosecution of Verres, who had been guilty of grave 
crimes and misdemeanors while governor of the island. 
The evidence of guilt at the first hearing was so over- 
whelming, and Cicero in opening the case portrayed the 



LIFE OF CICERO 1 5 

crimes of the defendant in such dark and threatening 
colors, that Hortensius, who was at the head of the Roman 
bar and had been retained for the defense, threw up the 
case in despair, and his cHent went into voluntary exile. 
The five books which embody the material collected for 
this trial form the severest indictment ever brought against 
a Roman governor, — an indictment whose only parallel 
in modern times must be sought in the impeachment of 
Warren Hastings. 

15. Cicero's success in conducting this important trial 
and the publication of his masterly pleas placed him at 
the head of the Roman bar, the position which Hortensius, 
whom Cicero calls "the king of the courts," had long held. 

16. Cicero as Curule Aedile. — The office of curule 
aedile, to which Cicero was elected while engaged in the 
prosecution of Verres, was ordinarily a very expensive 
one. The candidate for popular favor was expected to 
entertain the people with public festivities and costly 
amusements, but Cicero with rare good sense continued 
to devote himself to the real welfare of the repubHc with- 
out attempting any ostentatious display or incurring any 
extravagant expenditure. 

17. Cicero as Praetor. — After the usual interval of two 
years Cicero was returned at the head of the list of prae- 
tors. Fortune now seemed to smile upon our candidate 
for political honors. There was only one higher office in 
the gift of the people, and his eye was already fixed upon 
that, but he knew that the best recomm.endation for future 
honors was the conscientious discharge of present duties. 
He accordingly gave his personal attention and his best 
thought to the judicial functions of his high office. No 
dishonest decisions ever received his sanction. 



1 6 INTRODUCTION 

i8. During his praetorship Cicero appeared for the first 
time upon the Rostra before the Roman people. The 
tribune Gains ManiHus had introduced a bill before the 
tribal assembly, proposing that the supreme command 
in the war against Mithridates and Tigranes should be 
intrusted to Pompey, who had just achieved signal success 
in the war against the pirates and who was still in Asia 
at the head of a large and victorious army. This bill, 
generally known as the Manilian law, proposed to clothe 
Pompey with almost unlimited power and was accordingly 
vigorously opposed by the senatorial party, especially 
by Catulus and Hortensius ; but Cicero, seeing as he 
thought an opportunity to render a real service to his 
country and at the same time to win the favor of a popular 
leader, advocated the bill with so much eloquence and 
skill that it was carried by acclamation. See Introduction, 

P- 155. 

19. Cicero declines a Foreign Province. — At the expira- 
tion of his term of office Cicero declined a foreign prov- 
ince, as he thought he could use his time to better 
advantage at home, in courting the favor of his fellow- 
citizens and in canvassing for the consulship, the highest 
office in their gift. 

20. Cicero as Consul. — On the first of January, 63 b.c, 
began one of the most eventful years of Cicero's life, for 
on that day he entered upon the duties of the consulship, 
to which he had been elected by an overwhelming majority 
a few months before. He had reached the goal of his 
ambition at the very moment when the life of the republic 
was in danger. His colleague in the consulship, Gains 
Antonius, was supposed to be in sympathy with the 
treasonable movement led by Catiline, the conspirator. 



II 



LIFE OF CICERO 1 7 

but Cicero proved himself equal to the emergency. He 
secured the passive cooperation of his colleague by offer- 
ing at the outset to transfer to him the rich province of 
Macedonia at the expiration of his term of office. 

21. Cicero devoted himself at once to the arduous duties 
of his high office. He opposed and defeated the agrarian 
law of Servilius Rullus for dividing the public lands, and 
defended Rabirius, an aged senator, who was accused 
of having murdered the tribune Saturninus about forty 
years before. This accusation was an attack on the pre- 
rogative of the senate, as Saturninus was put to death by 
order of the consul Marius, whom the senate had clothed 
with dictatorial powers for the defense of the state. But 
perhaps one of Cicero's happiest efforts as an advocate, 
during his consular year, was his famous defense of 
Murena, the consul elect, charged with bribery. 

22. But the crowning glory of Cicero's consulship was, 
of course, the suppression of the great conspiracy. For 
many months Catiline had been maturing his plans for 
the ruin of the republic, and on the first of December 
he thought his preparations complete. He had joined 
Manlius at Faesulae some weeks before; had assumed 
the fasces and other insignia of consular power, and 
was at the head of an army of many thousands. He 
had assigned to his confederates in the city their several 
parts in the general work of destruction. Cethegus 
was to assassinate Cicero ; the praetor Lentulus was 
charged with the conduct of the conspiracy in the capital, 
and Cassius was to set fire to the city and to open 
communication with Catiline. But the next five days 
wrought a wonderful change in the condition of affairs 
at Rome. On the night of December the second, Voltur- 

MARKNESS' CICERO — 2 



1 8 INTRODUCTION 

cius, the bearer of dispatches to Catihne, was arrested. 
This led to the arrest and conviction of two senators, 
Lentulus and Cethegus, with three of their associates, 
Gabinius, StatiUus, and Caeparius. The consuls had 
already been clothed with dictatorial powers for the safety 
of the state. On the fifth of December the sentence of 
death was decreed by the senate, which had met to decide 
the fate of the prisoners, and the sentence was executed 
that very night, under the direction of the consul himself. 
The summary process, thus adopted by the senate and 
consul in the conviction and execution of the prisoners, 
without due form of law, was a violation of the Roman 
constitution, and entirely at variance with our modern 
ideas of justice; but at the time few questioned the pro- 
priety or the justice of the act, and the consul became 
the hero of the hour. He had crushed a bloody conspir- 
acy which had threatened the very life of the republic. 
The remaining days of the month, the closing month of 
his consulship, were among the proudest and the happiest 
of his life. All good men called him the Father of his 
Country ; all parties vied with each other in doing him 
honor. He was the foremost man in Rome, the very idol 
of his fellow-citizens. His consulship seemed to be clos- 
ing in glory, when a single note of discord disturbed the 
general rejoicing. When at the close of his term of 
office Cicero, in all the pride of conscious merit, mounted 
the Rostra to give an account of the manner in which 
he had discharged the duties of his consulship, the tribune 
Metellus Nepos interposed his veto, declaring that no man. 
should be heard who had put Roman citizens to deaths 
without a trial. The consul, however, in taking the usual * 
formal oath, swore that he had saved his country, and the 



LIFE OF CICERO 1 9 

people with one accord testified to the justice of the claim. 
Thus closed the official life of the greatest of Roman 
orators. 

CICERO AS EX-CONSUL, TO HIS RECALL FROM EXILE, 

62 TO 57 B.C. 

23. Cicero at Home. — Having declined a provincial 
government, to which he was entitled, Cicero quietly en- 
joyed his "honors for the next three or four years. As the 
ex-consul who had saved Rome, he was still one of her 
foremost citizens, and an influential leader in the senate. 
In private life he had surrounded himself with all the 
comforts and luxuries which wealth could procure ; his 
city residence was on the Palatine Hill, and he had villas 
in different parts of Italy, notably at Tusculum, at An- 
tium, at Formiae, at Cumae, and at Pompeii. Moreover, 
these villas seem to have been richly supplied with liter- 
ary treasures and with works of art. In them he enjoyed 
literary leisure, othwt cmn dignitate, surrounded by books 
and friends. In some of his happy moments he said that 
he would rather be mayor of Antium than consul at Rome, 
and that he would rather sit in his library with Atticus, in 
their favorite seat under the bust of Aristotle, than in the 
curule chair. But even during this period of quiet com- 
munion with friends and books he had many anxious 
days ; his personal enemies were never idle, and they 
never lost an opportunity of annoying him, 

24. Cicero again at the Bar. — In the year 62 b.c. 
Cicero appeared in defense of P. CorneHus Sulla, charged 
with complicity in the conspiracy of Catiline, and in sup- 
port of the claim of the poet Archias to Roman citizen- 



20 INTRODUCTION 

ship. Three years later he defended L. Valerius Flaccus, 
charged with maladministration in his provincial govern- 
ment in Asia. 

25, He goes into Exile. — But the great trial of Cicero's 
life was at hand. Early in the year 58 bx. the profligate 
Clodius, then tribune, proposed a bill declaring the execu- 
tion of a citizen without due form of trial, punishable with 
banishment, and the bill was passed, though against the 
wishes of the better classes. Every one saw that the ex- 
consul was the intended victim, though no one was named 
in the bill. Cicero, seeing his peril, and having in vain 
sought aid from Pompey and the consuls, went into volun- 
tary exile, 'whereupon Clodius carried another bill, declar- 
ing Cicero a public enemy, confiscating his property, and 
prohibiting him from fire and water within four hundred 
miles of the city. He then proceeded to dismantle 
Cicero's favorite villas at Tusculum and Formiae, and to 
pull down his city residence on the Palatine, and to dedi- 
cate its site to what he presumptuously called Liberty. 

26. Cicero in Exile. — We have now reached one of 
the saddest chapters in the Hfe of Cicero. He who had 
borne himself with so much dignity and self-possession 
through all the years of his official Hfe, who, amidst all 
the trials and perils of his consulship, had shown himself 
a true hero and the fearless champion of the right, was 
entirely unmanned by the unexpected reverse of fortune 
which had befallen him. The extreme weakness which 
characterized his conduct during the next few months 
was truly lamentable. He retired to Macedonia, where he 
received a cordial welcome from many personal friends, 
but all the kindness and consolation which they could 
offer him failed to comfort the disconsolate exile. For 



I 



LIFE OF CICERO 21 

many a long and weary month he continued to bemoan his 
hard lot, and to complain bitterly of the ingratitude of his 
countrymen. At the opening of the new year, however, 
his hope revived. The new consuls were supposed to be 
favorable to his recall, but it was not until the fourth of 
August that the bill allowing him to return was actually 
passed by the centuriate assembly. 

CICERO AS EX-CONSUL, TO THE BEGINNING OF THE CIVIL 
WAR, 57 TO 49 B.C. 

27. Cicero is welcomed back to Rome. — On the follow- 
ing day he landed at Brundisium, where he received such 
an ovation as had seldom, if ever, been accorded to a 
private citizen. His loving daughter Tullia was there to 
welcome her father with tears of joy. His homeward 
journey seems to have been more like a triumphal pro- 
cession than the ordinary return of an exile to his native 
land. He himself tells us that all Italy came out to meet 
him, and, taking him on her shoulder, carried him in 
triumph to Rome, where a still greater ovation awaited 
him ; the senate in a body met him outside the city ; a 
gilded chariot was in readiness for him at the city gate; 
vast multitudes thronged the streets, and welcomed him 
back with unbounded demonstrations of joy and gratitudCo 
Cicero, in describing his reception on his return to the 
city, says that day was equivalent to immortality ! 

28. Literary and Professional Pursuits. — For the next 
five years Cicero, though still the recognized leader of the 
senate, finding all the avenues to poHtical influence closed 
against him under the rule of the triumvirs, Caesar, Pom- 
pey, and Crassus, devoted himself to literary pursuits and 



12 INTRODUCTION 

to his professional duties as an advocate. During this 
period he wrote three valuable literary works, De Oratore^ 
De Re Pitblica, and De Legibus. In 53 B.C. he was elected 
a member of the college of Augurs, an honor which he had 
long coveted. 

29. The Attempted Defense of Milo. — In 52 b.c. Cicero 
attempted the defense of Milo, tried for the murder of the 
profligate demagogue Clodius, but no oratory could conceal 
the plain evidence of guilt, and the advocate broke down 
in the midst of his powerful plea, overcome by the magni- 
tude of his task and by the presence of Pompey with his 
armed soldiers, who held all the avenues to the Forum 
where the case was tried. It is of course impossible to say 
how much of this oration was actually delivered, probably 
only a small part of it. Milo was convicted and went into 
banishment at Marseilles, where he subsequently read the 
pubhshed oration which the great advocate had so carefully 
prepared. He is said to have added somewhat philosophi- 
cally that it was fortunate for him that the plea was not 
successfully delivered, for otherwise he would never have 
known the delicious flavor of the mullets of Marseilles. 

30. Cicero as Governor of Cilicia. — In 51 b.c. Cicero re- 
luctantly accepted the office of governor of Cilicia. Thus 
at the age of fifty-five he unexpectedly found himself at the 
head of an army. He discharged the duties of his new 
office with great fidelity and with perfect integrity; his 
administration was just, and even humane and benevolent, 
which is more than can be said of most Roman governors. 
We arc told that the astonished provincials marveled that 
a Roman governor should thus look upon them as possessed 
of any rights of their own. 

31. With the Title of Imperator. — Cicero's military 



LIFE OF CICERO 23 

operations, though on a small scale, were crowned with 
success, and the proconsul had the unspeakable happiness 
of being greeted by his soldiers with the proud title of 
Imperator. Returning to Rome at the close of his term 
of office, he remained outside of the city for some time, at- 
tended by his lictors with their laureled fasces, in the hope 
of securing the greatly coveted glory of a triumph, but 
public attention was too much engrossed with the troubled 
state of the country to listen to his suit. 

CICERO DURING THE CLOSING PERIOD OF HIS LIFE, 49 TO 
THE SEVENTH OF DECEMBER, 43 B.C. 

32. Cicero in the Civil War. — Finding the republic on 
the verge of a civil war which threatened its very life, 
Cicero as a true patriot attempted to act the part of a peace- 
maker between the rival leaders, Pompey and Caesar. 
Whether in so doing his real motive was patriotism unal- 
loyed, or whether an element of selfishness entered into its 
composition, we need not pause to inquire. After having 
attempted in vain to win the favor of both parties and 
having long vacillated from side to side, he finally joined 
Pompey and followed him to Greece, but took no part in 
the battle of Pharsalia. After Pompey's defeat and flight 
to Egypt, Cicero hastened back to Italy, intending to em- 
brace the earhest opportunity to make his peace with the 
victor, but Caesar meanwhile had followed Pompey to 
Egypt. He was therefore obliged to remain at Brundisium 
many weary months in awful suspense, awaiting Caesar's 
return, but the gracious manner in which the victor finally 
received him absolutely won his heart, if we may judge 
from the obsequious and adulatory tone of the orations 



24 INTRODUCTION 

which he soon after delivered in defense of Marcellus and 
Ligarius. 

33. Three Productive Years. — The next three years 
Cicero devoted largely to literary and philosophical pur- 
suits, and during this period were produced nearly all the 
Uterary works from his hand that have come, down to us. 
Moreover, this hst is almost as remarkable for the variety 
and interest of the subjects treated as for the number of 
volumes which it embraces. Four of these works are de- 
voted to Rhetoric, Oratory and its History ; three to Ethics, 
Theoretical and Practical ; two to Philosophy ; one to the 
Nature of the Gods ; and the other six to less comprehen- 
sive subjects, including Divination, Fate, Friendship, and 
Old Age. 

34. Busy but Sad Years. — In some respects these three 
busy years were among the saddest in the life of our 
author. Though outwardly on terms of friendship with 
Caesar, the ex-consul, who prided himself on having once 
saved the life of the republic, never ceased to mourn with 
a sincere sorrow the fate which had since befallen it, and 
to his anxiety for the future of his country were added 
domestic troubles ; his home was no longer what it had 
been in other days. Moreover, during these three event- 
ful years occurred the great affliction of his life, the 
untimely death of his daughter TuUia, whose lovely char- 
acter and fine literary taste had made her the very idol of 
her father. Her death, in his own pathetic language, de- 
prived him of the only solace which the course of events 
had left him. 

35. Cicero's Interest in the Ides of March. — On the 
fifteenth of March, in the year 44 b.c, Caesar was assassin- 
ated in the senate house, and the tragic event seems to have 



LIFE OF CICERO 25 

brought joy to the saddened life of Cicero. If all the 
unfeeling and vindictive remarks that have been ascribed 
to him in this connection were actually made by him, we 
must frankly admit that they have left a dark blot upon 
the record of a most useful life, but that record compels 
us to believe that the joy which the ex-consul derived from 
the Ides of March was not the exultation of a mean spirit 
over a fallen foe, for his personal relations with Caesar 
had been all that he could desire; it was rather the joy, 
let us hope, of a true patriot, who thought he saw in the 
event the dawning of a new and brighter day for his loved 
republic. He once more seemed to hear the voice of his 
imperiled country summoning him to duty. He responded 
to the call with the true spirit of the patriot hero. He 
had saved his country once ; a second opportunity seemed 
to be before him now. The assassins, who had hoped to 
be hailed as the liberators of their country, fled in terror 
to the Capitol ; the people looked upon them with horror, 
but Cicero was hopeful. He advised a general amnesty, 
and Antony, the surviving consul, professed to accept his 
advice ; events seemed to be taking a favorable turn ; why 
might not the republic be restored and bring back liberty 
and peace to the citizens of Rome ? That was Cicero's 
hope, but Antony had other plans. Caesar's will, giving 
legacies to several of the conspirators, his gardens to the 
public, and three hundred sesterces to each citizen, was 
read in the Forum in the presence of a vast concourse of 
people. Then it was that Antony, seizing his opportunity, 
pronounced that masterly oration in which he set forth 
the virtues of the martyred dead in such glowing colors 
and so depicted the ingratitude, treachery, and crime of the 
assassins as to arouse against them the indignation and 



26 INTRODUCTION 

fury of the excited populace. The conspirators took ref- 
uge in flight or concealment, and Cicero was in despair. 
Caesar was dead, but tyranny, cruel and vindictive, tyranny 
in some of its most hideous forms, still survived in Antony. 
Cicero accordingly left Rome and for many months wan- 
dered from villa to villa, and from place to place, with no 
definite plan for future action, once more an exile from 
the city he had served so well, and he was finally upon 
the point of bidding farewell forever to his loved Italy, 
when the glad tidings reached him that there was still 
hope and that his country needed him in her hour of peril. 
He hastily responded to her call. His return to Rome 
was hailed with joy and congratulation by the friends of 
the republic. 

36. The First Two Philippics. — At the first meeting of 
the senate after Cicero's return, Antony denounced him 
in his absence as a coward and a traitor. The next day 
Cicero delivered in the senate the first of his fourteen Phi- 
lippics against Antony, who in the meantime had gone 
to his villa at Tibur, where he remained two weeks study- 
ing the art of invective and personal abuse, and preparing 
his reply. He then returned to Rome, summoned the 
senate, stationed an armed guard in the senate house, and 
proceeded to attack his opponent with all the venom of his 
nature. Cicero's reply is known as his second Philippic, 
but it was never delivered, as Antony had already left Rome. 
It was, however, passed round in manuscript among the 
friends of the republic. It was a most remarkable exhibi- 
tion both of bitter invective and of rhetorical power. A 
few sentences from the closing paragraph of this oration 
may be of some little interest in this connection. 

" I implore you, Mark Antony, look at length upon your 



i\ 



UFE OF CICERO 2^ 

country . . . ; treat me as you will, but be no longer your 
country's enemy. I defended the commonwealth when I 
was young ; I will not desert it now I am old. I despised 
the swords of Catiline ; I am not likely to tremble before 
yours. Nay, I shall gladly lay down my life, if thereby 
the liberty of Rome can be secured. Indeed, conscript 
fathers, death can never be untimely to one who has been 
the consul of this great republic ; to me it is almost an 
object to be desired, in view of the honors I have enjoyed 
and the duties I have been able to perform. I have but 
two wishes more, — one that at my death I may leave the 
Roman people free ; the immortal gods can grant me no 
greater boon than this ; the other that each of my fellow- 
citizens may receive from the state the reward which his 
conduct deserves." 

37. Cicero continues his Philippics. — For the next few 
months Cicero continued to hurl his Philippics one after 
another against the tyrant, declaring him to be a public 
enemy and calling upon the senate and the Roman people 
to assert and maintain their liberty at all cost. The fol- 
lowing sentences are from the closing paragraph of the 
sixth Philippic, deUvered before the people in the Forum 
on the fourth of January, 43 B.C. : — 

"That this Roman people should serve any master, 
when the gods above have willed us to be the masters of 
the world, is a crime in the sight of heaven. The final 
crisis is already upon us. The struggle is for our liberties. 
You must conquer, Romans, or die, rather than be slaves. 
Other nations may bear the yoke of slavery, but the birth- 
right of the people of Rome is liberty." 
I 38. Antony in Rebellion. — Meanwhile Antony was at 
the head of his legions in Cisalpine Gaul, in open rebellion 



28 INTRODUCTION 

against the authority of Rome. The term of his office 
had closed ; he was no longer consul, but a private citizen ; 
the new consuls, Hirtius and Pansa, had already taken the 
oath of office. Gains Julius Caesar Octavianus, the grand- 
nephew of Julius Caesar, who had adopted him as his son 
and heir, had espoused the cause of the senate and was 
already on his way to Gaul at the head of three legions to 
reUeve Decimus Brutus, the governor of that province. 

39. Antony Defeated. — On the twelfth of April, 43 B.C., 
Antony still held Decimus Brutus closely hemmed in within 
the walls of Mutina, but the armies of the republic under 
Octavianus and the consuls were carefully watching his 
movements, while Rome in anxious suspense awaited the 
issue of the coming conflict; but the next few days saw 
Antony defeated, and the forces of the republic crowned 
with partial success. The tidings which soon reached 
Rome filled the streets and public squares of the city with 
scenes of wild excitement and unbounded demonstrations 
of joy. Cicero, whose counsels had contributed largely to 
the victory which had so suddenly brought joy to so many 
sad hearts, was once more the hero of the hour. He was 
escorted through the streets by throngs of exulting pa- 
triots. It was one of the proudest moments of his life; 
he fondly believed that the safety of his country was once 
more assured and that he. was once more its savior. 

40. The Fourteenth Philippic. — The next day the sen- 
ate met in the temple of Jupiter, and Cicero rose in his 
place and delivered the fourteenth Philippic, the last of 
the orations that have come down to us. A motion was 
already before the house that a thanksgiving should be 
decreed to the immortal gods for their gracious interven- 
tion at this crisis in the history of the republic. He sec- 



I 



LIFE OF CICERO 29 

onded the motion with the amendment that the number of 
days for the thanksgiving should be increased to fifty, that 
the title of Imperator should be conferred upon Octavianus 
and upon both the consuls, and that a magnificent monu- 
ment should be erected to those who had fallen in the 
battle. Then, in a strain that reminds us of the funeral 
oration of Pericles in honor of the brave soldiers who had 
fallen in the Peloponnesian War, he addressed words of 
comfort to those who were miourning the loss of relatives 
and friends. 

41. Assassination of Cicero. — Such was the last public 
utterance that has reached us from the great Roman ora- 
tor. But the general rejoicing over the recent victory was 
of short duration. Soon Octavianus, in defiance of the 
authority of the senate, stationed his legions at the gates 
of Rome and entered the city as a conqueror. He was 
then in his twenty-first year, but, regardless of all law, he 
demanded an immediate election to the consulship, an office 
to which no one was eligible under the Roman constitution 
until he had reached his forty-second year. He further- 
more demanded that his adoption as Caesar's son should 
be ratified in due form by the curiate assembly, and his 
demands were granted while his legions stood at the gates. 
He then left Rome to join Antony and Lepidus in the 
formation of the second triumvirate, one of the most 
atrocious compacts ever made, even by Roman generals. 
Plutarch regards it as an illustration of the fact that no 
beast is more savage than man, when possessed of power 
commensurate with his rage. Each one of the three was 
ready to sacrifice his nearest and dearest relatives and 
friends to the demand of either of his associates. Lepidus 
cheerfully sacrificed his own brother Paulus ; Antony, his 



30 INTRODUCTION 

uncle Lucius Caesar, and Octavianus allowed the name of 
Cicero, his friend and eulogist, to be placed upon the list 
of the proscribed. Thus was sealed forever the doom of 
the republic. The assassins were soon on the track of the 
proscribed ; Cicero, after a feeble attempt at flight, was 
overtaken and assassinated on the seventh of December, 
43 B.C., probably near his own villa at Formiae. Thus 
closed the checkered life of one of the most remarkable 
men that the republic produced. 

CICERO AN ORATOR RATHER THAN A STATESMAN 

42. From this rapid sketch of the life of Cicero, it is 
apparent that he was preeminently an orator rather than 
a statesman. The scenes of his great achievements were 
all laid in the Roman courts, the senate, and the Forum. 
With Demosthenes he divides the palm for the highest 
excellence in forensic oratory known to the ancient world ; 
in Rome he was absolutely without a peer. 

43. Characteristics of Ancient Oratory. — Ancient ora- 
tory had two distinct objects in view, — to persuade and 
to please. As exhibited in the person of Demosthenes at 
Athens and of Cicero at Rome, it was one of the fine arts. 
A model oration from either of these consummate artists 
was not only an embodiment of noble, grand, and inspiring 
thoughts, but also a stirring piece of musical composition, 
while the delivery was expected to conform to the best 
rules of the histrionic art. The oration of Demosthenes 
on the Crown, or Cicero's defense of Murena, is as truly 
a work of art as the Athena of Phidias or the Helen of 
Zeuxis. 

44. Ancient oratory was not eminently argumentative ; 






LIFE OF CICERO 3 1 

it did not attempt long and labored trains of reasoning, but 
it usually presented to its hearers an unbroken series of 
facts and considerations, such as would lead most directly 
to the desired conclusion or the desired action, and always 
in the most attractive form which the orator could com- 
mand ; it often gave prominence to motives rather than 
reasons, to inducements rather than arguments, and yet 
fine specimens of compact logical reasoning are by no 
means wanting in the great masterpieces of Greek and 
Roman oratory. 

45. Cicero and Demosthenes Compared. — Demosthenes 
and Cicero, the heads of the two great schools of ancient 
oratory, have often been compared. I think we may safely 
concur in the judgment of Quintilian, that they were alike 
in most of the great qualities which they possessed, yet 
each had his distinctive and characteristic excellence. Each 
was without a peer in his special sphere, Demosthenes in 
strength and the convincing power of argument, Cicero in 
grace and felicity of diction. The Roman orator cheer- 
fully acknowledges his indebtedness to his Athenian mas- 
ter. " What I have attempted," he writes, " Demosthenes 
achieved," and yet he tells us that he was constantly striv- 
ing after an ideal excellence which he had never been able 
to reach, and that enshrined in his inmost soul was an ideal 
of eloquence, never attained by mortal man, not even by 
Demosthenes himself. 

46. Their Influence upon Modern Oratory. — It would be 
difficult to exaggerate the influence which these two men 
have exerted upon the history of oratory for almost twenty 
centuries. They have had many brilliant representatives 
in the EngHsh Parhament and in the American Congress. 
I recognize in William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, and in Daniel 



32 INTRODUCTION 

Webster, true disciples of the Athenian orator, and in 
Gladstone, Edward Everett, and Rufus Choate, Ciceronians 
of the purest type. 

CICERO A LEARNED SCHOLAR AND AUTHOR 

47. De Oratore, Brutus, Orator. — But Cicero was not 
only an accomplished orator, but also a learned scholar 
and author. One of the earliest and perhaps one of the 
most interesting of his works is the De Oi'atore, which is 
regarded by many critics as the most finished example of 
our author's best style. This was followed some years 
later by the Brutus de Claris Oratoj'ibus and the Orator. 
All these works belong to a field of study and investiga- 
tion in which Cicero was a perfect master. The Brutus is 
a historical sketch of Roman eloquence, and the Orator 
portrays the characteristics of the true orator. Cicero 
believed that none but a good man could be a great orator, 
and that even he must renounce all pleasures, avoid all 
amusements, and bid farewell to recreation, games, and 
entertainments. In his judgment the candidate for ora- 
torical fame must ever be of the number of those 

"Who scorn delights and live laborious days." 

48. Academica and Timaeus. — The other principal works 
of Cicero treat the three kindred subjects of Philosophy, 
Ethics, and Religion, and perhaps it is to these that we 
must look for our author's most valuable contribution to 
letters and to human thought. In philosophy he lays no 
claim to originality, and yet it has been justly said in his 
behalf that ''no man ever approached the subject more 
richly laden with philosophic lore." Socrates, Plato, and 



LIFE OF CICERO V33 

Aristotle were his great teachers and models. He had a 
great admiration for Greek philosophy ; he regarded it as 
the knowledge of things human and divine, the guide of 
life and the mother of all good deeds. It was his laudable 
ambition to bring within the reach of his fellow-citizens 
the rich treasures of Greek learning and Greek thought, 
which had been to him a source alike of joy and of 
strength. He tells us that all he hoped to do was to clothe 
Plato in a Latin dress and to present this stranger from 
over the seas with the freedom of his own cherished city. 
All this he has accomplished and more. He has left a 
popular treatise on philosophy for the students of all time. 
49. De Officiis. — The treatise De Officiis, on the com- 
mon duties of Hfe, was addressed by Cicero to his son, 
then a student of philosophy at Athens. A recent Eng- 
lish writer declares this to be "the noblest present ever 
made by a father to his son." It discusses subjects of 
scarcely less interest to the modern scholar than to the 
ancient philosopher, and the moral tone of the entire dis- 
cussion is surprisingly high. The author tells us that 
there is no condition in life without its duties and obliga- 
tions ; that the faithful discharge of these duties gives the 
highest nobility, and that the neglect of them is at once a 
crime and a disgrace ; that we are born, not for ourselves 
only, but for our kindred, neighbors, and country ; and 
that we owe duties not only to those who have done us 
favors, but even to those who have wronged us. "The 
noblest inheritance," he tells us, "that a father can ever 
leave to his son, infinitely more valuable than that of 
houses and lands, is the fame of his virtues and glorious 
deeds, and no sadder fate can befall a noble house than 
to be disgraced by a degenerate son." 

HARKNESS' CICERO — 'X 



34 INTRODUCTION 

50. De Natura Deorum. — In the dialogue entitled De 
Natura Deoritm is discussed a subject upon which Cicero 
and his associates were not able to throw much light. 
The scene is laid at the house of Aurelius Cotta, the Pon- 
tifex Maximus. The speakers are Velleius, the Epicu- 
rean ; Balbus, the Stoic ; Cotta, the Pontif ex Maximus ; and 
Cicero. Velleius first sets forth with the utmost confi- 
dence the Epicurean view : that the popular mythology is 
a mere collection of fables ; that there are gods indeed, 
but that they do not trouble themselves about the welfare 
of mankind ; that exempt from labor and free from care 
they spend a blissful eternity. " Why," he asks, " should 
the Deity concern himself with the affairs of mankind ; 
why assume the duties of a Roman aedile and light up 
and decorate the world.''" 

51. In reply Cotta says that his friend, the Epicurean, 
speaks with such confidence that one might almost infer 
that he had just returned from heaven, where he had 
been in converse with the gods themselves, but that such 
careless and idle beings as he had described would be no 
gods at all. 

52. Balbus next proceeds to set forth the grounds for 
the Stoic's belief in the existence of a divine being. He 
attaches special importance to the argument from design, 
instancing the dial or water-clock intended to mark the 
hour, which some authors regard as the original of Paley's 
well-known illustration of the watch, cited in his Evidences 
of Christianity. Balbus finally ventures the opinion that 
the Deity is the animating Spirit of the Universe. 

53. Cotta, though a priest by profession, sees no evi- 
dence of an overruhng Providence. The good suffer and] 
the wicked often prosper ; crimes are committed and thel 



LIFE OF CICERO 35 

thunders of Jupiter are silent. Thus are grave questions 
discussed but left undecided, and the learned philosophers 
find themselves very much in the situation of the poet 
Simonides at the court of Hiero of Syracuse, when asked 
by his royal patron who and what God was. At first he 
is said to have requested a day's time for deliberation, 
but on the following day he asked that the time might be 
extended two days, and at the termination of each subse- 
quent period he doubled the time for deliberation, assign- 
ing as a reason for this strange course that the longer he 
studied the subject, the more difficult did it appear. 

54. In this treatise Cicero appears in the character of 
an interested listener rather than as a disputant. His 
views, therefore, in regard to the questions here discussed 
must be gathered from his other works. Some of the 
beautiful sentiments which he put into the mouth of Cato 
the Censor in his treatise on Old Age are of special 
interest in this connection : — 

'' I am persuaded that PubHus and Gains, my old and 
dearly loved friends, long dead, are living still, and living 
that life which alone deserves to be called life; for this 
prison-house of the body is not the true home of the 
heaven-born soul. . . . Therefore, I depart from this life 
as from a temporary lodging. O glorious day ! when I 
shall join that blessed company, that assembly of disem- 
bodied spirits, for I shall see not only those great men of 
whom I have spoken, but also my own son, Cato, whose 
body I placed on the funeral pile, an office he should 
have performed for me." 

55. Dream of Scipio. — In this connection should also 
be mentioned the testimony of an important fragment, 
called the Dream of Scipio, which has come down to us 



36 INTRODUCTION 

from Cicero's lost work on the republic. This has been 
justly accepted, in the language of a recent writer, *' as the 
final and most hopeful pagan word in favor of the soul's 
immortality." 

56. Letters. — But one of the most interesting parts 
of the literary inheritance which we have received from 
Cicero still remains to be mentioned, that remarkable col- 
lection of private letters, which reveals to us so much of 
the inner life of the Roman republic during the last quar- 
ter of a century of its existence. It is especially rich in 
trustworthy materials for the history of one of the most 
critical periods in all the annals of antiquity. 

57. Highly praised yet severely censured. — Cicero, in 
all the frankness of his nature, once put this remarkable 
question to his friend Atticus, " What will history say of 
me six hundred years hence ? " This or some similar ques- 
tion was doubtless often in his mind, for he never for a 
moment doubted that he was working for posterity; but 
could he have . anticipated all that has been said of him 
during these two thousand years, what varied and conflict- 
ing emotions would have filled his soul ! Few of the public 
men of ancient Rome have been more extravagantly praised 
or more severely censured. 

58. Opinions of Erasmus and Petrarch. —The admiration 
which Erasmus had for Cicero is well known ; he could 
hardly find language sufficiently emphatic to express his 
high appreciation of the Tusadan Disputations. " I cannot 
doubt," he says, "that the mind from which such teach- 
ings fiowed was in some sense inspired by divinity. I 
always feel a better man for reading Cicero." In another 
connection he expresses the opinion that the author of 
these learned discussions, and of the De Natura Deoriim,. 



ROMAN ORATORY 37 

was worthy to be canonized as a saint, but for the single 
drawback that he was not a Christian. The language of 
Petrarch is scarcely less emphatic. He says you would 
sometimes fancy it was not a pagan philosopher but a 
Christian apostle who was speaking. Whatever we may 
think of the extravagant encomiums bestowed upon our 
author by his chief admirers, and of the equally extrava- 
gant abuse to which he has been subjected by his most 
unreasonable detractors, we must all, I think, recognize in 
him the sincere patriot, the upright magistrate, and the 
true man. No more eloquent or earnest advocate ever 
pleaded the cause of right and of liberty, at the bar or in the 
Forum. His contributions to letters and to human thought 
excite our admiration and wonder, alike by their extent 
and by their excellence. He not only created a language 
which for centuries continued to be the language of 
scholars throughout the civilized world, but he also en- 
riched it with those treasures of literature which have fur- 
nished models to succeeding generations. Conceive, if you 
can, what a void would have been made in the best litera- 
ture of the world, if all the works of Cicero had perished 
in the general destruction which overtook so many of 
them. Well, then, may we endeavor to estimate at its true 
value, and with due appreciation, the priceless heritage 
which has come down to us through the centuries from 
the quiet study of Marcus Cicero. 

ROMAN ORATORY 

59. During the first three centuries in the history of 
the Roman Commonwealth, public speaking, though in 
constant demand for the practical purposes of the bar, the 



38 INTRODUCTION 

senate, and the Forum, was simply the natural, unstud- 
ied utterance of earnest convictions on the part of the 
speaker. It was not cultivated as an art and laid no 
claim to literary excellence. Effectiveness was its single 
aim. * 

60. Cato the Censor. — The finest specimen of native 
eloquence that the Roman republic, unaided by Greek 
culture, ever produced was exhibited in the oratory of Cato 
the Censor. Born at Tusculum in the second half of the 
third century before Christ, bred and nurtured amidst the 
austere manners of the Sabine peasantry, he migrated to 
Rome in early manhood to seek his fortune in the capital. 
Though a member of an obscure plebeian family, he rose 
rapidly through all the grades of honor open to the high- 
est and noblest patrician. A vigorous and effective 
speaker, he was at home alike at the bar, in the senate, 
and in the Forum. None of his orations have reached 
our time, but one hundred and fifty of them were known 
to Cicero, who characterizes them as pointed, witty, and 
concise, as bitter in sarcasm, and clear and forcible in 
argument. 

61. Galba and Lepidus. — Among the immediate succes- 
sors of Cato may be mentioned Servius Sulpicius Galba, con- 
sul 144 B.C., and Marcus Lepidus, consul 137 B.C. Cicero 
commends them both, but he seems to award the palm of 
superiority to Lepidus, whom he regards as the founder 
of a new school of oratory under the influence of Greek 1 
culture and art. 

62. The Gracchi. — Any history of early Roman elo- 
quence would be incomplete if it did not accord some 
meed of praise to the illustrious tribunes, Tiberius Grac-i 
chus and his younger brother Gains. Cicero says of them, 



ROMAN ORATORY 39 

*' Fiiit iiterqite summits orator.'' With rare natural gifts 
cultivated and trained under the best influences of the 
age, both Greek and Roman, they are entitled to the chief 
place among the orators of their day. 

63. Roman Eloquence from 126 B.C. to the Age of Cicero. 
— The history of Roman eloquence during the half cen- 
tury that intervened between the age of the Gracchi and 
that of Cicero is adorned with many illustrious names. 
Among the orators of this period may be mentioned Gains 
Curio, Muciils Scaevola, Publius Sulpicius, Marcus Anto- 
nius, Licinius Crassus, and Quintus Hortensius. According 
to Cicero, Antonius and Crassus were the first Roman 
orators who reached the high standard of excellence 
established by the illustrious ten of Greece. They were 
accomplished scholars, able statesmen, and consummate 
orators. Crassus excelled especially in felicity of diction, 
while his great rival surpassed him in graceful action. 
Crassus is made the chief speaker in Cicero's treatise, De 
Oratore. 

64. Quintus Hortensius. — But one of the most con- 
spicuous names in the history of Roman oratory during 
this period is that of Quintus Hortensius. Born at Rome in 
the year 114 B.C., he made his first speech in the Forum 
at the early age of nineteen. His youthful earnestness 
and enthusiasm, and his showy and florid diction, at once 
attracted attention. He rose rapidly in popular estimation 
and soon won for himself a prominent place at the Roman 
bar. Cicero says that he had a remarkable memory ; that 
he labored untiringly at his profession ; that his diction 
was rich and polished, his voice clear and pleasing, and 
his action carefully studied. He passed rapidly through 
the successive stages of political preferment until he was 



40 INTRODUCTION 

elected consul at the age of forty-four. He was then at 
the height of his fame, but he was destined soon to find 
a formidable rival in Cicero, who, though eight years his 
junior, was already beginning to be recognized as the fore- 
most orator of Rome. Fortunately, however, the relation 
between these two eminent orators never assumed the 
form of a bitter rivalry, but rather that of a friendly emu- 
lation. For many years we find them laboring side by 
side in the senate, at the bar, and in the Forum. They 
were the two best representatives of the two styles of 
oratory then recognized at Rome : Hortensius, of the 
Asiatic style,^ which delighted in ornamentation and gave 
more attention to language and delivery than to thought ; 
Cicero, of the Attic style,^ which aimed to unite strength 
and beauty in due proportion. 

65. Three Kinds of Eloquence. — Roman rhetoricians rec- 
ognize three kinds of eloquence, — the Judicial {genus 
iudiciale) for courts of justice, the Dehberative {genus 
deliberativuni) for the senate and the popular assembly, 
and the Demonstrative {genus dcnionstrativuni) for eulogy 
and invective. The orations in this volume illustrate these 
three kinds of eloquence, though no one of them is purely 
demonstrative. Those for Archias and Ligarius may be 
classed as judicial and all the rest as deliberative ; but the 
praises of Pompey in the oration for the Manihan law, of 
Caesar in the orations for Marcellus and Ligarius, and of the 
generals and soldiers in the fourteenth Philippic, together 
with the invective against Catiline and Antonius, illustrate 
the general characteristics of the genus demonstrativum. 



1 Quintilian says that to speak in the Attic style is to speak in the best style, 
and Professor Jebb says that Attic oratory was an art founded upon a theory ; 
Asiatic, a knack founded upon practice. 






DELIVERY 41 



DELIVERY 



66. A Roman orator in the time of Cicero needed to be 
not only an inspiring writer, but also a graceful and accom- 
plished actor ; a master, in fact, of the histrionic art. It 
would be difficult to exaggerate the importance attached to 
action in ancient oratory. Cicero calls it the eloquence 
of the body,^ and he gives it the first place in speech ^ ; he 
says that, wdthout appropriate action, the best oration ever 
prepared w^ould inevitably fail to move an audience, while 
any ordinary speech delivered by a Roscius^ would elicit 
the most enthusiastic applause. The testimony of Demos- 
thenes on this point is equally explicit; he says that the 
first and highest ^ qualification of a consummate orator is 
action. 

67. Roman eloquence required the harmonious action 
of all the varied parts of man's nature. Inspiring emo- 
tions, lofty thoughts clothed in the choicest language, re- 
quired to be delivered in the pleasing and harmonious tones 
of a cultivated voice, but with great earnestness, and with 
all the accessories of a vigorous but graceful action. Thus 
the proper delivery of an oration in the senate or in the 
Forum required that the look, the tone, the gesture, the 
voice, the hand, the foot, and, in fine, the whole body, its 
pose and movements, should all contribute harmoniously 
to the desired effect. 

^ Quasi senno corporis, De Oratore, iii, 59. 

2 Actio in dicendo una dominatur. De Oratore. iii, 56. 

^ Roscius was the most famous actor in Rome, and the instructor of Cicero 
in the histrionic art; see 5. 

■* Here may be added the famous saying of Demosthenes, that action 
was not only \.h.& first, but also the second and the third qualification for the 
bema. 



42 INTRODUCTION 

TECHNICAL TERMS 

68. Here may be added a few technical terms : — 

1. Technical terms used in designating the work of the 
orator in the preparation and delivery of an oration : — 

inventio, the act of collecting the materials for an oration. 

dispositio, the act of arranging the material so as to pro- 
duce the best effect. 

elocutio} the act of embodying the material in appropri- 
ate language. 

memo7'ia^ the act of memorizing the oration. 

actio, appropriate delivery. 

2. Technical terms used in designating the general 
divisions of an oration constructed upon scientific prin- 
ciples : — 

exordium^ introduction, intended to introduce the subject 
to the favorable attention of the hearer. 

narratio, the statement of the facts on which the speaker 
relies to prove his case. 

propositio,^ the statement of the point to be proved, some- 
times containing a partitio, a division into two or 
more statements. 

confirmation^ the course of reasoning intended to prove the 
case. 

1 Not elocution. 

■■2 This often consisted of two parts, — a prindpiu??i, the introduction, in its 
strict sense, and an insinuatio, intended to secure the favor of the hearer. 

3 Some ancient rhetoricians treat propositio and partitio as subdivisions 
under confirmatio. 

^ This, of course, covers various forms of proof, each v/ith its appropriate 
name. 



TECHNICAL TERMS 43 

refiitatio, refutation, intended to answer any objections that 
may be raised against tlie position taken by the 
speaker. 

peroratio, the conclusion, usually prepared with special 
care. This may, of course, take various forms, 
according to the needs of the occasion, and it may 
embrace one or all of the following subjects: — 

1. entLmeratio, a brief recapitulation of the leading 
arguments in an impressive and attractive form. 

2. indignatio, an indignant protest against the position 
taken by the opponent. 

3. conqtiestio, a pathetic appeal to the sympathies of 
those with whom rests the decision of the case. 

69. Although these various terms are used by Roman 
rhetoricians in treating of eloquence, it must not be sup- 
posed that Cicero's orations conform in every particular 
to the general outline here given. In fact, most of them 
omit one or more of these six divisions, and in some 
instances an Jiortatio, an earnest exhortation, or a deprecatio, 
an appeal to the court, takes the place of one of them. 
Thus the First Oration against Catiline contains a propo- 
sition a 7iarratio, an Jiortatio, and a peroratio ; the oration 
for Ligarius, an exordium, a naj^ratio, a coiifirmatio, a depre- 
catio, and a peroratio. The oration for the Manilian law is 
our best illustration of a finished deliberative oration.^ 

1 See the outline of this oration in the text. 



44 



INTRODUCTION 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 



Year of 

Cicero's 

Age 



17 26 



17 

18 
19 



20 



70. Cicero's Boyhood, to the Seventeenth 
Year of his Age, 106 to 90 b.c. 

Cicero was born on the 3d of January, 106 B.C., at or 

near Arpinum, in Latium. He was sent at an early 

age to Rome to be educated. He studied under the 

ablest teachers. 
Birth of Cn. Pompey. Marius defeated King Jugurtha. 
Victory of Marius over the Teutones, and of M. Anto- 

nius. the orator, over the pirates. Birth of Quintus 

Cicero, the brother of Marcus. 
The poet Archias, the instructor of Cicero, came to 

Rome ; see Introduction, p. 189. 
Victory of Marius and Catulus over the Cimbri. 
Birth of C. Julius Caesar. Death of Saturninus, the 

tribune, and Glaucia, the praetor. 
Assassination of M. Livius Drusus, the tribune. 

71- Cicero's Early Manhood, to the Twenty- 
sixth Year of his Age, 90 to 81 B.C. 

Cicero devoted himself especially to the study of elo- 
cution, rhetoric, philosophy, and law. He was a 
diligent student of Greek literature, and an atten- 
tive listener in the courts of justice and in the 
Forum. 

Cicero assumed the toga virilis, and was placed under 
the instruction of Q Mucins Scaevola, the augur. 

Beginning of the Social War. 

Cicero served under Cn. Pompeius Strabo. 

Cicero studied philosophy under Philo. from the Acad- 
emy of Athens. 

End of the Social War. Beginning of the Mithridatic 
War. Beginning of the Civil War between Marius 
and Sulla. Marius in exile. 

Departure of Sulla for the East. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 



45 



Cicero's Early Manhood. — Co7itimied 

Revolution led by L. Cornelius Cinna. Marius returns. 
Reign of terror. 

January i, 86 B.C., Marius enters upon his seventh con- 
sulship, and dies on the 13th of the month. 

Birth of Sallust, the historian. 

Despotism of Cinna. 

Sulla wins the battle of Orchomenus against the forces 
of Mithridates. 

End of the First Mithridatic War. Death of Cinna. 

Sulla in Italy. Second Mithridatic War. 

Sulla made perpetual dictator. 

72. Cicero at the Bar, to the Thirty-second 
Year of his Age, 81 to 75 b.c. 

Cicero's first appearance as an advocate. He defended 
P. Qui7ictms in the course of the year. 

Sulla's reforms ; he strengthened the senate, weakened 
the tribal assemblies and the tribunate, and reorgan- 
ized the judicial system. 

Cicero distinguished himself by the defense of Sex. 
Roschis. 

Pompey, at the age of twenty-six, was honored with a 
triumph for his victories in Africa, and received from 
Sulla the surname of Magmis. 

Cicero visited Athens, studied philosophy under Antio- 
chus of Ascalon, elocution and rhetoric under Deme- 
trius, the Syrian. 

Sulla resigned the dictatorship. 

Cicero visited Asia Minor. At Rhodes he heard Molo, 
the rhetorician, and Posidonius, the philosopher. 

Tactics of Sertorius in Spain. Death of Sulla. 

Cicero returned to Rome, married Terentia, and re- 
sumed the practice of the law. 

Revolt of M. Aemilius Lepidus. 

Pompey was sent to Spain. 

Cicero defended Q. Roscius. Birth of his daughter Tullia. 



B.C. 



87 



85 

84 
83 
82 



80 



79 



78 



77 



76 



46 



INTRODUCTION 



Year of 

Cicero's 

Age 

32 



33 



34 

35 



36 



38 

39 

40 



41 



42 



44 



73. Cicero's Political Career, to the Forty- 
fourth Year of his Age, 75 to 62 b.c. 

Cicero quaestor in Sicily. He distinguished himself 

by his fidelity and integrity. 
He returned to Rome and resumed the practice of his 

profession. 
Beginning of the Third Mithridatic War. 
L. Lucullus took command against Mithridates. 
War with Spartacus and his gladiators. 
Sertorius was slain, and Perpenna, his successor in 

command, was defeated by Pompey. Success of 

Lucullus against Mithridates. 
Spartacus was slain. 

Consulship of Cn. Pompey and M. Crassus. 
Cicero distinguished himself in the prosecution of 

Verres for extortion. 
Reaction against the institutions of Sulla. Equites 

represented on juries. Tribunician authority re- 
stored. 
Birth of Vergil, the poet. 
Cicero curule aedile. 
Lucullus defeated Tigranes. 
Mutiny in the army of Lucullus. 
Lucullus superseded by the consul Manius Acilius 

Glabrio. 
Gabinian law. Pompey in command against the 

pirates. 
Cicero praetor urbanus. He defended Cluentius and 

advocated the Manilian law ; see Introduction, 

p. 154. 
End of the Piratic War. Pompey in command against 

Mithridates. 
First Conspiracy of Catiline. 
Cicero declined a provincial government. Birth of 

his only son, Marcus. 
Birth of Horace, the poet. 
Cicero consul, with C. Antonius as his colleague. He 

delivered his four Orations against Catiline, sup- 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 



47 



Cicero's Political Career. — Continued 

pressed the conspiracy, and was hailed Father of 
his Country ; see Introduction, p. 85. He opposed 
the Agrarian law, and defended L. Miirena, the 
consul elect, accused of bribery, and C. Rabirhis, 
accused of murdering Saturninus. 
Birth of C. Octavius, subsequently known as Augustus. 
Death of Mithridates. 

74- Cicero as Ex-Consul, to his Recall from 
Exile, 62 to 57 b.c. 

Cicero delivered his Oration for the Poet Archias ; see 
Introduction, p 189. He also defended P. Sulla, 
charged with complicity in the conspiracy of Catiline. 

Pompey returned from the East ; Caesar praetor ur- 
banus. 

Trial of P. Clodius for violating the mysteries of Bona 
Dea. Cicero testified against him. 

Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus formed for mutual sup- 
port the coalition known as theyfrj/ triumvirate. 

Consulship of Caesar and Bibulus. Cicero defended 
L. Flaccus. Clodius was elected tribune. 

Birth of Livy, the historian. 

Caesar went to Gaul with a commission as proconsul 
for five years. 

Cicero was driven into exile under a bill proposed by 
his personal foe, P. Clodius, the tribune. He went 
to Macedonia. 

75. Cicero as Ex-Consul, to the Beginning 
OF the Civil War, 57 to 49 b.c. 

He was recalled from exile in August by a vote of the 
people. 

He defended P. Sestius and M. Caelius. Caesar, 
Pompey, and Crassus renew their triumviral agree- 
ment at Lucca. 



B.C. 
63 



62 

61 
60 
59 

58 



57 
56 



48 



INTRODUCTION 



Year of 

Cicero's 

Age 

52 



53 
54 
55 

56 



58 



59 



60 



Cicero as Ex-Consul. — Continued 

Cicero wrote his De Oratore, in three books. 
Second consulship of Pompey and Crassus. Caesar's 

commission extended to ten years. His work in 

Germany and Britain. 
Cicero wrote his De Reptiblica, in six books. Caesar's 

second expedition into Britain. 
Cicero was elected augur. Defeat of Crassus by the Par- 

thians. Caesar's second expedition into Germany. 
Clodius killed ; the senate house burned ; an inter- 
rex appointed and Pompey declared sole consul. 
Cicero defended Milo, charged with the murder of 

P. Clodius, and wrote his De Legibiis, probably 

during the year. 
Cicero proconsul of Cilicia. He administered the 

government well, gained some glory in the field, 

and was hailed Iinperator. 

76. Cicero during the Closing Period of his 
Life, 49 to the 7th of December, 43 b.c. 

Cicero returned to Rome on the 4th of January, but 
did not enter the city, as he hoped to receive the 
honor of a triumph for his victories in Cilicia. Civil 
war was already imminent. On the loth of January 
Caesar crossed the Rubicon and began his memo- 
rable march upon Rome, and a few days after the 
senatorial party, panic-stricken, fled from the city. 
At first Cicero attempted to remain neutral, but at 
length, in June, he joined Pompey in Greece. 

Caesar was made dictator. 

August 9, Caesar defeated Pompey in the memora- 
ble battle of Pharsalia. Cicero, who had not been 
present in the battle, returned to Italy. Pompey 
fled to Egypt, where he was put to death. 

Caesar engaged in the Alexandrine War. 

Caesar, having brought the Alexandrine War to a 
close, returned to Italy, and pardoned Cicero. 



Chronological table 



49 



Year of 

Cicero's 

Age 

6i 



62 



63 



64 



Cicero during the Closing Period of his 
Life. — Continued 

Caesar gained the victory of Thapsus, in Africa. 

Suicide of Cato at Utica. Caesar again in Rome; 
dictator for ten years ; reformed the calendar. 

Cicero wrote his Briitns and his Orator; delivered 
his Orations for Marcellus and Ligarius ; see 
Introduction, pp. 206 and 219. He divorced 
Terentia and married Publilia. 

Caesar was made consul for ten years, dictator and 
censor for life. 

Cicero delivered his Oration for King Deiotarus ; 
completed De Finibus, De Consolatione, Acade- 
mica (in two books), and probably the Tusculan 
Disputations. 

Caesar was assassinated on the 15th of March. 

Cicero wrote De Natnra Deorum, De Officiis, De 
Divinatione, De Senectute, De Ainicitia. He deliv- 
ered his First Philippic against Antony ; wrote the 
Second (never delivered) and delivered the Third 
and Fourth. 

Cicero delivered the ten rem.aining Philippics; see 
37, 40. 

Antony, Lepidus, and Octavianus formed the second 
triiunvirate. A general proscription followed, and, 
on the 7th of December, Cicero was put to death by 
order of Antony. 



B.C. 



46 



45 



44 



43 



HARKNESS' CICERO — 4 



ROMAN PUBLIC LIFE 

PATRICIANS — PLEBEIANS — CLIENTS 

77. From the earliest times the free population of Rome 
consisted of three classes : — 

1. Patricians, who formed the Roman nobility. 

2. Plebeians, who formed the great body of the common 
people. 

3. Clients, who were without political rights, and were 
dependent for protection on patrons to whom they owed 
allegiance. 

Note. — This division of her population Rome seems to have 
inherited from prehistoric times. 

78. Government. — At first the government was entirely 
in the hands of the patricians, who alone were recognized 
as citizens, but the vigorous efforts of the plebeians to ob- 
tain recognition and a share in the government were finally 
crowned with complete success. In the time of Cicero 
their rights and privileges were fully equal to those of the 
patricians. They were not, indeed, absolutely identical, as 
the patricians still retained a few of the less important of 
their original prerogatives, while the plebeians had the exclu- 
sive control of an independent legislative assembly, the con- 
cilium plebis, and were alone eligible to the important office 
of tribune. The senate, the centuriate and tribal assem- 
blies, and all the higher political offices, including the con 

50 



f 



li 



MAGISTRATES 5 1 

sulship and censorship, were open to patricians and plebe- 
ians alike. 

79. Equites, or Knights. — In connection with the term 
eqtdtes, originally applied to the eighteen divisions of citi- 
zen cavalry under the Servian constitution (133), there was 
gradually developed in the course of centuries an aristoc- 
racy of wealth. To this order of equites, or knights, be- 
longed all Roman citizens, not senators, whose wealth 
reached the equestrian standard, which is generally sup- 
posed to have been 400,000 sesterces,^ about ^20,000. 

MAGISTRATES 
During the Regal Period 

80. During the regal period, from the founding of Rome 
to 509 B.C., the government of the city was a constitutional 
monarchy, limited only by traditions handed down from 
prehistoric times. One of these Hmitations required the 
king to consult his council of elders on important matters, 
and to submit certain questions to the popular assembly, 
the comitia ciiriata. He was the chief executive, lawgiver, 
and judge in time of peace, and the commander-in-chief in 
time of war. He was expected to nominate his successor, 
but the nomination required ratification at the hands of the 
senate and the comitia cttriata. 

During the Republican Period 

81. On the establishment of the repubhc, the power 
which, during the regal period, had been exercised by the 

1 Greenidge, " Roman Public Life," Oxford, 1901, says this was the census 
in the Principate and probably in the later Republic, but that there is no direct 
authority for this particular census earlier than the Principate. 



52 INTRODUCTION 

king was at first vested in the hands of two chief magis- 
trates, called praetors or consuls, but was subsequently dis- 
tributed among a large number of magistrates with special 
duties. 

82. Republican Magistrates. — The republican constitu- 
tion as finally developed recognized the following magis- 
trates : — 

1. Regular magistrates : the consul, praetor, censor, 
aedile (plebeian and curule), quaestor, and tribune. 

2. Occasional magistrates : the dictator, magister equi- 
tum, and interrex. 

Note. — All of these magistrates, except the plebeian aedile, the 
quaestor, and the tribune, were entitled to the use of an official state 
chair, called sella curulis (91), which was regarded as a symbol of 
authority and majesty. They were, therefore, called curule magis- 
trates. 

83. lus Imaginum. — Among the special privileges of 
the Roman nobility was the ins imaginum, the right of any 
family to display in the atrium painted portraits in wax of 
any of their ancestors who had held curule offices. Under 
each portrait was an inscription giving the name and deeds 
of the illustrious ancestor thus represented. These ima- 
gines were most highly prized because they furnished 
indubitable evidence of the nobility of the family to which 
they belonged. 

84. Magistrates with the Imperium. — The consul, prae- 
tor, dictator, magister equitum, and interrex exercised the 
supreme authority, called the imperium, with which the 
highest magistrates were clothed outside of the city. 
Within the city the imperium of the consul and praetor 
was subject to the tribunician veto and to an appeal to the 
people in the centuriate assembly. 



MAGISTRATES 53 

S5. Election and Entrance on Duty. — The annual elec- 
tions were generally held in July, but were sometimes post- 
poned for special reasons. The quaestors entered upon 
the duties of their office on the fifth of December, the 
tribunes on the tenth, the consuls, praetors, censors, and 
aediles on the first of January. 

CONSULS 

86. On the establishment of the republic two consuls 
were elected from the patricians by the comitia centuriata ^ ; 
the election was ratified by the senate and the imperiiiin 
was conferred by the comitia curiata. The consuls were 
clothed with almost regal power, but their term of office 
was limited to one year. At first they were not only the 
chief executive officers of the state but also lawgivers 
and judges, but subsequently the extension of the preroga- 
tives of the senate, the development of the popular assem- 
blies, and the election of censors, praetors, quaestors, and 
tribunes deprived them of some of their powers and re- 
lieved them of some of their duties. In general, they were 
civil magistrates in time of peace and military commanders 
in time of war. 

87. Consular Tribunes. — In the year 445 b.c, in answer 
to the demand of the plebeians to be represented in the 
consulship, it was decided that it should be optional with 
the government each year whether they should elect con- 
suls or military tribunes with consular powers, and that 
the plebeians should be eligible to the latter office. This 
arrangement was retained until the consulship was thrown 
open to the plebeians in 367 b.c. During this interval con- 

1 See 133. 



54 



INTRODUCTION 



suls were in office twenty-two years and consular tribunes 
fifty-one ; the office was vacant four years. Like the 
consuls, the consular tribunes were elected by the comitia 
centiiriata under the presidency of one of the chief magis- 
trates. The normal number seems to have been six, but 
in some years only three or four were elected. After 
367 B.C. two consuls continued to be elected annually, as 




Consul and Lictors 



under the early repubhc, but the Licinian laws, enacted 
that year, required that one of them should be a plebeian. 
88. During the later periods of the republic, the consuls 
were still the chief executive officers of the year and the 
head of the administration, but most of the legislative and 
judicial functions which they had previously exercised had 
been assumed by the popular assemblies and the perma- 
nent courts. They still retained the right to summon the 



\ 



MAGISTRATES 



55 



senate and to preside over its deliberations ; to introduce 
bills before the comitia centuriata and the comitia tributa} 
To them also belonged the exclusive right to preside over 
the election of magistrates in the comitia centicriata. 

89. Proconsuls. — After the reforms of Sulla in the 
year 81 B.C. the consuls were, in general, civil magistrates 
during their term of office, but usually became provincial 
governors the following year with the title of proconsuls. 

90. . Lictors. — Each consul, when on duty, was attended 
by twelve lictors with fasces,^ which were the symbols of 
the authority of the magistrate and of his right to inflict 
punishment. 

Note. — The fasces, consisting of a bundle of rods in which an ax 
was inserted, symbolized the right of the consul to order offenders to 
be scourged and even executed ; but, after the Valerian law secured to 
every citizen under sentence of death the right of appeal to the peo- 
ple, the ax was removed from the fasces 
in the city, but retained in them in the 
provinces. 

91. Insignia. — The official insig- 
nia of the consul, when in the city, 
were the sella cur 11 lis and the toga 
praetexta, a white toga with a pur- 
ple or scarlet border. In the prov- 
inces, as a military commander, he 
assumed the paludamentum? a scarlet military cloak worn 
over the armor. 



^ap 




Sella Curulis 
From a coin of the Gens Furia 



1 See 137. 

2 See also Harkness and Forbes's Caesar, Plate III, figure 4. 

* For a representation of the paludanientum and the manner in which it 
was worn by the commander, see Harkness and Forbes's Caesar, Plate III, 
figure I. 



56 INTRODUCTION 

PRAETORS 

92. The praetorship was established in 366 b.c. to relieve 
the consul from jurisdiction in civil suits. At first a single 
praetor was elected annually by the comitia centiLriata. He 
was regarded as the colleague of the consuls, and assumed 
their duties at home when they were in the field. His 
special duties, however, were those of a judicial magistrate, 
but in dispensing justice he was usually assisted by indices} 
judges or jurors, selected originally from the senate. 

93. Two Praetors. — After the year 242 b.c. two prae- 
tors were annually elected, 2, praetor urba7ins , having charge 
of civil suits between citizens, and 2. praetor peregrinns, hav- 
ing charge of suits in which the interests of foreigners 
were involved. 

94. Inaugural Edicts. — On entering office the praetor 
urbaniis issued an edict announcing very definitely what 
principles of law would govern him in his decisions, and 
these various edicts, extending through centuries of court 
practice, now serve as the basis of a large part of our 
code of Roman law. The praetor peregrimis in like man- 
ner issued similar decrees stating what principles would 
govern him in considering the interests of foreigners, and 
the various edicts derived from this source are a valuable 
contribution to international law. 

Note. — Until the time of Gaius Gracchus the privilege of furnishing 
indices to the Roman courts belonged exclusively to the senate ; Grac- 
chus took it from the senate and bestowed it upon the knights, but Sulla, 
81 B.C., restored it to the senate. In 70 B.C., however, still another change 

^ Under the judicial system of the Romans the index united in some meas- 
ure the two offices of judge and juror, as he was expected to render a verdict 
in accordance with the law and the testimony, 



I 



MAGISTRATES 5/ 

was made, whereby it was provided that in future one third of the iudices 
should be senators, one third knights, and one third tribimi aerarzi; 
see 144, foot-note. 

95. Number of Praetors. — The number of praetors was 
increased to four in 227 B.C., to six in 198, and to eight 
in 81. From the year 227 B.C. two of the praetors per- 
formed the duties of the praetor tcrbanus and the praetor 
peregrinus, and the others were provincial governors. 
After the establishment of the regular courts by Sulla in 
81 B.C., the eight praetors were all made judges for one year 
and provincial governors with the title of propraetor for 
the next year. 

Note. — Subsequently the number of praetors was raised by Caesar 
to sixteen. 

96. Lictors and Insignia of Praetors. — In the city each 
praetor when engaged in official duty was attended by two 
lictors and in the provinces by six. His official insignia, 
as a civil magistrate, were the sella cundis and the toga 
praetexta. In the provinces, as a military commander, he 
assumed \hQ paludai)ientum. 

Note. — In the city the ax was of course removed from the fasces of 
the lictors. 

CENSORS 

97. The censorship was established in the year 443 B.C., 
when two patrician censors were elected in the comitia 
centiiriata under the presidency of the consul. At first 
only patricians were eligible, but a century later the office 
was thrown open to plebeians, and in 339 B.C. it was enacted 
that in future one of the two censors should be a plebeian, 



58 



INTRODUCTION 



Censors were elected every fifth year, to serve eighteen 
months, 

98. The censors occupied an anomalous position under 
the Roman constitution. They were curule magistrates of 
great dignity and influence, and could not be held respon- 
sible for any of their official acts ; but they were without the 
i7nperium, which belonged to most of the higher magis- 
trates, were not attended by lictors, and could not convoke 
the senate or the cojnitia, yet they were entitled to the use 




SUOVETAURILIA 

of the sella curidis and the toga praetexta, or, as some critics 
think, of the toga piirpitrea, the toga of the royal purple 
or scarlet, inherited from the regal period. 

99. Duties of the Censors. — The main duties of the 
censors were to assess the value of property, to arrange the 
citizens in tribes, classes, and centuries, to supervise their 
morals, to revise the Hsts of senators and knights, and to 
manage the finances of the state. 

100. Lustrum. — At the close of their term of office the 
censors met the centuriate assembly in the Campus Martins, 
and in their presence offered a sac7nficiiim licstrale, in which 



Magistrates 50 

a boar, a ram, and a bullock, siiovetaiirilia^ were offered 
upon the altar as an atonement for the sins of the people. 
The sacrifice was attended with thanksgiving for past mer- 
cies and prayers for future blessings. At the close of 
these exercises the censors conducted the people back to 
the city gate and dismissed the assembly ; after which they 
deposited the list of the citizens in the aerarium Saturni 
(146) and laid down their office. 

Note. — During the last century of the republic the censorship lost 
much of its importance and influence. In fact, during the interval from 
86 to 70 B.C. no censors were elected. 

AEDILES 

loi. The plebeian aedileship was estabhshed 494 B.C. ; 
the curule aedileship, 366 B.C. The plebeian aediles, two in 
number, were elected by the concilium plebis^ under the 
presidency of a tribune ; the curule aediles, also two in 
number, were elected by the comitia tributa, under the 
presidency of a regular magistrate. At first only patri- 
cians were eligible to the curule aedileship, but the ofiice 
was soon thrown open to plebeians. The plebeian aediles 
were originally assistants of the tribunes, but ultimately 
their duties and powers became substantially the same as 
those of the curule aediles. 

102. Duties and Insignia of Aediles. — The main duties 
of the aediles were to have the care of the streets, the 
public buildings, and the public places of the city; the gen- 
eral care of the market and the corn supply and the due 
celebration of the public games, often very largely at their 
own expense. The curule aedile was entitled to the use of 
the sella cimilis and the toga praetexta, but the plebeian 
aedile had no official insignia. 



60 INTRODUCTION 

QUAESTORS 

103. The quaestorship is supposed to have existed under 
the monarchy. Under the early republic two quaestors 
were appointed by the consuls to act as their general 
assistants, but with two specific duties, criminal jurisdiction 
and finance. About the year 449 B.C. the quaestorship 
became an independent elective office, and from that time 
the quaestors were elected by the comitia tributa, and 
became regular magistrates of Rome. 

104. Number of Quaestors. — The number of quaestors, 
originally two, was increased to four in the year 421 b.c. 
and to eight in 267.^ Of the four quaestors elected after 
421 B.C. two were retained in the city in the discharge of 
their judicial and financial duties, and two were assigned 
to the consuls in the field. Their duties were mainly 
financial, but they were often employed in judicial and 
military business. The city quaestors continued to dis- 
charge their judicial duties until the estabHshment of the 
regular courts by Sulla.^ The four new quaestors elected 
in 267 B.C. were assigned to duty in different parts ofl 
Italy, to levy contingents on the aUies, and in general to' 
look after the interests of the government. 

105. Rank of Quaestor. — In rank the quaestorship wasj 
the lowest of the regular magistracies of Rome ; it was not 
a curule office, and was not vested with the hnperuim, 
but it was finally made a stepping-stone to the senate, as 
under Sulla all ex-quaestors were ex officio members of the 
senate. 



1 Subsequently Sulla increased the number to twenty, and finally Caesar 
increased it to forty. 



See 144. 






MAGISTRATES 6l 



TRIBUNES 



io6. The tribunate, a plebeian office, was established in 
494 B.C. to protect the plebeians. The number of tribunes, 
probably two at first,^ was increased to four in 471 B.C. and 
to ten in 457 B.C. They were always elected by plebeians, 
and always by the plebeian tribal assembly, the concilmm 
plebis^ after the organization of that body in 471 b.c. 

107. Duties of Tribunes From the first it was the 

duty of the tribunes to protect the plebeians against any 
arbitrary action on the part of magistrates. They were 
accordingly vested with a power of veto, which enabled 
them effectually to arrest the action of any magistrate. 
To enable them to exercise this power with safety, their 
persons were declared sacred, and they were clothed with 
authority to inflict summary punishment, even death itself, 
upon any one who violated the sanctity of their persons. 
They were without the imperium, and they had no official 
insignia, but they ultimately gained the right to convoke 
the senate and to submit bills for its consideration and 
action. They presided over all the meetings of the plebe- 
ian tribal assembly, which gradually gained power and 
influence until finally its decisions acquired the full force of 
laws. Under Sulla a plebiscitum required the preliminary 
approval of the patrician senators, but even this restriction 
was soon removed. Indeed, under the efficient manage- 
ment of the tribunes, the plebeians succeeded in the course 
of the fourth century b.c. in gaining admission to the con- 
sulship and all the other magistracies. 

108. Tribunician Veto. — In the senate the tribunician 
veto was always in order and could stay action at any 

1 Some accounts represent the original number as five. 



62 INTRODUCTION 

Stage of the proceedings ; in the cojnitia it could arrest 
legislation and judicial action, but it could not interfere 
with the election of magistrates. 

DICTATOR AND MAGISTER EQUITUM 

109. Appointment of a Dictator. — In times of great 
national peril during the early repubHc a dictator with 
absolute powers was sometimes appointed by the consuls. 
His term of office, limited to six months, was supposed to 
end as soon as the crisis was passed. He was authorized 
to use any and all means to save the republic, and he could 
not be held responsible for any of his official acts. He 
was attended by twenty-four lictors, who carried fasces 
with axes even within the city. He was entitled to the 
use of the sella ciinilis and the toga praetexta^ and in the 
field he assumed the pahidameittii'm of the military com- 
mander. The last incumbent of this office in its regular 
form was appointed in the year 202 B.C. Sulla and Caesar 
were dictators, but not of the constitutional type. 

no. The magister eqidtiim was the military assistant 
of the dictator, from whom he received his appointment. 
He commanded the cavalry while the dictator commanded 
the infantry. He possessed the impe^-ium, was attended 
by six lictors, and was entitled to the use of the toga prae- 
texta and probably to that of the sella curiUis. 



INTERREX 






III. In the regal period an i7iterregnum occurred on 
the death of a king if no successor had been nominated, 
and an interrex was elected by the senate to nominate a 



MAGISTRATES 63 

king. He was clothed with regal authority for five days, 
and at the end of that period he nominated a second iiiter- 
rex, and thus one mterrex succeeded another until a king 
was nominated. The nomination thus made required the 
approval of the comitia ciiriata and of the senate. Under 
the republic an interregnum occurred on the death of the 
two consuls, and the procedure for the nomination of their 
successors was the same as that which was adopted in the 
case of an interregiuLin in the regal period. The election, 
however, took place, not in the comitia ciLriata^ but in the 
comitia centuriata under the presidency of the i^iterrex^ 
and was approved by the patrician senators. 



PRAEFECTUS URBI 

112. Under the early republic, whenever both consuls 
were summoned to the field, they delegated full consular 
powers to an officer called praefecttts itrbi, to act for them 
in their absence ; but after 366 B.C. the praetor urbanus 
assumed consular duties in the absence of the consuls. 



MILITARY TRIBUNES 

113. In the army of the early republic six military trib- 
unes, tribuni militumy were assigned to each legion. They 
were appointed by the consuls, but after 362 B.C. some 
were elected by the comitia tribjita, at first six, but finally 
twenty-four, the requisite number for the usual levy of 
four legions. If at any time the number thus elected did 
not suffice, additional appointments were made by the 
consuls. 



64 INTRODUCTION 

PONTIFFS, AUGURS, AUSPICES 

114. The important influence which the colleges of 
pontiffs and augurs exerted upon the public life of the 
Romans seems entitled to a brief notice. These two 
colleges were among the institutions which the republic 
inherited from the regal period. 

115. Pontifices. — The pontifical college consisted origi- 
nally of five members, including \\\^ pontifex maximus, who 
was its president. This number was subsequently increased 
to fifteen. The college originally filled its own vacancies, 
but in the year 104 B.C. a law was enacted which required 
that whenever a vacancy occurred an assembly of seven- 
teen tribes, selected by lot from the thirty-five tribes, under 
the presidency of a pontiff, should elect one out of three 
candidates nominated by the college. T\\q pojitifex maxi- 
viiis was elected by the comitia t7dbiita. Caesar was elected 
Pontifex Maximus at the age of thirty-six. The pontifices 
had charge of all matters connected with the state reli- 
gion. They exercised a general supervision over the 
priests, had charge of the calendar, and determined on ■ 
which days legal business might be transacted. They 
held office for life. 

116. Auspices. — It will be remembered that at Rome 
no election could be held, no assembly could meet, and no 
public business be transacted unless the auspices were first 
taken. In the regal period the auspices belonged to the 
king, and under the republic to the magistrates. They 
did not belong to the augurs, but were simply interpreted 
by them. 

117. Augurs. — The college of augurs consisted origi- 
nally of four members, afterward of six, then of nine, and 



ROMAN SENATE 65 

finally of sixteen in the time of Caesar. They were elected 
in the same manner as the pontiffs. Their special duty 
was to interpret the auspices for the magistrates. Cicero 
and Pompey were members of the college of augurs. 



ROMAN SENATE 
I. During the Regal Period 

118. During the regal period the senate was a council 
of elders of patrician rank/ selected by the king to act as 
his advisory board, or cabinet, in all important matters. 
The number of senators, originally one hundred, was in- 
creased to three hundred before the close of the regal 
period. Tradition says that the senate during this period, 
in addition to its office as a general advisory board, had 
two special powers, — the initiation of an interregmim at 
the close of any reign and the patriim auctoritas, the right 
to ratify the election of the new king. 

2. During the Republican Period 

119. During the early periods of the republic the mem- 
bers of the senate were selected by the consuls, but some 
time after the establishment of the censorship, in 443 B.C., 
the duty of revising the Ust of senators was transferred 
to the censors, with the power to remove unworthy mem- 
bers and to fill their places, but in doing so they were 

^ Tradition says that on the establishment of the republic a large number 
of new members were added to the senate to fill vacancies. Whether these 
new members were patricians or plebeians is not known, but soon we find 
plebeians in the senate, occupying a subordinate position and having no voice 
in the ratification of public acts, patrum auctoritas. 

HARKNESS' CICERO — 5 



66 INTRODUCTION 

expected first of all to consider the claims of ex-magis- 
trates. Sulla deprived the censors of this power and con- 
verted the senate into a body of ex-magistrates. After 
his time all the principal ex-magistrates, including trib- 
unes, aediles, and quaestors, were ex officio members of the 
senate for life, 

120. Character of the Senate. — The Roman senate in 
its best days, composed, as it was, very largely of states- 
men who had held curule offices and had had large expe- 
rience in public affairs, must have been a somewhat 
imposing body, not entirely unworthy of the encomium 
passed upon it by the envoy of Pyrrhus, who said that it 
seemed to him to be " an assembly of kings." The normal 
number of its members was three hundred till the time of 
Sulla, who raised it to six hundred. Caesar subsequently 
raised it to nine hundred. 

121. Powers of the Senate. — During the early republic 
the senate was in a measure subordinate to the magis- 
trates, but it gradually acquired a more independent posi- 
tion and continued to gain influence until it finally became 
the controlling power in the state. The dignified charac- 
ter of its members, representing birth, wealth, and experi- 
ence, gave it immense influence as an advisory board, so 
that no magistrate dared to disregard its advice or to pro- 
pose any action to the people without its consent, and the 
patrnm auctoritas, the recognized right of the patrician 
members to ratify or annul any action of the popular 
assemblies, was for a long time a powerful instrument in 
its hands. Thus the Roman senate, which was originally 
only an advisory board, which could meet only when sum- 
moned by a magistrate and could give advice only when it 
was asked, which elected no magistrates and enacted no 



I 



SENATE 6j 

laws, practically controlled all legislation and all elections. 
But at length, in consequence of the growth of plebeian 
influence, both in the senate and out of it, tho, patricm auctori- 
tas became little more than an empty form, as the Publilian 
law provided that the sanction of the patrician senators 
should be given in advance to the action of the centuriate 
assembly, and the Hortensian law, 287 B.C., gave to the en- 
actments of the concilium plebis the full force of laws. This 
change, however, seems not to have diminished to any con- 
siderable extent the influence of the senate in the admin- 
istration of public affairs. Long-established custom, an 
unwritten law, still required that the magistrates should 
consult the senate and be guided by its advice. Only 
magistrates could introduce bills before the popular assem- 
blies, and it was natural that they should take pride in 
promoting the influence and prestige of that illustrious 
body of ex-magistrates of which it was their highest am- 
bition to become life members. Thus the Roman senate 
continued till the end of the republic to exercise a control- 
ling influence over legislation and the administration of 
public affairs. 

122. Special Powers. — In times of great national peril 
it was the recognized right of the senate during the early 
republic to instruct the consuls to appoint a dictator with 
absolute powers to save the republic, and during the later 
periods of the republic it claimed and, in some instances, 
exercised the right to clothe the consuls with similar 
powers, but this right was finally questioned. In fact, it 
was declared unconstitutional by the plebiscitum of Gains 
Gracchus, which forbade that any Roman citizen should be 
punished with death without the consent of the people. 
The execution of the Catilinarian conspirators on the sole 



68 INTRODUCTION 

authority of the consul and senate was a direct violation of 
this law. 

123. Influence in Military Affairs. — All diplomatic nego- 
tiations with foreign nations were conducted by the senate, 
but it never possessed the absolute right to declare war. 
It had, however, quite an important influence in the man- 
agement of military affairs. It exercised the right to ap- 
propriate money, to provide reenforcements, and to grant 
or refuse a triumph. Moreover, no treaty of peace was 
valid without the consent of the senate. 

124. Influence with Magistrates. — The assignment of 
provinces to ex-magistrates also belonged to the senatorial 
prerogative. This recognized right of the senate gave that 
body great influence with the consuls and praetors, as they 
could hope to secure valuable provinces only through its 
favor. 

125. Influence in Financial Affairs. — The public reve- 
nues were largely under the control of the senate ; the 
quaestors usually acted under the advice of that body of 
state counselors; the estimate of revenue and expendi- 
ture made by the censors was supervised by it ; and the 
financial budget, containing the appropriations made to 
the several provincial governors, was voted by it. 

126. Influence in Religious Affairs. — T\iQ. pontifex maxi- 
miis, assisted by his college of priests, was the recognized 
head of the Roman religion, and had the general oversight 
of the ordinary religious duties and rites ; but in times of 
public alarm, in view of remarkable prodigies supposed to 
indicate the displeasure of the gods, the senate cooperated 
with the priestly colleges. It sometimes decreed extraor- 
dinary religious festivals and often appointed public thanks- 
givings for military successes. 



I 



SENATE 69 

127. Senatorial Insignia. — The official insignia of a 
Roman senator included a broad stripe of purple or crim- 
son on his tunic, the distinctive senatorial shoe, and a 
gold ring. Moreover, any senator who had held a curule 
office was also entitled to the toga pj^aetexta of the magis- 
trate. 

128. Time and Place of Meeting. — The senate met only 
when summoned by a magistrate to transact business. 
There were no regular sessions fixed by law. Under the 
republic it usually met in the Curia Hostilia,^ though some- 
times in temples, as in the Temple of Jupiter Stator,^ or in 
that of Concord.^ See introductions to the orations against 
Catiline, pp. 85, 138. 

129. Presiding Officer. — The consuls, praetors, and trib- 
unes all had the right of summoning the senate, of laying 
business before it, and of presiding over its deliberations. 
In the exercise of this right the consuls, as the chief 
magistrates, had the precedence. 

130. Procedure. — The presiding officer, after taking the 
auspices, introduced the business for which he had sum- 
moned the senate. He then proceeded to ask the opinion 
of senators present in the order of their rank,* as deter- 
mined by the offices which they had held. Those who 
had been consuls outranked all the rest ; but in Cicero's 
time, if the consuls elect were present, they were asked 
their opinions first. If in the course of debate several 
motions were made, as often happened, the presiding offi- 

1 For a brief account of the Curia Hostilia, see 149. 

2 On the Temple of Jupiter Stat or, see 151. 
^ On the Temple of Concord, see 150. 

* Before the reforms of Sulla the censors usually designated some dis- 
tinguished senator as princeps senatus, who was the first to be called upon 
to express an opinion when any new subject was laid before the senate. 



70 INTRODUCTION 

cer might put to vote any one of them he pleased, and if 
it was carried, it was a seiiahis consiilULm; but if it was 
lost, he might call for the vote on any of the other motions, 
and the first one that received the majority of the votes 
constituted the final action of the senate. After the busi- 
ness introduced by the consul was disposed of, any other 
magistrate might introduce any additional business he 
pleased, if the presiding officer did not object. 



POPULAR ASSEMBLIES OF ROME 
COMITIA CURIATA 

131. The comitia ciiriata, so called from the thirty airiae, 
or divisions, into which the patricians were divided under 
the early kings, was the most ancient popular assembly 
known to the Romans, and the only one known to them 
during the regal period. Its jurisdiction was undoubtedly 
very limited, but it elected kings, conferred the impeviiim 
upon them, and cooperated with them in matters of special 
importance. Its sessions were held in the comitmm} under 
the presidency of the king or an interrex. Each curia had 
one vote, determined by the majority of its members, and 
the vote of a majority of the curiae determined the decis- 
ion of the assembly. 

132. Comitia Curiata in the Time of Cicero. — Under the 
republic this assembly was superseded in a large measure 
by the comitia centuriata, but it retained its traditional right 
to confer the impcriiim upon the higher magistrates and to 
legislate on subjects of interest to the curiae. In the time 
of Cicero it seldom met except for religious purposes and 

1 See Comitium, 147. 



POPULAR ASSEMBLIES 7 1 

under the presidency of the pontifex maximiis, as it then 
usually conferred the iniperium through the agency of 
thirty lictors representing its thirty curiae. 

COMITIA CeNTURIATA 

133. The comitia ce7ituriata, the centuriate assembly, 
takes its name from the one hundred and ninety-three cen- 
turies of which it was composed. It was based on the 
classification of the Roman people which was made by 
Servius Tullius. This classification, comprising patricians 
and plebeians alike, was originally a military organization, 
and was as follows : — 



Equites 18 centuries 

Classes 



Property 
in acres or in asses 



I seniors 40 centuries 20 100.000 

1st •! . . ^ . 

1^ juniors 40 centuries 20 100.000 

, r seniors 10 centuries 15 75.000 

[juniors 10 centuries 15 75.000 

, f seniors 10 centuries 10 50.000 

'^ 1^ juniors 10 centuries 10 50,000 

, • seniors 10 centuries 5 25.000 

4th<! . . , . ^ ^ 

I juniors 10 centuries 5 25,000 

, r seniors 15 centuries 2 12.500 

Sth ^ . . ^ ^ . ^ 

^ [juniors 15 centunes 2 12,500 

Fabri 2 centuries 

Cornicines i century 

Tubicines i century 

Capite censi i century 



Total 193 centuries 

Note i.^The equites, or knights, were men of wealth. In the 
army they served as cavalry. The five classes were arranged according 
to wealth. The ages of the juniors ranged from seventeen to forty-five ; 
those of the seniors, from forty-rive to sixty. 



72 INTRODUCTION 

Note 2. — The century, as the name implies, probably meant a hun- 
dred men originally, but as here used it means simply a division. 

Note 3. — Observe that in this assembly wealth and age have the 
controlling influence, as each century has one vote and as the equites, 
or knights, and the first class, both representing wealth, have ninety- 
eight votes, a majority of the whole number, one hundred and ninety- 
three, and as a century of juniors doubtless contained more members 
than a century of seniors, each senior had more influence on the final 
vote than a junior in the same class. 

Note 4. — The centuriate assembly, as it was founded upon a mili- 
tary organization, always met outside the city, generally in the Campus 
Martms.^ 

134. Powers of the Comitia Centuriata. — During the 
first two centuries of the republic, the comitia cent2iriata 
was the chief popular assembly of the Roman people. Its 
powers were threefold. It had elective, legislative, and 
judicial functions. 

1. Under the presidency of a consul it elected consuls, 
consular tribunes, praetors, and censors. This election, 
however, during the early republic, had to be ratified by 
the patrician senators, but after 287 B.C. the consent of 
these senators was given in advance of the election and 
thus became a mere matter of form. 

2. During the first two centuries of the republic it was 
also the chief legislative assembly of Rome, though during 
the latter part of this period the comitia tribiita and the _ 
concilittm plebis began to exercise legislative functions. I 
The ordinary procedure in legislation at this time was as 
follows : the consul, having the initiative, laid the subject 
before the senate and thus obtained a scnatus consultum, 
which he next submitted to the vote of the comitia centuri- 
ata. If the bill was approved by that body it would, of 



(I 



1 See plan of Rome. 



II 



ROME Borti 

In tlie Eepublican PeriocI l u Cji iiam 

Extent of the eorlie t Citj(Roma quaJrata) ^ 
The City unler Tarqumiua I'nscus 
tnlargement under fcemua lullius 



SCALE OF METERS 



' ' obo 

SCALE OF YARDS 




-r-^'.<f FORUM AND CAPITOL 

^fe In the Republican Period 




POPULAR ASSEMBLIES 73 

course, be ratified by the patrician senators and would thus 
become a law. 

3. The Roman constitution gave all criminals under sen- 
tence of death the right to appeal to the people. All such 
questions of appeal were decided by the centuriate assem- 
bly under the presidency of the praetor; but the perma- 
nent courts, established by Sulla, 81 B.C., abolished the 
death penalty, and thus put an end to these questions of 
appeal. 

135. Reform of the Centuriate Assembly. — About the 
middle of the third century B.C., the centuriate assembly, 
though still voting by centuries, was reorganized on the 
basis of tribes. Under the new arrangement each of the 
thirty-five tribes, into which the state was then divided, had 
five classes of seniors and five of juniors, and each class 
formed one century and cast one vote ; each tribe therefore 
contained ten centuries and cast ten votes. Thus the thirty- 
five tribes contained three hundred and fifty centuries ; to 
which must be added the eighteen centuries of knights and 
the five additional centuries as before, making a grand total 
of three hundred and seventy-three (350+18-1-5). 

Note. — Observe that in this organization wealth has lost the im- 
mense advantage which it had under the previous arrangement, as the 
first class now has no more weight than the fifth. The only advantage 
that wealth and age still retained is found in the fact that the first class 
was probably smaller than the others and the seniors fewer than the 
juniors. 

136. Decline of the Centuriate Assembly. — From this 
time the influence of the centuriate assembly decHned 
rapidly, in view of the growing importance of the comitia 
tributa, which was gradually supplanting it. Still its exclu- 
sive right to declare war was recognized. 



74 INTRODUCTION 

COMITIA TrIBUTA 

137. The comitia tribtita, or the tribal assembly, was an 
assembly of the Roman people, patricians and plebeians, 
by tribes. A magistrate always presided over its delibera- 
tions. The voting was by tribes ; the individual votes in 
each tribe determined the vote of the tribe and the vote of 
the majority of the tribes determined the decision of the 
assembly. It was established about the middle of the fifth 
century B.C. The number of tribes at that time was proba- 
bly twenty-one, but it was subsequently increased to thirty- 
five, which continued to the end of the republic to be the 
normal number. 

138. Powers of the Comitia Tributa — During the last 
two centuries of the republic the comitia tributa became an 
important legislative assembly. A consul or praetor usu- 
ally presided over its deliberations. This assembly also 
elected curule aediles, quaestors, and the regular twenty- 
four military tribunes, and sometimes tried cases of minor 
importance submitted to it by the curule aedile. 

Concilium Plebis 

139. The conciliufn plebis, a purely plebeian assembly, 
was organized in 494 B.C. for the special purpose of elect- 
ing the tribunes and the plebeian aediles. It was probably 
a curiate assembly at first, but was reorganized on a tribal 
basis in 471 B.C. A tribune or plebeian aedile always pre- 
sided over its 'deliberations. It elected all tribunes and 
plebeian aediles. At first its legislative functions were 
quite limited, but in the third century B.C. it became an 
independent legislative assembly, competent to legislate on 



[ 



POPULAR ASSEMBLlElS 7J 

almost all subjects, except the declaration of war. After 
that date its action did not require the sanction of the 
senate. The Gabinian and Manilian laws, which invested 
Pompey with such remarkable powers, were enacted by it. 
The judicial functions of this assembly were never impor- 
tant, but under the direction of the tribunes it sometimes 
tried magistrates for certain minor offenses. 

Note. — The two tribal assemblies seem not to have been restricted 
to any fixed places of meeting, but for the election of magistrates they 
probably met in the Campus Martins and for legislation in the Forum, i 

140. Contiones. — The Roman constitution recognized 
two distinct classes of popular assemblies : the coinitia 
and the cojicilium plebis for legislation and election, and 
contiones for deliberation and discussion. The latter took 
no action whatever, but were simply preparatory to the 
former. Accordingly, before each session of an assembly 
for legislation or election, a contio was usually held to 
enable the people to learn the merits of the question, 
upon which they would soon be called upon to vote in the 
centuriate or tribal assembly. 

COURTS OF JUSTICE 

141. Judicial Functions of Magistrates. — We have 
already seen that originally the higher magistrates all had 
certain judicial functions, most of which were finally trans- 
ferred to the permanent courts. 

142. Early Judicial System. — The judicial system of 
the Romans before the establishment of the regular courts 
was substantially as follows : — 

I. Suits between citizens were under the jurisdiction of 
the praetor urbanns. In suits of minor importance he 

^ See plan of Rome, facing p. 72. 



j6 Introduction 

sometimes gave judgment in person, and sometimes he 
referred the decision to a single index, judge or juror, 
selected from the senate. In suits involving the inter- 
ests of foreigners the procedure, under the direction of 
the praetor peregrinus, was the same. 

2. In cases of great importance, civil or criminal, the 
decision was referred to a special commission, consisting 
of a large body of mdices, created by a special law. 
The number of mdices varied from time to time; see 144. 

3. Any citizen convicted of a capital crime was allowed to 
appeal to the comitia ceiitiiriata, whose decision was final. 

143. Quaestiones Perpetuae. — The earliest permanent 
court was established by the lex Calpurnia, 149 B.C., to try 
provincial governors accused of extortion. It was called 
qiiacstio perpetiia de repetundis. A praetor presided, and 
the indices were senators. 

144. Judicial System under Sulla. — In the year 81 b.c. 
Sulla introduced a new judicial system, consisting of eight 
distinct courts, each to take cognizance of some particular 
class of crimes. They were designated as follows : qiiaestio 
perpetua de repehmdis (extortion), de viaiestate (treason), 
de vi (assault), de sicariis (murder), de ambitit (bribery), 
de falsis (fraud), de pcculatit (embezzlement), de adiilteriis 
(adultery). In these courts, as organized by Sulla, the 
indices were all to be taken from the senate, but subse- 
quently the Aurelian law, enacted in 70 B.C., provided that 
one third of the indices should be senators, one third 
knights, and one third tribiini aerarii} In these courts 

^The history of the tribuni aerarii is somewhat obscure. It seems prob- 
able, however, that they were originally financial officers of the local tribes, 
and that in wealth they ranked directly below the knights. The Aurelian 
law seems to recognize them as forming a distinct order in the aristocracy of 
wealth. 



II 



PLACES OF SPECIAL INTEREST jy 

the number of indices, always large, varied from time to 
time, and in different suits. In the trial of Milo the num- 
ber was fifty-one and in that of Piso, seventy-five. 

PLACES OF SPECIAL INTEREST TO THE STUDENT OF CICERO i 

145. The Forum, Comitium, Curia, the Temples of Con- 
cord and of Jupiter Stator, the Tullianum, and the basilicas 
are somewhat closely connected with the pubhc life of 
Cicero. 

146. Forum. — The Roman Forum was originally a low 
open valley between the Palatine, Capitohne, and Quirinal 
Hills. It early became a market-place, with booths and 
stalls on its northern and southern sides. It was a little 
more than five hundred feet in length and about one hun- 
dred and fifty in width. In the course of centuries the 
rude stalls of the regal period, the tabernae veteres, gave 
place to better structures, and on the north side appeared 
the tabeimae argentariae, occupied largely by goldsmiths 
and other skilled artisans, and finally temples and other 
stately edifices were erected in its immediate vicinity. At 
the close of the regal period it had already become an 
important place of business. The CapitoHum, the famous 
temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus or Jupiter Capitolinus, 
the national sanctuary of the ancient Romans, crowned one 
of the neighboring heights of the Capitoline Hill. The 
cella consisted of three parts, of which the central was dedi- 
cated to Jupiter, the left to Juno, and the right to Minerva. 
The temple of Jupiter Stator probably occupied a declivity 
of the Palatine at a short distance to the east of the Forum. 

1 See the plan of Rome and the illustrations of the Forum and its sur- 
roundings, facing pp. 72 and 81. 



78 



INTRODUCTION 



During the early periods of the repubHc several other im- 
portant temples were erected in the neighborhood, notably 
the temple of Saturn, of Concord, and of Castor and Pol- 
lux. The Temple of Saturn was not only a place of wor- 
ship, but also the aerariiim, or the state treasury of Rome. 
It was erected in the year 497 B.C., and was twice recon- 




Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus 
Restored 

structed ; once under Augustus, and once at an unknown 
date under one of the later emperors. The eight Ionic 
columns of imperfect workmanship still standing belong, 
doubtless, to this last restoration. For a reconstruction of 
this temple, see plate facing p. 81. 

In the time of Cicero the tribal assemblies usually 
met in the Forum, and the regular courts held their 



PLACES OF SPECIAL L^TEREST 79 

sessions either in the Forum or in the neighboring ba- 
sihcas. 

147. Comitium. — The Comitium was an open square of 
moderate dimensions, situated on the north side of the 
Forum toward its west end. For centuries after the 
estabhshment of the repubUc it was the center of the pub- 
He Hfe of the state, but in the second century B.C. pubhc 
business was transferred to the Forum ; see plan of Rome. 

148. Rostra Vetera. — The ancient Rostra, the Rostra 
Vetera, dating from the fifth century B.C., was the platform 

from which the orator throughout the republican period 
addressed the people in their various assemblies. It stood 
on the border line between the Comitium and the Forum, 
and it could be used in addressing an assembly on either 
side of it. It was ornamented with beaks, rostra, of the 
war vessels captured at Antium in 338 B.C. 

149. Curia Hostilia. — The Roman Senate House, the 
Curia Hostilia, was a stone structure eighty- five feet long 
and seventy-five feet wide. It was situated on the north- 
east side of the Comitium. It was originally furnished in 
the most simple manner, containing the speaker's chair, 
several rows of benches, and a small apartment for 
archives. It had no artificial heat either in summer or 
winter. The Roman senate met in this primitive building 
until it was burned by the partisans of Clodius in 52 B.C. 
Eight years later Julius Caesar was commissioned to re- 
build it under the name of Ciiria Julia. The new building 
was finally completed and dedicated by Augustus in the 
year 29 b.c. It was badly damaged in the conflagration 
in the reign of Nero, and two centuries later it was burned 
to the ground. It was subsequently reconstructed under 
the name Seitat?is. This building, the final reconstruction 



8o 



INTRODUCTION 



of the Curia Hostilia, is now the Church of St. Adriano ; 
see the accompanying illustration. 




Curia Hostilia 
In its present condition as the Church of St. Adriano i 

150. Temple of Concord. — The Temple of Concord, 
erected according to tradition by Camillus to commemo- 
rate the reconciliation of the patricians and plebeians, 
in 367 B.C., stood at the foot of the Clivus Capita Hn?is, 
between the Temple of Saturn and the Tullianum. The 
senate sometimes met in this temple, and in it Cicero 
delivered his fourth oration against Catiline. In its final 

1 Taken by permission from Lanciani's Ancient Ro7ne in the Light of 
Recent Discoveries. 



I 



PLACES OF SPECIAL INTEREST 



8i 



reconstruction, in lo A.D., it was built of white marble, 
under the direction of the ablest architects of the age. 
When completed it was, in the words of Lanciani, *' one 
of the finest monuments in the valley of the Forum and 
one of the richest museums of Rome." See restoration 
of Forum and its surroundings, facing p. 8i. 

151. Temple of Jupiter Stator. — The Temple of Jupiter 
Stator, Jupiter the stayer of the flight, seems to have been 
built during the earher years of the republican period. It 
probably stood on the northern declivity of the Palatine 
Hill. The senate was in session in this temple when Cicero 
pronounced before it his first oration against Catiline. 

152. Basilicas. — The court-houses of Rome were the 
basilicas, of which there were several. The Basilica Por- 




PoMPEiAN Basilica 
Restored i 



1 Taken by permission from Kelsey's Edition of Mau's Pompeii. 

HARKNESS' CICERO — 6 



82 



INTRODUCTION 



cia, the oldest of all, stood near the - Curia, and was 
erected in the year 184 b.c. Other basihcas especially 
worthy of mention were the Sempro7tia, on the south side 
of the Forum, erected in 169 B.C.; the Opiinia, near the 
Temple of Concord, erected in 121 b.c. ; and the beautiful 
basilica Aeniiliay erected in 54 B.C. on the north side of the 
Forum. See the accompanying illustration. 

153. Tullianum. — The Roman state's prison, called 
Tidliannin from the spring of water, hillius, which issues 

from the rock within it, 
was situated a short dis- 
tance west of the Comi- 
tium and the Curia. It 
is interesting as one of 
the few remains which 
have reached our time 
from the regal period of 
ancient Rome. It con- 
sisted of two subterra- 
nean chambers, one 
above the other. Sallust 
describes it as a dark and 
frightful dungeon twelve 
feet under ground. It 
was the scene of some 
''of the most tragic events 
in Roman history." In it Lentulus, Cethegus, and their 
fellow-conspirators were executed. Nichols in his worl 
on the Roman Forum says that "the Career plays a part ii 
Roman history like that of the Tower of London in th( 
history of England." 

1 Adapted from Middleton's Ancient Rome. 




Section of the Roman Carcer, the 

Tullianum 1 
O, a circular opening in the upper chamber, 

the only entrance to the Tullianum. 
T, tul/ius, the spring of water from which the 

prison derives its name. 



WORKS OF REFERENCE 83 



154. VALUABLE WORKS ON SUBJECTS TREATED IN THE 
INTRODUCriON 

Abbott, F. F. Roman Political Institutions. Boston. 1901. 

Arnold, W. T. Roman Provincial Administration. London. 1879. 

BoissiER, G. Cicero and his Friends. A translation. London. 
1897. An interesting work. 

Burton-Brown, E. Recent Excavations in the Roman Forum. 1904. 

Cicero. Orations and Letters. 

Collins, W. L. Cicero's Life and Works, in Ancient Classics for 
English Readers. London and Edinburgh. 1871. 

Forsyth, W. Life of Cicero. New York. 1869. An old standard 
work. 

Fowler, H. N. A History of Roman Literature. New York. 1903. 

Greenidge, a. H. J. Legal Procedure in Cicero's Time. Oxford. 
1901. A learned work. 

Greenidge, A. H. J. Roman Public Life. London. 1901. Avery 
valuable work. 

Kiepert, H., et Huelsen, Ch. Formae urbis Romae antiquae. 
Berolini. 1896. 

Lanciani, R. The Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome. Bos- 
ton. 1897. An important work. 

MOMMSEN, Th. History of Rome. A translation. New York. 1894. 

Morey, W. C. Outlines of Roman History. New York. 1901. 

Nichols, F. M. The Roman Forum. A Topographical Study. Lon- 
don. 1877. 

Pelham, H. F. Outhnes of Roman History. New York, 1893. 

Pelham, H. F. The Roman Curiae. Journal of Philology, Vol. IX. 

Platner, S. B. The Topography and Monuments of Ancient Rome. 
Boston. 1904. 

Richter. O. Topographie der Stadt Rom, in Ivan Miiller's Hand- 
buch der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, Bd. III. An excel- 
lent work. 

SCHILLEH, H. Staats- und Rechtsaltertiimer, in Muller's Handbuch, 
Bd. IV. 

Sears, L. The History of Oratory. Chicago. 1896. An interest- 
ing treatise. 



84 INTRODUCTION 

Shuckburgh, E. S. History of Rome to the Battle of Actium. New 
York. 1894.. 

SiMCOX, A. G. The History of Latin Literature. London. 1883. 

Strachan-Davidson, J. L. Cicero and the Fall of the Roman 
Republic. New York. 1894. 

Taylor, T. M. Constitutional and Political History of Rome. Lon- 
don. 1899. 

Teuffel und Schwabe. History of Roman Literature. A transla- 
tion. London. 1891. An excellent work. 

Tyrrell and Purser. The Correspondence of Cicero. London. 
1899. An important work in seven volumes. 



I 




^ 



-^ PONTIAE 



^^e^'^ \«Paestum Ta 

. . ^ ^,-/ Tarentinus X 



mmm.^,' .Thurii 





^ ?7 3f 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

Delivered before the Senate in the Temple of Jupiter Stator, 
ON the Eighth of November, 6;^ b.c. 

INTRODUCTION 

L. Sergius Catiline, against whom this oration was delivered, 
belonged to a patrician family which had become greatly impoverished. 
He was, therefore, the heir to a noble name, but to no large estates. 
Unprincipled and reckless, he early perverted to the basest uses the 
remarkable powers of body and mind with which he had been endowed 
by nature. As a zealous partisan of Sulla, he acted a conspicuous part 
in the bloody proscriptions which followed the triumph of the dictator. 

Catiline held the office of praetor in the year 68 B.C., was governor 
of Africa in 67, and returned to Rome in 66 to canvass for the consul- 
ship, but was compelled to relinquish his suit by an impeachment for 
maladministration in his province. Burning with rage, he is said to 
have entered into an alliance with Cn. Calpurnius Piso, a young but prof- 
ligate patrician, and P. Autronius Paetus, who, having been convicted 
of bribery, was disqualified for entering upon the duties of the consulship 
to which he had been elected. The plan of the conspirators was to 
murder the consuls on the first of January, during the ceremonies of 
inauguration, after which CatiHne and Autronius were to seize the con- 
sular power, and Piso was to take possession of the Spanish provinces. 
The execution of the plan was, however, subsequently deferred to the 
fifth of February, when it was fortunately frustrated by a mistake on 
the part of Catiline, who gave the signal before his accomplices were 
ready for action. 

In June, 64 B.C., Catiline resumed his revolutionary schemes on a 
larger scale and with renewed energy. Rome at that time furnished 
him abundant materials for such a work in the throngs of luxurious 
spendthrifts, desperate insolvents, and reckless adventurers, who filled 
her streets. He soon numbered among his accomplices eleven senators, 

85 



86 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

four members of the equestrian order, and several men of position and 
influence in the provincial towns. Thus strengthened, he boldly pre- 
sented himself as a candidate for the consulship, but defeat awaited him. 
Marcus Cicero the orator and Gains Antonius were elected consuls, the 
former by an overwhelming majority. This was a severe disappoint- 
ment for Catiline, but it only rendered him more reckless than ever in 
his revolutionary designs. His audacity aimed at nothing less than the 
overthrow of the government. 

It was at such a crisis as this, that on the first of January in that 
memorable year, 63 B.C., Cicero, the accomplished orator and scholar, 
entered upon the arduous and perilous duties of the consulship, but he 
proved himself equal to the emergency. He secured the passive co- 
operation of Antonius by offering, at the outset, to transfer to him the 
rich province of Macedonia at the expiration of his term of office. He, 
moreover, opened communication with Quintus Curius, one of the 
accompHces of Catiline, and, by means of large promises, engaged him 
to keep the government informed in regard to all the movements of the 
conspirators. 

When the consular election for 62 B.C. approached, Cafiline, once 
more a candidate, adopted the bold project of murdering the presiding 
consul, and, if need be, the rival candidates, and of carrying the elec- 
tion by force of arms. In view of these dangers, the election, which 
was usually held in July, was deferred until the twenty-eighth of Octo- 
ber. On the twenty-first of that month the senate clothed the consuls 
with dictatorial powers for the safety of the republic. On the day of 
the election Cicero appeared in the Campus Martins, surrounded by a 
strong body-guard of armed men. The resolute bearing of the consul 
and his formidable guard so overawed the conspirators that no disturb- 
ance was made. Catiline was again defeated ; Decimus Silanus and 
Lucius Murena were elected consuls for the ensuing year. 

In the meantime, civil war had already commenced ; Catiline had 
established his headquarters at Faesulae, in Etruria, and had placed 
Gains Manlius in command of the forces which he had assembled at 
that place. On the night of the sixth of November, Catiline met the 
most prominent of his partisans at the house of Marcus Laeca. He 
announced his purpose to join the army at the earliest possible date, 
assigned to the leaders their several parts in the work of the conspiracy, 
and urged upon them the importance of taking the life of Cicero. Two 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 8/ 

of his agents at once promised to call upon the consul the next morn- 
ing and assassinate him in his own house ; but Cicero, forewarned in 
regard to their purpose, refused to admit them. 

On the eighth of November, the senate met in the Temple of Jupiter 
Stator, which was guarded by Roman knights. Catiline, contrary to 
the expectation of all, had the effrontery to present himself at the meet- 
ing, but no greeting welcomed him to his accustomed place ; the seats 
in his vicinity were instantly vacated ; the traitor sat alone, an object of 
scorn and contempt. It was then that Cicero, the consul, giving utter- 
ance to his indignation in a torrent of invective, pronounced his First 
Oration against Catiline. 

ANALYSIS 
I. Catiline's Audacity, I. 

II. Catiline deserves the Punishment of Death in Accordance v^ith 
THE Laws and Precedents of Rome. 2. 

III. Exposure of the Movements and Plans of the Conspirators, 3, 4. 

IV. Exhortation to Catiline to leave the City, 5-10. 

V. Reasons for allowing such a Criminal to go unpunished. Invo- 
cation TO Jupiter, 11-12. 



PROPOSITIO, I, 2 

You here, Catiline, in all your audacity ! Your plans are 
known ; your crimes deserve death. 

I. Quo usque tandem abutere, Catillna, patientia nostra } 
Quam diu etiam furor iste tuus nos eludet.? Quern ad 
finem sese effrenata iactabit audacia } Nihilne te noctur- 
num praesidium Palati, nihil urbis vigiliae, nihil timor 
populi, nihil concursus bonorum omnium, nihil hic munltis- 5 
simus habendl senatus locus, nihil horum ora vultusque , 
moverunt } Patere tua consilia non sentTs } Constrictam 
iam horum omnium scientia tenerl coniiirationem tuam non 
vides } Quid proxima, quid superiore nocte egeris, ubi 
fueris, quos convocaveris, quid consilil ceperis, quem nos- lo 
trum Ignorare arbitraris ? 



S8 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

O tempora ! O mores ! Senatus haec intellegit, consul 
videt; hic tamen vivit. Vivit ? Immo vero etiam in sena- 
tum venit, fit public! consilil particeps, notat et desTgnat 
oculls ad caedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos autem 
5 fortes virl satis facere rei publicae videmur, si istius furo- 
rem ac tela vltemus. 

Ad mortem te, Catillna, duel iussu consulis iam pridem 
oportebat, in te conferri pestem quam tu in nos machinaris. 
An vero vir amplissimus, P. ScTpio, pontifex maximus, Ti. 

lo Gracchum mediocriter labefactantem statum rei publicae 
privatus interf ecit ; Catilinam orbem terrae caede atque 
incendiis vastare cupientem nos consules perferemus ? 
Nam ilia nimis antlqua praetereo, quod C. Servilius Ahala 
Sp. Maelium novTs rebus studentem manu sua occldit. 

15 Fuit, fuit ista quondam in hac re publica virtus ut virl 
fortes acrioribus supplicils civem perniciosum quam acerbis- 
simum hostem coercerent. Habemus senatus consultum in 
te, Catillna, vehemens et grave ; non deest re! publicae 
consilium neque auctoritas huius ordinis; nos, nos, dico 

2oaperte, consules desumus. 

Formerly tJie co71shIs acted promptly in times of public dan- 
ger^ but we hesitate to act thottgh the leader of a hostile 
army sits here in the senate. 

2. Decrevit quondam senatus ut L. OpTmius consul vi- 
deret ne quid res publica detrlmenti caperet. Nox nulla 
intercessit ; interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum 
susplciones C. Gracchus, clarissimo patre, avo, maioribus ; 
25 occTsus est cum liberls M. Fulvius consularis. Simili sena- 
tus consulto C. Mario et L. Valerio consulibus est permissa 
res publica. Num unum diem postea L. Saturnlnum 



I 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



89 




Marius 



tribunum plebis et C. Servllium praetorem mors ac rel 

publicae poena remorata est ? At nos vicesimum iam diem 

patimur hebescere aciem horum auctori- 

tatis. Habemus enim huiusce modi sena- 

tus consultum, verum inclusum in tabulis 

tamquam in vagina reconditum, quo ex 

senatus consulto confestim te interfectum 

esse, Catillna, convenit. Vivis, et vivis non 

ad deponendam sed ad confirmandam auda- 

ciam. Cupio, patres conscrlpti, me esse 

clementem ; cupio in tantis rel publicae 

perlculls me non dissolutum videri, sed iam 

me ipse inertiae nequitiaeque condemno. 

Castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etru- 
riae faucibus conlocata ; crescit in dies singulos hostium 15 
numerus; eorum autem castrorum imperatorem ducemque 
hostium intra moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus intes- 
tinam aliquam cotidie perniciem rel publicae molientem. 
Si te iam, Catillna, comprehendl, si interfici iussero, credo, 
erit verendum mihi ne non potius hoc omnes boni serius a 20 
me quam quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat. Verum 
ego hoc, quod iam pridem factum esse oportuit, certa de 
causa nondum adducor ut faciam. Tum denique interfi- 
ciere, cum iam nemo tam improbus, tam perditus, tarn tul 
similis invenlrl poterit, qui id non iure factum esse fateatur. 25 
Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives, et 
vives ita ut vivis, multls mels et fIrmJs praesidils obsessus, 
ne commovere te contra rem pubHcam possls. Multorum 
te etiam ocull et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc fece- 
runt, speculabuntur atque custodient. .30 



90 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

Narratio, 3, 4 

For what are yotc waiting, Catiline ? Your treasonable 
designs are fully exposed. 

3. Etenim quid est, Catillna, quod iam amplius ex- 
spectes, sT neque nox tenebris obscurare coeptus nefarios 
nee privata domus parietibus continere voces coniurationis 
tuae potest, sT inlustrantur, sT erumpunt omnia ? Muta iam 
5 istam mentem ; mihi crede, obllvlscere caedis atque incen- 
diorum. Teneris undique ; luce sunt clariora nobis tua 
consilia omnia, quae iam mecum licet recognoscas. Memi- 
nistine me ante diem xii Kalendas Novembres dicere in 
senatu fore in armls certo die, qui dies futurus esset ante 

10 diem vi Kalendas Novembres, C. Manlium, audaciae satel- 
litem atque administrum tuae ? Num me fefellit, Catillna, 
non modo res tanta, tam atrox, tamque incredibilis, verum, 
id quod multo magis est admlrandum, dies ? 

Dixi ego idem in senatu caedem te optimatium contu- 

15 lisse in ante diem v Kalendas Novembres, tum cum multl 
principes civitatis Roma non tam sui conservandl quam 
tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum causa profugerunt. 
Num Tnfitiarl potes te illo ipso die mels praesidils, mea 
dlligentia circumclusum commovere te contra rem pub- 

20 licam non potuisse, cum tu discessu ceterorum nostra 
tamen qui remansissemus caede te contentum esse dice- 
bas ? Quid ? cum te Praeneste Kalendls ipsis Novem- 
bribus occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confideres, 
sensistme illam coloniam meo iussu mels praesidils, custo- 

25 dils, vigilils esse munltam ? Nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil 
cogitas, quod non ego non modo audiam, sed etiam videam 
planeqiie sentiam. 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 9 1 

Two nights ago you met your accomplices, including some of 
these senators, and y oil sent assassins to take my life. 

4. Recognosce tandem mecum noctem illam superiorem ; 
iam intelleges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te 
ad perniciem rei publicae. Dico te priore nocte venisse 
inter falcarios — non agam obscure — in M. Laecae domum ; 
convenisse eodem complures eiusdem amentiae scelerisque 5 
socios. Num negare audes ? Quid taces ? Convincam, 
SI _ negas. Video enim esse hic in senatu quosdam qui 
tecum una fuerunt. 

O di immortal es ! Ubinam gentium sumus? In qua 
urbe vivimus ? Quam rem publicam habemus ? Hic, hIc 10 
sunt in nostro numero, patres conscript!, in hoc orbis terrae 
sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, qui de nostro omnium 
interitu, qui de huius urbis atque adeo de orbis terrarum 
exitio cogitent ! Hos ego video consul et de re publica 
sententiam rogo et, quos ferro trucTdarl oportebat, eos 15 
n5ndum voce vulnero ! FuistI igitur apud Laecam ilia 
nocte, Catillna ; distribuisti partes Italiae ; statuisti quo 
quemque proficlsci placeret ; delegisti quos Romae relin- 
queres, quos tecum educeres ; dlscrTpsisti urbis partes ad 
incendia; conflrmasti te ipsum iam esse exiturum ; dixistlao 
paulum tibi esse etiam nunc morae quod ego viverem. 
Reperti sunt duo equites Roman! qu! te ista cura llberarent 
et sese ilia ipsa nocte paulo ante lucem me in meo lectulo 
interfecturos pollicerentur. Haec ego omnia vixdum etiam 
coetu vestro dimisso comperl; domum meam mai5ribus25 
praesidils munlv! atque firmavl; exclus! eos quos tu ad me 
salutatum mane miseras, cum ill! ipsi venissent quos ego 
iam multls ac summis virls ad me id temporis ventiiros 
esse praedlxeram. 



92 ORATIONS OF ClCERO 

HORTATIO, 5-10 

Go to your army, lead away your followers, and free us 
from fear. 

5. Quae cum ita sint, Catillna, perge quo coepisti; 
egredere aliquando ex urbe. Patent portae ; proficiscere. 
Nimium diu te imperatorem tua ilia Manliana castra desi- 
derant. Educ tecum etiam omnes tuos, si minus, quam 

5 plurimos ; purga urbem. Magno me metu llberabis, dum 
modo inter me atque te murus intersit. Noblscum versarl 
iam diutius non potes ; non feram, non patiar, non sinam. 
Magna dis immortalibus habenda est atque huic ipsi lovi 
Statorl, antlquissimo custodi huius urbis, gratia, quod banc 

10 tam taetram, tam horribilem, tamque inf estam rei publicae 
pestem totiens iam effugimus. Non est saepius in uno 
homine summa salus periclitanda rel publicae. Quam diu 
mihi consull designate, Catillna, insidiatus es, non publico 
me praesidio sed privata dllige.ntia defend!. Cum proximis 

15 comitiis consularibus me consulem in campo et competl- 
tores tu5s interficere voluisti, compress! conatus tuos nefa- 
rios amlcorum praesidio et copils nullo tumultu publice 
concitato ; denique, quotienscumque me petisti, per me tibi 
obstiti, quamquam videbam perniciem meam cum magna 

20 calamitate ref publicae esse coniunctam. Nunc iam aperte 
rem publicam universam petis, templa deorum immor- 
talium, tecta urbis, vTtam omnium civium, Italiam totam ad 
exitium et vastitatem vocas. 

Qua re, quoniam id quod est prlmum, et quod huius 

25 imperil discipllnaeque maiorum proprium est, facere non- 
dum audeo, faciam id quod est ad severitatem lenius et ad 
communem salutem utilius. Nam sT te interfici iussero, 
residebit in re publica reliqua coniuratorum manus ; sin tu, 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 93 

quod te iam dudum hortor, exieris, exhaurietur ex urbe 
tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa sentina rel publicae. 
Quid est, Catillna ? Num dubitas id me imperante facere 
quod iam tua sponte faciebas ? Exire ex urbe iubet consul 
hostem. Interrogas me, num in exsilium ? Non iubeo, 5 
sed, si me c5nsulis, suadeo. 

Why do you wish to stay zvheii all men fear and hate yoit ? 

"6. Quid est enim, Catillna, quod te iam in hac urbe 
delectare possit^ in qua nemo est extra istam coniurationem 
perditorum hominum qui te non metuat, nem5 qui non 
oderit ? Quae nota domesticae turpitudinis non inusta vitae 10 
tuae est ? Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non haeret in 
fama ? Quae libido ab oculls, quod facinus a manibus 
umquam tuls, quod flagitium a toto corpore af uit ? Cui 
tu adulescentulo, quem corruptelarum inlecebrls inretlsses, 
non aut ad audaciam ferrum aut ad libidinem f acem prae- 15 
tulisti ? Quid vero ? Nuper cum morte superioris uxoris 
novTs nuptils domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio in- 
credibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti ? Quod ego praeter- 
mitto et facile patior silerl, ne in hac civitate tanti facinoris 
immanitas aut exstitisse aut non vindicata esse videatur. 20 
Praetermitto rulnas fortunarum tuarum, quas omnes im- 
pendere tibi proximis Idibus senties. Ad ilia venio quae 
non ad privatam ignominiam vitiorum tuorum, non ad 
domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem, sed ad 
summam rem publicam atque ad omnium nostrum vltam 25 
salutemque pertinent. 

Potestne tibi haec lux, Catillna, aut huius caeli splritus 
esse iucundus, cum scias esse horum neminem qui nesciat 
te pridie Kalendas lanuarias Lepido et Tull5 consulibus 



94 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

stetisse in comiti5 cum telo, manum consulum et prlncipum 
civitatis interficiendorum causa paravisse, scelerl ac furor! 
tuo non mentem aliquam aut timorem tuum sed fortunam 
populi RomanI obstitisse? Ac iam ilia omitto — neque 

5 enim sunt aut obscura aut non multa commissa postea — 
quotiens tu me deslgnatum, quotiens consulem interficere 
conatus es ! Quot ego tuas petitiones, ita coniectas ut 
vltarl posse non viderentur, parva quadam decllnatione et, 
ut aiunt, corpore eff ugl ! Nihil adsequeris neque tamen 

10 c5narl ac velle desistis. Quotiens tibi iam extorta est ista 
sica de manibus ! Quotiens excidit casu aliquo et elapsa est ! 
Quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacrls ac devota sit nescio, . 
quod earn necesse putas esse in c5nsulis corpore deflgere. 

Did you note the temper of the senate as you entered? Your 
fellow-citizens fear you ; your mother cozmtty fears you 
and begs you to leave her. 

7. Nunc vero quae tua est ista vita ? Sic enim iam 

15 tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, 

sed ut misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti pauloBl 

ante in senatum. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia totque 

tuTs amicls ac necessarils salutavit ? Si hoc post hominum 

memoriam contigit neminl, vocis exspectas contumeliam, 

20 cum SIS gravissimo iudicio taciturnitatis oppressus ? Quid,! 

quod adventu tuo ista subsellia vacuefacta sunt, quod omnesj 

c5nsulares, qui tibi persaepe ad caedem constituti fuerunt, 

simul atque adsedisti, partem istam subselliorum nudam 

atque inanem rellquerunt, quo tandem animo tibi ferendum 

25 putas ? Servl mehercule me! sT me isto pacto metuerent, 

ut te metuunt omnes elves tuT, domum meam relinquendam 

putarem ; tu tibi urbem non arbitraris ? Et si me meis 



96 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

civibus iniuria suspectum tarn graviter atque offensum 
viderem, car ere me aspectu cTvium quam Infestis omnium 
oculls conspici mallem ; tu cum conscientia scelerum tuo- 
rum agnoscas odium omnium iustum et iam diu tibi debitum, 

5 dubitas, quorum mentes sensusque vulneras, eorum aspec- 
tum praesentiamque vitare ? Si te parentes timerent atque 
odissent tul neque eos ulia ratione placare posses, ut opinor, 
ab eorum oculTs aliquo concederes. Nunc te patria, quae 
communis est parens omnium nostrum, odit ac metuit et 

10 iam diu nihil te iudicat nisi de parricldio suo cogitare ; huius 
tu neque auctoritatem verebere nee iudicium sequere nee 
vim pertimesces ? 

Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit et quodam modo tacita 
loquitur : ' Nullum iam aliquot annis facinus exstitit nisi 

15 per te, nullum flagitium sine te ; tib"i uni multorum civium 
neces, tibi vexatio direptioque sociorum impunlta fuit ac 
libera ; tu non solam ad neglegendas leges et quaestiones, 
verum etiam ad evertendas perfringendasque valuistl. Su- 
periora ilia, quamquam ferenda non fuerunt, tamen, ut 

20 potui, tull ; nunc vero me totam esse in metu propter unum 
te, quicquid increpuerit, Catillnam timerl, nullum viderl 
contra me consilium inlrl posse, quod a tuo scelere abhor- 
reat, non est ferendum. Quam ob rem discede atque hunc 
mihi timorem eripe ; si est verus, ne opprimar, sin falsus,j 

25 ut tandem aliquando timere desinam.' 

Lepidns and otJiers refused to become surety for you. All 
good men wish you to leave the city, and are ready to escort 
you to the gate. 

8. Haec si tecum, ita ut dIxT, patria loquatur, nonne] 
impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit ? Quid,] 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 97 

quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti, quod vltandae sus- 
picionis causa ad M'. Lepidum te habitare velle dixistl? 
A quo non receptus etiam ad me venire ausus es atque ut 
domi meae te adservarem rogastl. Cum a me quoque id 
responsum tulisses, me nuUo modo posse isdem parietibus 5 
tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem quod Isdem 
moenibus contineremur, ad Q. Metellum praetorem venistl. 
A quo repudiatus ad sodalem tuum, virum optimum, 
M. Metellum demigrasti; quem tu videlicet et ad custo- 
diendum dlligentissimum et ad suspicandum sagacissimum 10 
et ad vindicandum fortissimum fore putastl. Sed quam 
longe videtur a carcere atque a vinculls abesse debere, qui 
se ipse iam dignum custodia iudicarit ? Quae cum ita sint, 
Catillna, dubitas, si emorl aequo animo non potes, abire in 
aliquas terras et vltam istam multls supplicils iustis debitis- 15 
que ereptam fugae solitudinlque mandare ? 

' Refer,' inquis, * ad senatum ; ' id enim postulas et, si 
hic ordo placere decreverit te Ire in exsilium, obtemperatu- 
rum te esse dicis. Non referam, id quod abhorret a meis 
moribus, et tamen f aciam ut intellegas quid hi de te senti- 20 
ant. Egredere ex urbe, Catillna, libera rem publicam metu ; 
in exsilium, si banc vocem exspectas, proficlscere. Quid 
est, Catillna ? Ecquid attendis, ecquid animadvertis horum 
silentium ? Patiuntur, tacent. Quid exspectas auctoritatem 
loquentium quorum voluntatem tacitorum perspicis ? At 25 
si hoc idem huic adulescenti optimo P. Sestio, si fortissimo 
viro M. Marcello dixissem, iam mihi consul! hoc ipso in 
templo iure optimo senatus vim et manus intulisset. De 
te autem, Catillna, cum quiescunt, probant ; cum patiuntur, 
decernunt ; cum tacent, clamant ; neque hi solum, qu5rum 30 
tibi auctoritas est videlicet cara, vita vlhssima, sed etiam 
illi equites RomanI, honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterlque 

HARKNESS' CICERO — 7 



98 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

fortissimi elves, qui eireumstant senatum, quorum tu et fre- 
quentiam videre et studia perspicere et voces paulo ante ex- 
audlre potuisti. Quorum ego vix abs te iam diu manus ac tela 
contineo, eosdem facile adducam ut te haec quae vastare iam 
5 pridem studes relinquentem usque ad portas prosequantur. 



But we cannot expect any of these tilings to move yoti ? Yet 
why do I urge y OIL, when you are already eager to go a7id 
join Manlius ? 

9. Quamquam quid loquor ? Te ut ulla res frangat, tu 
ut umquam te corrigas, tu ut iillam fugam meditere, tu ut 
ullum exsilium cogites ? Utinam tibi istam mentem di im- 
mortales duint ! TametsI video, si mea voce perterritus Ire 

10 in exsilium animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiae 
nobis, si minus in praesens tempus recenti memoria scele- 
rum tuorum, at in posteritatem impendeat. Sed est tanti, 
dum modo ista sit privata calamitas et a rel publicae perl- 
culls seiungatur. Sed tu ut vitils tuls commoveare ut legum 

15 poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rel publicae cedas, non 
est postulandum. Neque enim is es, Catillna, ut te aut 
pudor umquam a turpitudine aut metus a perlculo aut ratio 
a furore revocarit. Quam ob rem, ut saepe iam dixl, pro- 
ficlscere ac, si mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis 

20 invidiam, recta perge in exsilium ; vix f eram sermones 
hominum, si id f eceris ; vix molem istlus invidiae, si in 
exsilium iussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. Sin autem servTre 
meae laudl et gloriae mavis, egredere cum importuna scele- 
ratorum manu, confer te ad Manlium, concita perditos elves, 

25 secerne te a bonis, Infer patriae bellum, exsulta impio latro- 
cini5, ut a me non eiectus ad alienos, sed invltatus ad tuos 
Isse videaris. 



I 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



99 



Quamquam quid ego te in- 
vite m, a quo iam sciam esse 
praemissos qui tibi ad Forum 
Aurelium praestolarentur ar- 
mati, cui iam sciam pactam 
et constitutam cum Manlio 
diem, a quo etiam ^quilam 
illam argenteam, quam tibi 
ac tuTs omnibus confido per- 
niciosam ac funestam futu- 
ram, cui domi tuae sacrarium 
constitutum fuit, sciam esse 



praemissam 



Tu ut ilia ca- 




rere diutius possis, quam vene- 
rarl ad caedem proficTscens 
solebas, a cuius altaribus saepe 
istam impiam dexteram ad necem civium transtulisti ? 



X' 
Sacrarium 



Yolc zvill go gladly, for tJiitJicr natiire and incliiiation draw 
yo2i. With what mad joy zvill you revel among your 
abandoned associates / 

10. Ibis tandem aliquando quo te iam pridem ista tua 
cupiditas effrenata ac furiosa rapiebat ; neque enim tibi 
haec res adfert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem volup-20 
tatem. Ad banc te amentiam natura peperit, voluntas 
exercuit, fortuna servavit. Numquam tu non modo otium, 
sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefarium concupTstT. Nactus 
es ex perditTs atque ab omnI non modo fortuna verum etiam 
spe derelictis conflatam improborum manum. 25 

Hlc tu qua laetitia perfruere, quibus gaudils exsultabis, 
quanta in voluptate bacchabere, cum in tanto numero tuo- 



Lofa 



100 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

rum neque audies virum bonum quemquam neque videbis ! 
Ad huius vltae studium meditati illl sunt qui feruntur labo- 
res tuT, iacere humi non solum ad obsidendum stuprum 
verum etiam ad facinus obeundum, vigilare non solum in- 
5 sidiantem somno marltorum verum etiam bonis otiosorum. 
Habes ubi ostentes tuam illam praeclaram patientiam famis, 
frlgoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus te brevT tempore 
confectum esse senties. Tantum profecT tum, cum te a 
c5nsulatu reppulT, ut exsul potius temptare quam consul 
lovexare rem publicam posses, atque ut id quod esset a te 
scelerate susceptum latrocinium potius quam bellum n5mi- 
naretur. 

Peroratio, 11-13 

/ seem to hear the fatherland reproaching me for my remiss- 
ness. 

II. Nunc, ut a me, patres conscript!, quandam prope 
iustam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, 

15 quaeso, dlligenter quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestris 
mentibusque mandate. Etenim si mecum patria, quae mihij 
vita mea multo est carior, si cuncta Italia, si omnis res pub- 
lica loquatur : 

' M. TullI, quid agis .? Tune eum quem esse hostem com- 

20 peristi, quem ducem belli futurum vides, quem exspectarl 
imperatorem in castrls hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, 
principem coniurationis, evocatorem serv5rum et civium 
perditorum, exire patiere, ut abs te non emissus ex urbe 
sed immissus in urbem esse videatur.? Nonne hunc in 

25 vincula duel, non ad mortem rapl, non summo supplicio 
mactari imperabis .-^ Quid tandem te impedit } Mosne 
maiorum } At persaepe etiam privatl in hac re publica 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 10 1 

perniciosos elves morte multarunt. An leges quae de cl- 
vium Romanorum supplicio rogatae sunt ? At numquam in 
hac urbe qui a re publica defecerunt cTvium iura tenuerunt. 
An invidiam posteritatis times ? Praeclaram vero populo 
Romano refers gratiam, qui te, hominem per te cognitum, 5 
nulla commendatione maiorum tam mature ad sum mum 
imperium per omnes honorum gradus extulit, si propter 
invidiam aut alicuius perlcull metum salutem civium tuo- 
rum neglegis. Sed, si quis est invidiae metus, non est 
vehementius severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia quam iner- 10 
tiae ac nequitiae pertimescenda. An, cum bello vastabitur 
Italia, vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, tum te non exlsti- 
mas invidiae incendi5 conflagraturum ? ' 

/ answer, I cofistUt the safety of the state. Catiline'' s death 
would avail little, biU if he, with all his followers, will 
leave, the state is safe. 

12. His ego sanctissimis rel publicae vocibus et eorum 
hominum qui hoc idem sentiunt mentibus, pauca respon-15 
debo. Ego si hoc optimum factu iudicarem, patres con- 
scrlptl, Catillnam morte multarl, unlus usuram horae 
gladiatorl isti ad vivendum non dedissem. Etenim sT 
sum ml virl et clarissiml elves Saturnlnl et Graeehorum et 
FlaccI et superiorum complurium sanguine n5n modo seao 
non eontaminarunt, sed etiam honestarunt, certe verendum 
mihi non erat ne quid hoc parriclda elvium interfect5 
invidiae mihi in posteritatem redundaret. Quod si ea 
mihi maxime impenderet, tamen hoc animo ful semper, ut 
invidiam virtute partam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. 25 

Quamquam non nulll sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea quae 
imminent non videant aut ea quae vident dissimulent; qui 



102 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

spem Catilinae mollibus sententils aluerunt coniuratio- 
nemque nascentem non credendo corroboraverunt ; quorum 
auctoritate mult! non solum improbi verum etiam imperlti, 
si in hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse 
5 dicerent. Nunc intellego, sT iste, quo intendit, in Manliana 
castra pervenerit, neminem tam stulturn fore qui non videat 
coniurationem esse factam, neminem tam improbum qui 
non fateatur. Hoc autem uno interfecto intellego banc rei 
publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum com- 
10 prim! posse. Quod sT se eiecerit secumque suos eduxerit 
et eodem ceteros undique conlectos naufragos adgregarit, 
exstinguetur atque delebitur non miodo baec tam adulta rei 
publicae pestis, verum etiam stirps ac semen malorum 
omnium. 

TJurefore let tJie conspirators depart, and do t/io?/, Jupiter, 
defender of Rome, protect thy city, and punish her ene- 
mies, living a7id dead. 

15 13. Etenim iam diu, patres conscript!, in his perlculls 
coniurationis insidilsque versamur, sed nescio quo pacto 
omnium scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas 
in nostri consulatus tempus erupit. Quod si ex tanto 
latrocinio iste unus tolletur, videbimur fortasse ad breve 

2oquoddam tempus cura et metu esse relevati; perlculum 
autem residebit et erit inclusum penitus in venis atque in 
visceribus rei publicae. Ut saepe homines aegri morbo 
gravl cum aestu febrlque iactantur, si aquam gelidam 
biberunt, primo relevarl videntur, deinde multo gravius 

25 vehementiusque adfllctantur, sic bic morbus, qui est in re 
publica, relevatus istius poena vehementius rehquls vivis 
ingravescet. 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



103 




Qua re secedant improbl, secernant se a bonis, unum in 
locum congregentur, muro denique, quod saepe iam dixi, 
secernantur a nobis ; desinant 
insidiarl domi suae consul!, 
circumstare tribunal praetoris 
arbani, obsidere cum gladils 
curiam, malleolos et faces ad 
iiiflammandam urbem com- 
parare ; sit denique mscrlptum 
in fronte unlus cuiusque quid 
de re publica sentiat. Polliceor 
hoc vobis, patres c5nscriptl, 
tantam in nobis consulibus 
fore dlligentiam, tantam in 
vobIs auctoritatem, tantam in 
equitibus Romanis virtutem, 
tantam in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catillnae pro- 
fectione omnia patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa, vindicata 
esse videatis. 

Hisce ominibus, Catillna, cum summa rei publicaeso 
salute, cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumqiie eorum exitio qui 
se tecum omnI scelere parricldioque iunxerunt, proficlscere 
ad impium bellum ac nefarium. Tu, luppiter, qui Isdem 
quibus haec urbs auspicils a Romulo es constitutus, quem 
Statorem huius urbis atque imperil vere nominamus, hunc 25 
et huius socios a tuls ceterlsque templls, a tectis urbis ac 
moenibus, a vita fortunlsque civium arcebis et homines 
bonorum inimlcos, hostes patriae, latrones Italiae scelerum 
foedere inter se ac nefaria societate coniunctos aeternis 
supplicils vivos mortuosque mactabis. 3° 



Zeus, Jupiter 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

Delivered before the People in the Forum, on the 
Ninth of November, 63 B.C. 

INTRODUCTION 

The efifect of the oration which we have just read was perfectly elec- 
trical. Catiline was for the moment paralyzed, but, quickly recovering 
his self-possession and assuming the tone of injured innocence, he im- 
plored the senate not to trust the base slanders which the consul had 
heaped upon him ; he even ventured upon harsh and abusive language 
against Cicero, but his voice was at once drowned with cries of " En- 
emy," " Traitor," from the whole assembly. That night he left the city. 

On the following day, the ninth of November, Cicero delivered his 
Second Oration against Catiline before the people in the Forum. ^ His 
object was to justify the course which he had pursued in relation to th^ 
conspiracy, to allay the general excitement, and to intimidate the con- 
spirators who had not yet left the city. 

In the meantime, Catiline had repaired to the camp of Manlius, and 
had assumed the fasces and other insignia of consular power. The 
senate accordingly declared him an outlaw, ordered new levies of troqps, 
and dispatched able leaders to different parts of the country where dan- 
ger was apprehended. Cicero was directed to guard the city, and 
Antonius was appointed to the command of the army destined against 
Catiline. 

ANALYSIS 

I. Rejoicing over the Departure of Catiline, i. 
II. Cicero's Defense: 

1. Against the Charge of too Great Leniency in having 

ALLOWED Catiline to leave the City, 2-5. 

2. Against the Charge of too Great Severity in having 

driven Catiline into Exile, 6, 7. 

1 This oration was not delivered before the comitia, but before the less 
Jformal assembly called contio ; see 140. 

104 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 105 

III. The Forces of Catiline, 8-10. 

IV. The Forces of the Republic in Contrast with these, ii. 

V. The Vigilance of the Consul and the Protection of the 
Gods 12, 13. 

Exordium, i 

Rejoice, fellow-citizens^ Catiline, the traitor, the conspirator, 
is no longer zvithin our walls. 

I. Tandem aliquando, Quirltes, L. Catillnam furentem 
audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molien- 
tem, vobTs atque huic urbl ferro flammaque minitantem ex 
urbe vel eiecimus vel emisimus vel ipsum egredientem ver- 
bis prosecuti sumus. Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit. Nulla 5 
iam pernicies a m6nstr5 illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis 
intra moenia comparabitur. Atque hunc quidem unum 
huius belli domestici ducem sine controversia vTcimus. 
Non enim iam inter latera nostra sica ilia versabitur ; non 
in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique intra do- 10 
mesticos parietes pertimescemus. Loco ille motus est, cum 
est ex urbe depulsus. Palam iam cum hoste nullo impedi- 
ente bellum iustum geremus. Sine dubio perdidimus homi- 
nem magnificeque vicimus, cum ilium ex occultls Tnsidils 
in apertum latrocinium coniecimus. Quod vero non cru- 15 
entum mucronem, ut voluit, extulit, quod vIvTs nobis 
egressus est, quod el ferrum e manibus extorsimus, quod 
incolumes elves, quod stantem urbem reliquit, quanto 
tandem ilium maerore esse adfllctum et proflTgatum puta- 
tis ? lacet ille nunc prostratus, Quirltes, et se perculsum 20 
atque abiectum esse sentit et retorquet oculos profecto 
saepe ad banc urbem, quam e suls faucibus ereptam esse 
luget ; quae quidem mihi laetarl videtur, quod tantam 
pestem evomuerit forasque proiecerit. 



I06 ORATIONS OF CICERO 



Narratio, 2-1 1 



It was not expedient to piU Catiline to death, as all were 
not yet co7ivinced of his guilt. 

2. Ac si quis est talis, quales esse omnes oportebat, 
qui in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, me 
vehementer accuset, quod tarn capitalem hostem non com- 
prehenderim potius quam emiserim, non est ista mea 
5 culpa, Quirltes, sed temporum. Interfectum esse L. 
Catillnam et gravissimo supplicio adfectum iam pridem 
oportebat, idque a me et mos maiorum et huius imperil 
severitas et res publica postulabat. Sed quam multos 
fuisse putatis, qui quae ego deferrem n5n crederent, quam 

10 multos qui etiam defenderent ! Ac si illo sublato depelll a 
vobls omne perlculum iudicarem, iam pridem ego L. Catill- 
nam non modo invidiae meae, verum etiam vltae perlculo 
sustulissem. Sed cum viderem, ne vobls quidem omnibus 
re etiam tum probata si ilium, ut erat meritus, morte 

15 multassem, fore ut eius socios invidia oppressus persequi 
non possem, rem hue deduxl, ut tum palam pugnare 
possetis, cum hostem aperte videretis. ' m\ 

Quem quidem ego hostem, Quirltes, quam vehementer 
forls esse timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod 

20 etiam illud moleste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus 
exierit. Utinam ille omnes secum suas copias eduxisset ! 
Tongilium mihi eduxit, quem amare in praetexta coeperat, 
Publicium et Minucium, quorum aes ahenum contractum 
in poplna nullum rel publicae mdtum adferre poterat ; 

25 rellquit quos viros, quantd aere aHen5, quam valentes, 
quam nobiles ! 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 10/ 

His army outside is no match for ours, but those who 
remaiji are the real danger. 

3. Itaque ego ilium exercitum prae GallicanTs 
legionibas et hoc dllectu quem in agro Piceno et 
Gallico Q. Metellus habuit, et his copils quae a nobis 
cotidie comparantur, magno opere contemno conlectum 
ex senibus desperatis, ex agresti luxuria, ex rusticis de- 5 
coctoribus, ex iis qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium 
exercitum maluerunt; quibus ego non modo si aciem 
exercitus nostrl, verum etiam si edictum praetoris 
ostendero, concident. Hos, quos video volitare in foro, 
quos stare ad curiam, quos etiam in senatum venire, qui 10 
nitent unguentis, qui fulgent purpura, mallem secum suos 
mllites eduxisset; qui si hic permanent, mementote non 
tam exercitum ilium esse nobis quam hos, qui exercitum 
deseruerunt, pertimescendos. Atque hoc etiam sunt 
timendl magis, quod, quid cogitent, me scire sentiunt 15 
neque tamen permoventur. Video cui sit Apulia attributa, 
quis habeat Etruriam, quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, 
quis sibi has urbanas Insidias caedis atque incendiorum 
depoposcerit. Omnia superioris noctis consilia ad me 
perlata esse sentiunt ; patef eci in senatu hesterno die. 20 
Catillna ipse pertimuit, profugit ; hi quid exspectant ? Ne 
illl vehementer errant, si illam meam pristinam lenitatem 
perpetuam sperant futuram. 

Let them folloiv their leader, for all the worst elements 
in the city are among Ids adherents. 

4. Quod exspectavl, iam sum adsecutus, ut vos omnes 
factam esse aperte coniurationem contra rem publicam 25 



io8 



ORATIONS OF CiCERO 



videretis ; nisi vero si quis est qui Catillnae similes cuni 
Catillna sentire non putet. Non est iam lenitati locus ; 
severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum etiam nunc concedam : 
exeant, proficlscantur, ne patiantur desiderio sui Catillnam 
5 miserum tabescere. Demdnstrabo iter ; Aurelia via pro- 
fectus est ; si accelerare volent, ad vesperam consequen- 




Amphitheater at Pompei 



tur. O fortunatam rem publicam, si quidem banc sentlnam 
urbis eiecerit ! Uno mebercule Catillna exbausto levata 
mihi et recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mall aut 
[osceleris fingi aut cogitarl potest, quod non ille conceperit? 
Quis tota Italia veneficus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis 
sicarius, quis parriclda, quis testamentorum subiector, quis 
circumscrlptor, quis ganeo, quis nepos, quis adulter, quae 
mulier Infamis, quis corruptor iuventfitis, quis corruptus, 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 109 

quis perditus invenirl potest, qui se cum Catillna n5n fam- 
iliarissime vixisse fateatur ? Quae caedes per hosce annos 
sine illo facta est, quod nefarium stuprum non per ilium ? 
lam vero quae tanta umquam in ullo homine iuventutis 
inlecebra fuit quanta in illo ? Qui alios ipse amabat tur- 5 
pissime, aliorum amori flagitiosissime serviebat, alils fruc- 
tum libldinum, alils mortem parentum non modo impel- 
lendo verum etiam adiuvando pollicebatur. Nunc vero 
quam subito non solum ex urbe, verum etiam ex agrls 
ingentem numerum perditorum hominum conlegerat ! 10 
Nemo non modo Romae, sed ull5 in angulo totlus Italiae 
oppressus acre alieno fuit, quern non ad hoc incredibile 
sceleris foedus asclverit. 



If my cojisidship can free the city from these abandoned, 
but desperate men, the state will be safe. 

5. Atque ut eius diversa studia in dissimill ratione 
perspicere possltis, nemo est in ludo gladiatorio paulo ad 15 
facinus audacior qui se non intimum Catillnae esse fateatur, 
nemo in scaena levior et nequior qui se non eiusdem prope 
sodalem fuisse commemoret. Atque Idem tamen stupro- 
rum et scelerum exercitatione adsuefactus frigore et fame 
et siti et vigilils perferendls fortis ab istis praedicabatur, 20 
cum industriae subsidia atque instrumenta virtutis in 
libldine audaciaque consumeret. 

Hunc vero si secuti erunt sul comites, si ex urbe exierint 
desperatorum hominum fiagitiosi greges, O nos beatos, O 
rem publicam fortunatam, O praeclaram laudem consulatus 25 
mel ! Non enim iam sunt mediocres hominum libldines, 
non humanae ac tolerandae audaciae ; nihil cogitant nisi 
caedem, nisi incendia, nisi raplnas. Patrimonia sua pro- 



no ORATIONS OF CICERO 

aanranr fc ' i'i ■ « i a ai § ■ » i i ■ m mm'M ■ ■ i«i*-i;i iri!iii 




Gladiators training for the Are: 
Ludus gladiatorius 



f uderunt, fortunas suas obligaverunt ; res eos iam pridem 
deseruit, fides nuper deficere coepit ; eadem tamen ilia, 
quae erat in abundantia, libido permanet. Quod si in vln5 
et alea comissationes solum et scorta quaererent, essent illi 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE III 

quidem desperandi, sed tamen essent ferendl ; hoc vero quis 
ferre possit, inertes homines fortissimis virls msidiarl, stul- 
tissimos prudentissimis, ebriosos sobrils, dormientes vigi- 
lantibus ? Qui mihi accubaiites in convlvils, complexl 
mulieres impudlcas, vino languid!, conferti cibo, sertTs re- 5 
dimltl, unguentis obliti, debilitati stupiis eructant sermoni- 
bus suls caedem bonorum atque urbis incendia. 

Quibus ego confldo impendere fatum ahquod et poenam 
iam diu improbitati, nequitiae, scelerl, Hbldini debitam aut 
Instare iam plane aut certe appropinquare. Quos si mens 10 
consulatus, quoniam sanare non potest, sustulerit, non 
breve nescio quod tempus, sed multa saecula propagarit 
rel publicae. Nulla est enim natio quam pertimescamus, 
nullus rex qui bellum populo Romano facere possit. 
Omnia sunt externa unlus virtute terra marique pacata ; 15 
domesticum bellum manet, intus Insidiae sunt, intus inclu- 
sum perlculum est, intus est hostis. Cum liaxuria nobis, 
cum amentia, cum scelere certandum est. Huic ego me 
bello ducem profiteor, Quirltes ; suscipio inimicitias homi- 
num perditorum. Quae sanarl poterunt, quacumque ratione 20 
sanabo ; quae resecanda erunt, non patiar ad perniciem civi- 
tatis manere. Proinde aut exeant aut quiescant aut, si et 
in urbe et in eadem mente permanent, ea quae merentur 
exspectent. 

/ did not drive Catiline into exile. He has Joined Manlius 
at Faesidae. 

6. At etiam sunt qui dicant, Quirltes, a me eiectum in 25 
exsilium esse Catillnam. Quod ego si verbo adsequi pos- 
sem, istos ipsos eicerem qui haec loquuntur. Homo enim 
videlicet timidus aut etiam permodestus vocem consulis ferre 
non potuit ; simul atque Ire in exsilium iussus est, paruit, Ivit. 



112 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

Hesterno die, Quirltes, cum domi meae paene interfectus 
essem, senatum in aedem lovis Statoris convocavl, rem 
omnem ad patres conscrTptos detuli. Quo cum Catillna 
venisset, quis eum senator appellavit, quis salutavit, quis 
5 denique ita aspexit ut perditum civem ac non potius ut 
importunissimum hostem ? Quin etiam prlncipes eius 
ordinis partem illam subselliorum, ad quam ille accesserat, 
nudam atque inanem reliquerunt. , Hic ego vehemens ille 
consul, qui verbo elves in exsilium eicio, quaeslvl a Cati- 

lolTna in nocturno conventu apud M. Laecam fuisset necne. 
Cum ille homo audacissimus conscientia convictus primo 
reticuisset, patefeci cetera ; quid ea nocte egisset, quid in 
proximam constituisset, quem ad modum esset el ratio 
totlus belli descripta, edocuT. Cum haesitaret, cum tene- 

15 retur, quaeslvl quid dubitaret proficlsci eo quo iam pridem 
pararet, cum arma, cum secures, cum fasces, cum tubas, 
cum signa militaria, cum aquilam illam argenteam, cui ille 
etiam sacrarium domI suae fecerat, sclrem esse praemissam. 
In exsilium eiciebam, quem iam ingressum esse in bellum 

2ovidebam? Etenim, credo, Manlius iste centurio, qui in 
agro Faesulano castra posuit, bellum populo Romano suo«| 
nomine indlxit, et ilia castra nunc n5n Catilinam ducem ' 
exspectant, et ille eiectus in exsilium se Massiliam, ut 
aiunt, non in haec castra conferet. 



4 



If Catili7te should go into exile^ I should be called a tyrant, 
but he will not go ; in three days he will be in arms 
against his co?mtry. 

25 7. O condicionem miseram non modo administrandae, 
verum etiam conservandae rel publicae ! Nunc si L. Cati- 
llna consilils, laboribus, perlculls mels circumclusus ac 



II 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE II3 

debilitatus subito pertimuerit, sententiam mutaverit, dese- 
ruerit suos, consilium belli faciendi abiecerit et ex hoc 
cursu sceleris ac belli iter ad fugam atque in exsiliiim 
converterit, non ille a me spoliatiis armis audaciae, non 
obstupefactus ac perterritus mea dlligentia, non de spe 5 
conatuque depulsus, sed indemnatus innocens in exsilium 
eiectus a consule vl et minis esse dicetur ; et erunt qui 
ilium, si hoc fecerit, non improbum sed miserum, me non 
dlligentissimum consulem sed crudelissimum tyrannuro. 
existimarl velint ! Est mihi tanti, Quirltes, huius invidiae 10 
falsae atque inlquae tempestatem subire, dum modo a 
vobis huius horribilis belli ac nefaril perlculum depel- 
latur. 

Dicatur sane eiectus esse a me, dum modo eat in 
exsilium. Sed, mihi credite, non est iturus. Numquam 15 
ego ab dis immortalibus optabo, Quirltes, invidiae meae 
levandae causa, ut L. Catillnam ducere exercitum hostium 
atque in armIs volitare audiatis, sed triduo tamen audietis ; 
multoque magis illud timeo, ne mihi sit invidiosum ali- 
quando, quod ilium emiserim potius quam quod eiecerim. 20 
Sed cum sint homines qui ilium, cum profectus sit, eiectum 
esse dicant. Idem, si interfectus esset, quid dicerent ? 

Quamquam isti, qui Catillnam Massiliam Ire dictitant, 
non tam hoc queruntur quam verentur. Nemo est istorum 
tam misericors, qui ilium non ad Manlium quam ad Massi-25 
lienses Ire malit. Ille autem, si mehercule hoc quod agit 
numquam antea cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici 
mallet quam exsulem vivere. Nunc vero, cum el nihil 
adhuc praeter ipslus voluntatem cogitationemque accident, 
nisi quod vivis nobis Roma profectus est, optemus potius 30 
ut eat in exsilium quam queramur. 

HARKNESS' CICERO — 8 



114 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

TJie forces of Catiline consist of six classes, the first of 
which is made np of rich men heavily in debt. These 
we need not fear. 

8. Sed cur tarn diu de uno hoste loquimur, et de eo 
hoste qui iam fatetur se esse hostem, et quem, quia, quod 
semper voluT, murus interest, non timeo ; de his qui dis- 
simulant, qui Romae remanent, qui noblscum sunt, nihil 
5 dicimus ? Quos quidem ego, si ullo modo fieri possit, non 
tam ulclscl studeo quam sanare sibi ipsos, placare rel 
publicae, neque id qua re fieri non possit, si me audire 

^ volent, intellego. Exponam enim vobis, Quirltes, ex quibus 
generibus hominum istae copiae comparentur; deinde 

10 singulis mediclnam consilii atque orationis meae, si quam 
potero, adferam. 

Unum genus est eorum qui magno in aere alieno maiores 
etiam possessiones habent, quarum amore adducti dissolvl 
nullo modo possunt. Horum hominum species est hones- 

15 tissima, sunt enim locupletes ; voluntas vero et causa 
impudentissima. Tu agrls, tu aedificils, tu argento, tu 
familia, tu rebus omnibus ornatus et copiosus sis, et dubites 
de possessione detrahere, adqulrere ad fidem ? Quid enim 
exspectas ? Bellum ? Quid ergo ? in vastatione omnium 

2otuas possessiones sacrosanctas futuras putas ? An tabulas 11 
novas ? Errant qui istas a Catillna exspectant ; meo bene- 
ficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum auctionariae ; neque 
enim isti, qui possessiones habent, alia ratione ulla salvl 
esse possunt. Quod si maturius facere voluissent neque, 

25 id quod stultissimum est, certare cum usurls fructibus 
praediorum, et locupletioribus his et melioribus civibus 

• uteremur. Sed hosce homines minime puto pertime- 
scendos, quod aut deduci de sententia possunt aut, si 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE II5 

permanebimt, magis mihi videntur vota facturl contra rem 
publicam quam arma laturl. 

The second class consists of insolvent debtors ambitions 

of power. 

9. Alterum genus est eoriim qui, quamquam premuntur 
aere alieno, dominationem tamen exspectant, rerum potlri 
volunt, honores, quos qiiieta re publica desperant, pertur- 5 
bata se consequi posse arbitrantur. Quibus hoc praecipien- 
dum videtur, unum scilicet et idem quod reliquTs omnibus, 
ut desperent se id quod conantur consequi posse ; primum 
omnium me ipsum vigilare, adesse, providere rei publicae ; 
deinde magnos animos esse in bonis viris, magnam con- 10 
cordiam, magnas praeterea mllitum copias ; deos denique 
immortales huic invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcher- 
rimae urbl contra tantam vim sceleris praesentes auxilium 
esse laturos. Quod si iam sint id quod summo furore cupi- 
unt adept!, num illl in cinere urbis et in sanguine civium, 15 
quae mente conscelerata ac nefaria concuplverunt, consules 
se aut dictatores aut etiam reges sperant futures ? Non 
vident id se cupere, quod si adept! sint, fugitive alicui aut 
gladiator! conced! sit necesse ? 

The third class consists of Sulla's veterans, who long for 
new proscriptions and fresh spoils. 

Tertium genus est aetate iam adfectum, sed tamen exer-20 
citatione robustum, quo ex genere iste est Manlius, cui nunc 
Catillna succedit. Hi sunt homines ex ils colonils quas 
Sulla constituit ; quas ego universas civium esse optimorum 
et fortissimorum virorum sentio, sed tamen ii sunt coloni, 
qui se in Insperatis ac repentlnis pecuniis sumptuosius inso- 25 



Il6 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

lentiusque iactarunt. Hi diim aedificant tamquam beat!, 
dum praedils lectis, familiis magnis, convTvils apparatis de- 
lectantur, in tantum aes alienum inciderunt ut, si salvi esse 
velint, Sulla sit ils ab inferls excitandus ; qui etiam non 
5 nullos agrestes homines tenues atque egentes in eandem 
illam spem raplnarum veterum impulerunt Quos ego 
utrosque in eodem genere praedatorum direptorumque 
pono, sed eos hoc moneo, desinant furere ac proscrlptiones 
et dictaturas cogitare. Tantus enim illorum temporum 
10 dolor inustus est clvitati ut iam ista non modo homines, sed 
ne pecudes quidem mihi passurae esse videantur. 

The fourth class consists of hopeless bankrupts, 

10. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et turbu- 
lentum, qui iam pridem premuntur, qui numquam emer- 
gunt, qui partim inertia, partim male gerendo negotio, partim 

15 etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno vacillant ; qui vadi- 
monils, iudicils, proscrlptione bonorum defatlgati permultl 
et ex urbe et ex agrls se in ilia castra conferre dicuntur. 
Hosce ego non tam milites acres quam Iniitiatores lentos 
esse arbitror. Qui homines quam primum, si stare non 

2opossunt, corruant, sed ita, ut non modo civitas, sed ne 
viclnl quidem proximi sentiant. Nam illud non intellego, 
quam ob rem, si vivere honeste non possunt, perire turpiter 
velint, aut cur minore dolore perituros se cum multls, quam 
si soli pereant, arbitrentur. 

TJie fifth class consists of parricides and criminals^ and 
Catiline is welcome to them. 

25 Quintum genus est parricldarum, slcariorum, denique 
omnium facinorosorum. Quos ego a Catillna non revoco ; 



I 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CALILINE tl/ 

nam neque ab eo dlvellT possunt et pereant sane in latro- 
cinio, quoniam sunt ita multl ut eos career capere non 
possit 

TJie sixth and last class consists of ejfcminate and dissolute 
young men, Catiline s own most congenial associates. 

-Postremum autem genus est non solum numero, verum 
etiam gen ere ipso atque vita, quod proprium CatilTnae est, 5 
de eius dllectu, immo vero de complexu eius ac sinu ; quos 
pexo capillo nitidos aut imberbes aut bene barbatos videtis, 
manicatis et talaribus tunicTs, veils amictos non togls ; quo- 
rum omnis industria vltae et vigilandi labor in antelucanis 
cenis expromitur. In his gregibus omnes aleatores, omnes 10 
adulter!, omnes impuri impudlcTque versantur. Hi puerT 
tam lepidl ac delicatl non solum amare et amarl neque sal- 
tare et cantare, sed etiam sTcas vibrare et spargere venena 
didicerunt. Qui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam sT CatilTna 
perierit, scltote hoc in re publica seminarium Catilinarum 15 
futurum. Verum tamen quid sibi istl miser! volunt ? Num 
suas secum mulierculas sunt in castra ductur!? Quem ad 
modum autem ill!s carere poterunt, his praesertim iam noc- 
tibus ? Quo autem pacto ill! Appenn!num atque illas prui- 
nas ac nives perferent ? Nisi idcirco se facilius hiemem2o 
toleraturos putant, quod nud! in convivils saltare didicerunt. 

Contrast onr resonrces zvith those of Catilijte. All the 
advantage is on our side. 

II. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, cum banc 
sit habiturus CatilTna scortorum cohortem praetoriam ! 
Instruite nunc, Quirltes, contra has tam praeclaras Cati- 
lTnae copias vestra praesidia vestrosque exercitus. Et pri- 25 



Il8 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

mum g]adiat5rl ill! confecto et saucio consules imperato- 
resque vestros opponite ; deinde contra illam naufragdrum 
eiectam ac debilitatam manum florem totlus Italiae ac robur 
educite. lam vero urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum re- 
5 spondebunt CatilTnae tumulls silvestribus. Neque ego cete- 
ras copias, ornamenta, praesidia vestra cum illlus latronis 
inopia atque egestate conferre debeo. 

Sed si omissis his rebus, quibus nos suppeditamur, eget 
ille, senatu, equitibus Romanis, urbe, aerario, vectlgalibus, 

10 cuncta Italia, provincils omnibus, exterls nationibus ; si his 
rebus omissis causas ipsas quae inter se confllgunt conten- 
dere vellmus, ex eo ipso quam valde illl iaceant intellegere 
possumus. Ex hac enim parte pudor pugnat, illinc petu- 
lantia ; hinc pudlcitia, iUinc stuprum ; hinc fides, illinc 

15 fraudatio ; hinc pietas, illinc scelus ; hinc constantia, illinc 
furor; hinc honestas, illinc turpitude; hinc continentia, 
illinc libido; denique aequitas, temperantia, fortitude, pru- 
dentia, virtutes omnes certant cum inlquitate, luxuria, Igna- 
via, temeritate, cum vitils omnibus ; postremo copia cum 

20 egestate, bona ratio cum perdita, mens sana cum amentia, 
bona denique spes cum omnium rerum desperatione con- 
fllgit. In eius modi certamine ac proelio nonne, si hominum 
studia deficiant, dl ipsi immortales cogant ab his praeclaris- 
simls virtutibus tot et tanta vitia superarl? 

Peroratio, 12, 13 

Citizens^ guard your homes ; I have taken all necessary 
precautions to meet danger from without. 

25 12. Quae cum ita sint, Quirltes, vos, quem ad modum 
iam antea dixl, vestra tecta vigilils custodilsque defendite ; 
mihi, ut urbl sine vestro motii ac sine ullo tumultu satis 



t 



ii 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 19 

esset praesidii, consultum atque provlsum est. Colonl 
omnes municipesque vestrl certiores a me fact! de hac 
nocturna excursione Catillnae facile iirbes suas finesque 
defendent ; gladiatores, quam sibi ille maniim certissi- 
mam fore putavit, quamquam animo meliore sunt quam 5 
pars patriciorum, potestate tamen nostra continebuntur. 
Q. Metellus, quern ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum 
Picenumque praemlsi, aut opprimet hominem aut eius 
omnes motus conatusque prohibebit. Reliquls autem de 
rebus constituendTs, maturandls, agendls iam ad senatum 10 
referemus, quem vocari videtis. 

Nunc illos qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui con- 
tra urbis salutem omniuraque vestrum in urbe a Catillna 
relicti sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, quia sunt elves, 
monitos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea lenitas adhuc sT cui 15 
solutior visa est, hoc exspectavit, ut id quod latebat erum- 
peret. Quod reliquum est, iam non possum obHvTscT meam 
banc esse patriam, me horum esse consulem, mihi aut cum- 
his vTvendum aut pro his esse moriendum. Nulkis est 
portTs custos, nullus insidiator viae; si qui exire volunt, 20 
conlvere possum ; qui vero se in urbe commoverit, cuius 
ego non modo factum, sed inceptum uUum conatumve con- 
tra patriam deprehendero, sentiet in hac urbe esse consules 
vigilantes, esse egregios magistratus, esse fortem senatum, 
esse arma, esse carcerem, quem vindicem nefariorum ac25 
manifestorum scelerum maiores nostri esse voluerunt. 



All shall be done withoiU tumult and without needless 
severity. The gods zvill be our protectors. 

13. Atque haec omnia sic agentur, Quirltes, ut maximae 
res minimo motu, perlcula sum ma nuUo tumultu, bellum 



120 



ORATIONS OF CICERO 



intestinum ac domesticum post hominum memoriam crude- 
lissimum et maximum me uno togato duce et imperatore 
sedetur. Quod ego sic administrabo, 
Quirites, ut, si ullo modo fieri poterit, 
ne improbus quidem quisquam in hac 
urbe poenam sui sceleris sufferat. Sed 
si vis manifestae audaciae, si impendens 
patriae periculum me necessario de hac 
animi leiiitate deduxerit, illud profecto 
perficiam, quod in tanto et tam Insidioso 
bello vix optandum videtur, ut neque 
bonus quisquam intereat paucorumque 
poena vos omnes salvl esse possltis. 

Quae quidem ego neque mea pruden- 

tia neque humanis consilils fretus pol- 

liceor vobis, Quirites, sed multls et non 

dubils deorum immortalium slgnifica- 

tionibus, quibus ego ducibus in banc 

spem sententiamque sum ingressus ; qui iam non procul, 

20 ut quondam solebant, ab externo hoste atque longinquo, 

sed hic praesentes suo numine atque auxilio sua templa 

atque urbis tecta defendunt. Quos vos, Quirites, precarl, 

venerari, implorare debetis, ut, quam urbem pulcherrimam 

florentissimamque esse voluerunt, banc omnibus hostium 

25 copils terra marlque superatis a perditissimorum civium 

nefario scelere defendant. 




Roman Citizen in 

THE Toga 

Togatus 



. THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

Delivered before the People in the Forum, on the 
Third of December, 63 b.c. 

INTRODUCTION 

According to the plan which Catiline unfolded to his associates 
before his departure, if we can trust Cicero, Cethegus was to assassin- 
ate the consul, the praetor Lentulus was charged with the general man- 
agement of the affairs of the conspiracy in the capital, Cassius was 
to set fire to the city, and, in the midst of the general confusion 
attendant upon the conflagration, the conspirators were to open com- 
munication with Catiline. But, while the execution of the bloody plot 
was delayed, a deputation from the Allobroges in Gaul visited Rome to 
present certain complaints against the provincial government. Lentu- 
lus, taking advantage of their disaflfection, endeavored to interest them 
in the conspiracy, but Cicero finally succeeded in securing their coop- 
eration, and encouraged them to continue their negotiations with the 
conspirators, and obtain from them a written statement of the propo- 
sition which they were to make to their people. The experiment was 
perfectly successful. The required statement was readily obtained. The 
Gallic ambassadors, having finished their work, left Rome on the night of 
the second of December, accompanied by Titus Volturcius, the bearer of 
dispatches for Catiline, but they had proceeded only a short distance 
beyond the city gate when they fell into the hands of an armed force 
in the employ of the government. Lentulus, Cethegus, Statilius, and 
Gabinius were arrested the next morning. Later in the day the pris- 
oners were all brought before the bar of the senate. The evidence of 
their guilt, in the opinion of Cicero, was overwhelming, and was finally 
confirmed by their own confessions. 

After the adjournment of the senate, Cicero addressed the people ^ 
on the great events of the day in his Third Oration against Catiline. 

1 That is, at a contio. 
121 



122 ORATIONS OF CICERO 



ANALYSIS 

I. Exposure of the Conspiracy, i. 
II. An Account of the Means and Events by which the Conspiracy 

WAS discovered and exposed. Decree of the Senate, 2-6. 
III. The Signal Success already attained to be ascribed to two 
Principal Causes: 

1. To the Policy of the Consul in driving Catiline from the 

City, 7. 

2. To THE Divine Interposition in Behalf of the State, 8, 9. 
IVo The People are exhorted to render Gratitude to the Gods 

AND to retain A GRATEFUL RECOLLECTION OF THE SERVICES OF 

their Consul, 10, 11. 
V. The Duty of the Citizens to protect their Consul, 12. 



Exordium, i 

The conspiracy has been exposed and crushed ; the state is 

safe. 

I. Rem publicam, Quirltes, vitamque omnium vestrum, 
bona, fortunas, coniuges llberosque vestros atque hoc domi- 
cilium clarissiml imperil, fortunatissimam pulcherrimamque 
urbem, hodierno die deorum immortalium summo erga vos 
5 amore, laboribus, consilils, perlculls mels e flamma atque 
ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis conserva- 
tam ac restitutam videtis. Et si non minus nobis iucundi 
atque inlustres sunt il dies quibus conservamur, quam illl 
quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa laetitia est, nascendl 

loincerta condicio, et quod sine sensu nascimur, cum volup- 
tate servamur, profecto, quoniam ilium qui banc urbem 
condidit ad de5s immortales benevolentia famaque sustuli- 
mus, esse apud vos posterosque vestros in honore debebit 
is qui eandem banc urbem conditam amplificatamque ser-_ 

isvavit. Nam toti urbl, templls, delubrls, tectis ac moeniij 
bu3 subiect5s prope iam Ignes circumdatosque restinximus, 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



123 



idemque gladios in rem publicam destrictos rettudimus 
mucronesque eorum a iugulis vestris deiecimus. Quae 
quoniam in senatu inlustrata, patefacta, comperta sunt 
per me, vobis iam exponam breviter, Quirltes, ut et 
quanta et quam manifesta et qua ratione investigata et 5 



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Wall of Romulus 
Qui banc urbem condidit 



comprehensa sint, vos, qui et Tgnoratis et exspectatis, scire 
possitis. 

Prmcipio ut CatilTna panels ante diebus erupit ex urbe, 
cum sceleris suT socios, huiusce nefarii belli acerrimos duces, 
Romae rellquisset, semper vigilavl et provldl, Quirltes, 10 
quem ad modum in tantis et tam absconditis Insidils salvl 
esse possemus. 



124 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

Narratio, 2-9 

/ have secured unquestionable evidence against the conspir- 
ators in the letters which the envoys of the Allobroges 
were carrying to the Gauls and to Catiline. 

2. Nam turn, cum ex urbe Catillnam eiciebam — non 
enim iam vereor huius verb! invidiam, cum ilia magis sit 
timenda, quod vivus exierit — sed turn, cum ilium extermi- 
narl volebam, aut reliquam coniuratorum manum simul 
5 exitiiram aut eos qui restitissent infirmos sine illo ac debiles 
fore putabam. Atque ego ut vTdl, quos maximo furore et 
scelere esse inflammatos sciebam, eos noblscum esse et 
Romae remansisse, in eo omnes dies noctesque consumpsT, 
ut quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentlrem ac viderem, ut, 

loquoniam auribus vestris propter incredibilem magnitudi- 
nem sceleris minorem fidem faceret oratio mea, rem ita 
comprehenderem ut tum demum animis saluti vestrae pro- 
videretis, cum oculTs maleficium ipsum videretis. Itaque, 
ut comperi legatos Allobrogum belli Transalplnl et 

15 tumultus GallicI excitandi causa a P. Lentulo esse sollici- 
tatos, eosque in Galliam ad suos elves eodemque itinere 
cum litteris mandatisque ad Catillnam esse missos, comi- 
temque ils adiunctum esse T. Volturcium, atque huic esse 
ad Catillnam datas litteras, facultatem mihi oblatam putavT, 

20 ut, quod erat difficillimum, quodque ego semper optabam 
ab dis immortalibus, ut tota res non solum a me, sed etiam 
a senatu et a vobls manifesto deprehenderetur. 

Itaque hesterno die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptlnum prae- 
tores, fortissimos atque amantissimos rel publicae viros, ad 

25 me vocavl, rem exposul, quid fieri placeret ostendi. 111! 
autem, qui omnia de re publica praeclara atque egregia 
sentlrent, sine recusatione ac sine ulla mora negotium 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



125 



susceperunt et, cum advesperasceret, occulte ad pontem 
Mulvium pervenerunt atque ibi in proximis vlllls ita 
bipartlto fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. 
Eodem autem et ipsT sine cuiusquam susplcione multos 
fortes viros eduxerant, et ego ex praefectura Reatlna com- 5 
plures delectos adulescentes, quorum opera utor adsidue in 
re! publicae praesidid, cum gladiis miseram. Interim tertia 







W^'; : 




I 



The Mulvian Bridge 
Now Ponte MoUe 

fere vigilia exacta cum iam pontem Mulvium magno comi- 
tatu legati Allobrogum ingredl inciperent unaque Vol- 
turcius, fit in eos impetus ; educuntur et ab illls gladii et 10 
a nostrls. Res praetoribus erat nota soils, ignorabatur a 
ceteris. 



/ have arrested the leaders and convened the senate. 

3. Tum interventu Pomptinl atque Flacci pugna quae 
erat commissa sedatur. Litterae quaecumque erant in eo 



126 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

comitatu, integrls signis praetoribus traduntur ; ipsi com- 
prehensl ad me, cum iam dilucesceret, deducuntur. Atque 
horum omnium scelerum improbissimum machinatorem, 
Cimbrum Gablnium, statim ad me nihildum suspicantem 
5V0cavT; deinde item arcessitus est L. Statilius et post 
eum C. Cethegus ; tardissime autem Lentulus venit, credo 
quod in litteris dandls praeter consuetudinem proxima 
nocte vigilarat. Cum summis et clarissimis huius civitatis 
virls, qui audita re frequentes ad me mane convenerant, 

10 litteras a me prius aperlri quam ad senatum deferri placeret, 
ne, sT nihil esset inventum, temere a me tantus tumultus 
iniectus clvitati videretur, negavl me esse facturum ut de 
perlculo publico non ad consilium publicum rem integram 
deferrem. Etenim, Quirltes, si ea quae erant ad me delata 

15 reperta non essent, taraen ego non arbitrabar in tantTs rel 
publicae perlculTs esse mihi nimiam dlligentiam pertime- 
scendam. Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut vidistis, coegl. 
Atque interea statim admonitu Allobrogum C. Sulpicium 
praetorem, fortem virum, misi, qui ex aedibus Cethegi, si 

20 quid telorum esset, efferret ; ex quibus ille maximum slca- 
rum numerum et gladiorum extulit. 



Voltiircius and the Allobroges revealed the whole plot. 






4. Introduxl Volturcium sine Gallls ; fidem publicam 
iussu senatus dedl ; hortatus sum, ut ea quae sclret sine 
timore indicaret. Tum ille dixit, cum vix se ex magno 
25 timore recreasset, a P. Lentulo se habere ad Catillnam 
mandata et litteras, ut servorum praesidio uteretur, ut ad 
urj^em quam primum cum exercitu accederet ; id autem 
eo consilio, ut, cum urbem ex omnibus partibus, quem ad 
modum discrlptum distributumque erat, incendissent cae- 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 127 

demque inflnltam civium fecissent, praesto esset ille, qui 
et fugientes exciperet et se cum his urbanis ducibus con- 
iungeret. IntroductI autem Galll ius iurandum sibi et lit- 
teras ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem data 
esse dixerunt, atque ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio esse 5 
praescrlptum, ut equitatum in Italiam quam primum mit- 
terent ; pedestres sibi copias non defuturas. Lentulum 
autem sibi confirmasse ex fatls SibyllTnIs haruspicumque 
responsis se esse tertium ilium Cornelium, ad quern reg- 
num huius urbis atque imperium pervenire esset necesse ; 10 
Cinnam ante se et Sullam fuisse. Eundemque dixisse 
fatalem hunc annum esse ad interitum huius urbis atque 
imperil, qui esset annus decimus post virginum absolutio- 
nem, post Capitol! autem incensionem vicesimus. Hanc 
autem Cethego cum ceteris controversiam fuisse dixerunt, 15 
quod Lentulo et alils Saturnalibus caedem fieri atque urbem 
incendl placeret, Cethego nimium id longum videretur. 

The priso7iers, in view of the overivJie lining evidejice against 
thenty admitted their gnilt. 

5. Ac ne longum sit, Quirltes, tabellas proferri iussi- 
mus, quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Primo ostendimus 
Cethego; signum cognovit. Nos llnum incldimus, legi-20 
mus. Erat scrlptum ipslus manu Allobrogum senatui et 
populo sese quae eorum legatls conflrmasset facturum 
esse; orare ut item illl facerent quae sibi eorum legati 
recepissent Tum Cethegus, qui paulo ante aliquid tamen 
de gladils ac sicis quae apud ipsum erant deprehensa25 
respondisset dixissetque se semper bonorum ferramento- 
rum studiosum fuisse, recitatis litterls debilitatus atque 
abiectus conscientia repente conticuit. 



128 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

Introductus est Statilius ; cognovit et sTgnum et manum 
suam. Recitatae sunt tabellae in eandem fere sententiam; 
confessus est. Turn ostendl tabellas Lentulo et quaesTvT 
cognosceretne signum. Adnuit. Est vero^ inquam, notuin 
5 quideni stgniim, inidgo avi till, cldrissimi virt, qui aindvit 
unice patriam et elves suds ; quae quidem te a tanto scelere 
etiam niuta revoedre debiiit. 

Leguntur eadem ratione ad senatum Allobrogum popu- 
lumque litterae. Si quid de his rebus dicere vellet, feci 

lo potestatem. Atque ille prim5 quidem negavit ; post autem 
aliquanto, toto iam indicio exposito atque edito, surrexit ; 
quaeslvit a Gallls quid sibi esset cum ils, quam ob rem 
domum suam venissent, itemque a Volturcio. Qui cum 
ill! breviter constanterque respon dissent, per quem ad eum 

15 quotiensque venissent, quaesissentque ab eo nihilne secum 
esset de fatls Sibyllmls locutus, tum ille subito scelere 
demens, quanta conscientiae vis esset ostendit. Nam cum 
id posset infitiari, repente praeter opinionem omnium con- 
fessus est. Ita eum non modo ingenium illud et dlcendl 

20 exercitatio, qua semper valuit, sed etiam propter vim scele- 
ris manifesti atque deprehensi impudentia, qua superabat 
omnes, improbitasque defecit. 

Volturcius vero subit5 litteras prof err! atque aperirl .- 
iubet, quas sibi a Ljntulo ad CatilTnam datas esse dicebatJ^i 

25 Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Lentulus tamen 
et signum et manum suam cognovit. Erant autem sine 
nomine, sed ita : Quis sim scies ex eo quem ad te nilsl. 
Curd ut vir sis, et cogitd que'in in locum sis pi'ogressus. 
Vide ecquid tibi iam sit necesse, et curd ut omnium tibi 

zoauxilia adiimgds, etiam mfimorum. Gablnius deinde in- 
troductus cum primo impudenter respondere coepisset, ad 
extremum nihil ex ils quae Gall! Insimulabant negavit. Ac 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 12^ 

mihi quidem, Quirltes, cum ilia certissima visa sunt argu- 
menta atque indicia sceleris, tabellae, signa, manus, de- 
nique unlus cuiusque conf essio ; turn multo certiora ilia, 
color, ocull, vultus, taciturnitas. Sic enim obstupuerant, 
SIC terram intuebantur, sic furtim non riumquam inter sese 5 
aspiciebant, ut n5n iam ab alils indicarl, sed indicare se 
ipsi viderentur. 

The senate thanked the coitsuls and praetors, ordered the 
prisoners to be held in custody, ajid appointed a tJianks- 
giving. 

6. Indicils expositis atque editis, Quirltes, senatum 
consului de summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictae 
sunt a principibus acerriraae ac fortissimae sententiae, 10 
quas senatus sine ulla varietate est secutus. Et quoniam 
nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum, ex memoria 
vobis, Quirltes, quid senatus censuerit exponam. Primum 
mihi gratiae verbis amplissimis aguntur, quod virtute, 
consilio, providentia mea res publica maximis perlculls sit 15 
llberata. Deinde L. Flaccus et C Pomptlnus praetores, 
quod eorum opera forti fidellque usus essem, merito ac 
iure laudantur. Atque etiam viro forti, conlegae meo, laus 
impertltur, quod eos qui huius coniurationis participes 
f uissent a suls et a rel publicae consilils removisset. At- 20 
que ita censuerunt : ut P. Lentulus, cum se praetura abdi- 
casset, in custodiam traderetur ; itemque uti C. Cethegus, 
L. Statilius, P. Gablnius, qui omnes praesentes erant, in 
custodiam traderentur ; atque idem hoc decretum est in 
L. Cassium, qui sibi procurationem incendendae urbis de-25 
poposcerat, in M.. Ceparium, cui ad solHcitandos pastores 
Apuliam attributam esse erat indicatum, in P. Furium, 

HARKNESS' CICERO — 9 



130 ORATIONS OF CiCERO 

qui est ex iis colonis quos Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit, in 
Q. Annium Chllonem, qui una cum hoc Furio semper 
erat in hac Allobrogum soUicitatione versatus, in P. Um- 
brenum, iTbertmum hominem, a quo primum Gallos ad 
5 Gablnium perductos esse constabat. Atque ea lenitate 
senatus est usus, Quirltes, ut ex tanta coniuratione tan- 
taque hac multitudine domesticorum h ostium novem 
hominum perditissimorum poena re publica conservata 
reliquorum mentes sanarl posse arbitraretur. 

10 Atque etiam supplicatio dis immortalibus pr5 singular! 
eorum merito meo nomine decreta est, quod mihi primum 
post banc urbem conditam togato contigit, et his decreta 
verbis est, quod ti7'bem inccndiis, caede elves, Italiam bello 
libei'dssem. Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris supplicationi- 

15 bus conferatur, hoc interest, quod ceterae bene gesta, haec 
una conservata re publica constituta est. Atque illud, 
quod faciendum primum fuit, factum atque transactum est. 
Nam P. Lentulus, quamquam patefactis indicils, confes- 
sionibus suls, iudicio senatus non modo praetoris ius, verum 

20 etiam civis amiserat, tamen magistratu se abdicavit, ut, 
quae rehgio C Mario, clarissimo viro, non fuerat, quo 
minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nominatim erat decretum, 
praetorem occideret, ea nos religione in private P. Lentulo 
puniendo llberaremur. 

Our success is largely due to the absence of Catiline. He 
zvoidd have given tis trouble. 

25 7. Nunc quoniam, Quirltes, consceleratissimi perlculo- 
sissimlque belli nefarios duces captos iam et comprehensos 
tenetis, existimare debetis omnes Catillnae copias, omnes 
spes atque opes his depulsis urbis perlculls concidisse. 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE I3I 

Quern quidem ego cum ex urbe pellebam, hoc providebam 
animo, Quirltes, remoto Catilina non mihi esse P. Lentull 
somnum nee L. Cassi adipes nee C. Cethegi furiosam 
temeritatem pertimescendam. Ille erat unus timendus ex 
istis omnibus, sed tarn diu, dum urbis moenibus contine- 5 
batur. Omnia norat, omnium aditus tenebat ; appellare, 
temptare, sollicitare poterat, audebat. Erat el consilium 
ad facinus aptum, consilio autem neque manus neque 
lingua deerat. lam ad certas res conficiendas certos 
homines delectos ac descrlptos habebat. Neque vero, cum 10 
aliquid mandarat, confectum putabat ; nihil erat quod non 
ipse oblret, occurreret, vigilaret, laboraret ; frigus, sitim, 
famem ferre poterat. 

Hunc ego hominem tam acrem, tam audacem, tarn para- 
tum, tam callidum, tam in scelere vigilantem, tam in per- 15 
ditis rebus dlligentem nisi ex domesticis Insidils in castrense 
latrocinium compuhssem — dlcam id quod sentio, Quirltes, 
— non facile hanc tantam molem mall a cervTcibus vestrls 
depuHssem. Non ille nobis Saturnalia constituisset neque 
tanto ante exitii ac fat! diem rei publicae denuntiavisset2o 
neque commTsisset, ut signum, ut litterae suae testes mani- 
fest! sceleris deprehenderentur. Quae nunc ill5 absente 
sic gesta sunt, ut nullum in privata domo furtum umquam 
sit tam palam inventum quam haec tanta in re publica 
coniuratio manifesto inventa atque deprehensa est. Quod 25 
si Catilina in urbe ad hanc diem remansisset, quamquam, 
quoad fuit, omnibus eius c5nsiliTs occurri atque obstitT, 
tamen, ut levissime dlcam, dimicandum nobis cum illo 
fuisset, neque nos umquam, cum ille in urbe hostis esset, 
tantls perlculis rem publicam tanta pace, tanto otio, tantdso 
silentio llberassemus. 



132 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

Our success is largely due to Divine Interposition, manifested 
by signs and wonders. 

8. Quamquam haec omnia, Quirltes, ita sunt a me ad- 
ministrata ut deorum immortalium nutu atque consilio et 
gesta et pr5vlsa esse videantur. Idque cum coniectura 
consequi possumus, quod vix videtur humani consilil tanta- 
5 rum rerum gubernatio esse potuisse, tum ver5 ita praesentes 
his temporibus opem et auxilium nobis tulerunt ut eos 
paene oculis videre possemus. Nam ut ilia omittam, visas 
nocturno tempore ab occidente faces ardoremque caell, ut 
fulminum iactus, ut terrae motus relinquam, ut omittam 

10 cetera, quae tam multa nobis consulibus facta sunt ut 
haec quae nunc flunt canere dl immortales viderentur, 
hoc certe quod sum dicturus neque praetermittendum 
neque rehnquendum est. Nam profecto memoria tenetis 
Cotta et Torquato consulibus complures in Capitoli5 res 

15 de caelo esse percussas, cum et simulacra deorum depulsa 
sunt et statuae veterum hominum deiectae et legum aera 
Hquefacta et tactus etiam ille qui banc urbem condidit 
Romulus, quern inauratum in Capitolio parvum atque lac- 
tentem uberibus luplnls inhiantem fuisse meministis. Qu5 

20 quidem tempore cum haruspices ex tota Etruria convenis- 
sent, caedes atque incendia et legum interitum et bellum 
civile ac domesticum et totlus urbis atque imperil occasum 
appropinquare dixerunt, nisi dl immortales omnI ratione 
placati suo numine prope fata ipsa flexissent. 

25 Itaque illorum responsis tum et ludl per decem dies fact! 
sunt, neque res ulla quae ad placandos deos pertineret 
praetermissa est. Idemque iusserunt simulacrum lovis 
facere mains et in excels© conlocare et contra atque antea 
fuerat ad orientem convertere ; ac se sperare dixerunt, si 



if 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 133 

illud signum, quod videtis, solis ortum et forum curiamque 
conspiceret, fore ut ea consilia, quae clam essent inita con- 
tra salutem urbis atque imperil, inlustrarentur, ut a senatu 
populoque Romano perspici possent. Atque illud signum 
conlocandum consules ill! locaverunt ; sed tanta fuit operis 5 
tarditas ut neque superioribus consulibus neque nobis ante 
hodiernum diem conlocaretur. 



Jupiter is otcr protector and guardian. 

9. Hic quis potest esse, Quirltes, tam aversus a vero, tam 
praeceps, tam mente captus, qui neget haec omnia quae 
videmus praecipueque banc urbem deorum immortalium 10 
nutu ac potestate administrarl ? Etenim cum esset ita re- 
sponsum, caedes, incendia, interitum rel publicae compararl, 
et ea per elves, quae tum propter magnitudinem scelerum 
non nullls incredibilia videbantur, ea non modo cogitata a 
nefarils civibus, verum etiam suscepta esse sensistis. Illud 15 
vero nonne ita praesens est ut nutu lovis optimi maximi 
factum esse videatur, ut, cum hodierno die mane per forum 
meo iussia et coniurati et eorum indices in aedem Con- 
cordiae ducerentur, eo ipso tempore signum statueretur ? 
Quo conlocato atque ad vos senatumque converso omnia 20 
quae erant contra salutem omnium cogitata, inlustrata et 
patefacta vidistis. 

/ Quo etiam maiore sunt isti odi5 supplicioque dignl qui 
non solum vestrls domicilils atque tectis, sed etiam deorum 
templls atque delubrls sunt funestos ac nefarios Ignes In- 25 
ferre conatl. Quibus ego si me restitisse dicam, nimium 
mihi sumam et non sim ferendus ; ille, ille luppiter res- 
titit ; ille Capitolium, ille haec templa, ille cunctam urbem, 
ille vos omnes salvos esse voluit. Dis ego immortalibus 



134 



ORATIONS OF CICERO 



ducibus banc mentem, Quirites, voluntatemque suscepi 
atque ad baec tanta indicia perveni. 

lam vero ab Lentulo ceterlsque domesticis hostibus tarn 
dementer tantae res creditae et ignotls et barbaris commis- 
5 saeqae litterae numquam essent profecto, nisi ab dis im- 
mortalibus huic tantae audaciae consilium esset ereptum. 
Quid vero ? Ut homines Galll ex civitate male pacata, 
quae gens una restat quae bellum populo Romano facere 
et posse et non nolle videatur, spem imperil ac rerum 
lomaximarum ultro sibi a patriciis bominibus oblatam neg- 
legerent vestramque salutem suls opibus anteponerent, id 
non divlnitus esse factum putatis, praesertim qui nos non 
pugnando, sed tacendo superare potuerint ? 



PerORATIO, 10-12 

Fellow-citizens y celebrate these days of rejoicing, 
the gods for their timely interposition. 



Thank 



25 



10. Quam ob rem, Quirites, quoniam ad omnia pulvT- 
5 naria supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum 
coniugibus ac llberls vestrls. Nam 
mult! saepe honores dls immortalibus 
iusti habit! sunt ac debiti, sed pro- 
fecto iustiores numquam. Erepti 
enim estis ex crudelissimo ac miser- 
rimo interitu ; sine caede, sine san- 
guine, sine exercitu, sine dimicatione 
togati me uno togato duce et impera- 
tore vicistis. Etenim recordaminl, 
Quirites, omnes civlles dissensiones, 
non solum eas quas audlstis, sed eas quas vosmet ipsi 
meministis atque vidistis. L. Sulla P. Sulpicium oppres- 




Sulla 



II 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 35 

sit; C. Marium, custodem huius urbis, multosque fortes 
viros partim eiecit ex civitate, partim interemit. Cn. 
Octavius consul armis expulit ex urbe conlegam ; omnis 
hic locus acervis corporum et civium sanguine redundavit. 
Superavit postea Cinna cum Mario ; turn vero clarissimls 5 
virls interfectis lumina civitatis exstlncta sunt. Ultus est 
huiiis victoriae crudelitatem postea Sulla; ne did quidem 
opus est quanta deminutione civium et quanta calamitate 
rel publicae. Dissensit M. Lepidus a clarissimo et fortis- 
simo viro Q. Catulo ; attulit non tam ipsius interitus rei 10 
publicae luctum quam ceterorum. 

Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant eius modi 
quae non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rem publi- 
cam pertinerent. Non ill! nullam esse rem publicam, sed 
in ea quae esset se esse principes, neque banc urbem con- 15 
flagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt, Atque illae 
tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium re! publi- 
cae quaesTvit, eius modi fuerunt ut n5n reconciliatione con- 
cordiae, sed internecione civium diiudicatae sint. In hoc 
autem uno post hominum memoriara maximo crudelissim6-2o 
que bello, quale bellum nulla umquam barbaria cum sua 
gente gessit, quo in bello lex haec fuit a Lentulo, Catillna, 
Cethego, Cassio constituta, ut omnes qui salva urbe salvi 
esse possent in hostium numero ducerentur, ita me gessT, 
Quirites, ut salvl omnes conservaremini, et cum hostes25 
vestrl tantum civium superfuturum putassent quantum 
Tnflnitae caedi restitisset, tantum autem urbis quantum 
flam ma oblre non potuisset, et urbem et elves integros 
incolumesque servavl. 



136 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

For myself, I ask only that you cherish the memory of my 

deeds. 

II. Quibus pro tantis rebus, Quirltes, nullum ego a 
vobis praemium virtutis, nullum inslgne honoris, nullum 
monumentum laudis postulo praeterquam huius die! memo- 
riam sempiternam. In animis ego vestrls omnes trium- 
5 phos meos, omnia ornamenta honoris, monumenta gloriae, 
laudis Insignia condl et conlocarl volo. Nihil me mutum 
potest delectare, nihil tacitum, nihil denique eius modi 
quod etiam minus dignl adsequi possint. Memoria ves- 
tra, Quirltes, nostrae res alentur, sermonibus crescent, 

lolitterarum monumentis inveterascent et corroborabuntur ; 
eandemque diem intellego, quam spero aeternam fore, 
propagatam esse et ad salutem urbis et ad memoriam 
consulates mei, unoque tempore in hac re publica duos 
elves exstitisse, quorum alter fines vestrl imperil non ter- 

15 rae, sed caell regionibus terminaret, alter eiusdem imperil 
domicilium sedesque servaret. 



/ rely upon your devotion, fellow-citizens, to protect m,e 
against my enemies. Go 7iow to your homes and keep 
guard for one night m-ore. 



t 



12. Sed quoniam earum rerum quas ego gessi non 
eadem est fortuna atque condicio quae illorum, qui ex- 
terna bella gesserunt, quod mihi cum iis vivendum est, 
20 quos vicl ac subegl, illl hostes aut interfectos aut oppres- 
ses rellquerunt, vestrum est, Quirltes, si ceteris facta 
sua recte prosunt, mihi mea ne quando obsint providere. 
Mentes enim hominum audacissimorum sceleratae ac nefa 
riae ne vobIs nocere possent ego provldi ; ne mihi nocean 






THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 137 

vestrum est providere. Quamquam, Quirites, mihi quidem 
ipsi nihil ab istis iam noceri potest Magnum enim est 
in bonis praesidium, quod mihi in perpetuum comparatum 
est ; magna in re publica dignitas, quae me semper tacita 
defendet; magna vis c5nscientiae, quam qui neglegunt, 5 
curd me violare volent, se ipsi indicabunt. 

Est enim in nobis is animus, Quirites, ut non modo nul- 
llus audaciae cedamus, sed etiam omnes improbos ultro 
semper lacessamus. Quod si omnis impetus domesticorum 
hostium depulsus a vobis se in me unum converterit, vobis 10 
erit videndum, Quirites, qua condicione posthac eos esse 
velltis qui se pro salute vestra obtulerint invidiae perlcu- 
llsque omnibus. Mihi quidem ipsi quid est quod iam ad 
vltae fructum possit adqulrl, cum praesertim neque in 
honore vestro neque in gloria virtutis quicquam videam 15 
altius, quo mihi libeat ascendere ? Illud perficiam pro- 
fecto, Quirites, ut ea quae gessi in consulatu privatus 
tuear atque ornem, ut, si qua est invidia in conservanda 
re publica suscepta, laedat invidos, mihi valeat ad gloriam. 
Denique ita me in re publica tractabo ut meminerim sem-20 
per quae gesserim, curemque ut ea virtute, non casu gesta 
esse videantur. Vos, Quirites, quoniam iam est nox, vene- 
ratl lovem ilium, custodem huius urbis ac vestrum, in 
vestra tecta discedite et ea, quamquam iam est perlculum 
depulsum, tamen aeque ac priore nocte custodils vigililsque 25 
defendite. Id ne vobis diutius faciendum sit atque ut in 
perpetua pace esse possltis, pr5videbo. 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 

Delivered in the Senate in the Temple of Concord, on the 
Fifth of December, 6$ B.C. 

INTRODUCTION 

On the fifth of December the senate met in the Temple of Concord, 
to decide the fate of the prisoners. D. Junius Silanus, consul elect, 
recommended the punishment of death, but C. Julius Caesar, praetor 
elect, objected to capital punishment as illegal, and recommended im- 
prisonment for life. It was in the course of this debate that Cicero 
pronounced his Fourth Oratiojt against Catiline. The sentence of 
death was decreed by the senate, and executed that very night, under 
the direction of the consul himself. 

In the meantime, Catiline was in Etruria, at the head of a formidable 
force, where, in the ensuing spring, he was defeated in a desperate con- 
test, and fell in the thickest of the fight. 

ANALYSIS 

I. The Duty of the Senate to consult only the Safety of the 

State, i, 2. 
II. Statement of the Case. Two Different Measures proposed 
for the Disposition of the Prisoners, 3-5. 

III. The Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of these two 

Measures, 6-9. 

IV. The Duty of the Senate to the State and to the Consul, 

10, II. 

Exordium, i, 2 

Senators, I see that you are anxious for my safety, but I beg 
you to think only of the safety of tJte state. 

I. Video, patres conscrlptl, in me omnium vestrum ora 
atque oculos esse conversos. Video vos non solum de ves- 

13S 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



139 



tro ac rei publicae, verum etiam, si id depulsum sit, de meo 
perlculo esse sollicitos. Est mihi iucunda in malls et grata 
in dolore vestra erga me 
voluntas, sed eam, per deos 
immortales, deponite atqiie 
oblltl salutis meae de vobis 
ac de vestrls llberls cogi- 
tate. Mihi si haec condicio 
consulatus data est, ut om- 
nes acerbitates, omnes dolo- 
res cruciatusque perferrem, 
feram non solum fortiter 
verum etiam libenter, dum 
mode mels laboribus vobis 
populoque Romano dlgni- 
tas salusque pariatur. Ego 
sum ille consul, patres con- 
scrlptl, cui non forum, in quo 
omnis aequitas continetur, 
non campus consularibus 
auspicils consecratus, non 
curia, summum auxilium om- 
nium gentium, non domus, commune perfugium, non lectus 
ad quietem datus, non denique haec sedes honoris umquam 
vacua mortis perlculo atque Insidils f uit. Ego multa tacul, 25 
multa pertuli, multa concessi, multa meo quodam dolore in 
vestro timore sanavi. Nunc si hunc exitum consulatus mel 
dl immortales esse voluerunt, ut vos populumque Romanum 
ex caede miserrima, coniuges llberosque vestros virgines- 
que Vestales ex acerbissima vexatione, templa atque de-30 
lubra, banc pulcherrimam patriam omnium nostrum ex 
foedissima flamma, totam Italiam ex bello et vastitate eri- 




Vestal Virgin 



140 



ORATIONS OF CICERO 



perem, quaecumque mihi uni proponetur fortuna, subeatur. 

Etenim, si P. Len- 
tulus suum nomen 
inductus a vatibus 
fatale ad perniciem 
rei publicae fore pu- 
tavit, cur ego n5n 
laeter meum consula- 
tum ad salutem popull 
Roman! prope fata- 
Temple of Vesta i lem exstitisse ? 




I am not unmindful of the fears of my family, but the situa- 
tion is too grave for personal considerations. 

2. Qua re, patres conscript!, consulite vobis, prospicite 
patriae, c5nservate vos, coniuges, llberos fortunasque ves- 

' tras, popull Roman! nomen salutemque defendite ; mihi 

15 parcere ac de me cogitare desinite. Nam primum debe5 
sperare omnes deos, qu! huic urb! praesident, pr5 eo mihi 
ac mereor relatur5s esse gratiam ; deinde, si quid obtigerit, 
aequo animo paratoque moriar. Nam neque turpis mors 
fort! viro potest accidere neque immatura consular! nee 

20 misera sapient!. Nee tamen ego sum ille f erreus, qu! fra- 
tris carissim! atque amantissim! praesentis maerore non 
movear horumque omnium lacrimls, a quibus me circum- 
sessum videtis. Neque meam mentem non domum saepe 
revocat exanimata uxor et abiecta metu fiUa et parvulus 

25 fllius, quem mihi videtur amplect! res publica tamquam 
obsidem consulatus me!, neque ille, qu! exspectans huius 
exitum die! stat in conspectu meo, gener. Moveor his 

1 Taken by permission from Lanciani's Ancient Rome. 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 14 1 

rebus omnibus, sed in earn partem, uti salvl sint voblscum 
omnes, etiam si me vis aliqua oppresserit, potius quam et 
illi et nos una rei publicae peste pereamus. 



Narratio, 2-5 

Qua re, patres conscrlpti, incumbite ad salutem rei pu- 
blicae, circumspicite omnes procellas, quae impendent nisi 5 
providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum tribunus plebis 
fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod agrarios concitare 
conatus est, non L. Saturnlnus, quod C. Memmium occldit, 
in discrimen aliquod atque in vestrae severitatis iudicium 
adducitur ; tenentur ii qui ad urbis incendium, ad vestram 10 
omnium caedem, ad Catillnam accipiendum Romae resti- 
terunt; tenentur litterae, signa, manus, denique unius 
cuiusque c5nf essi5 ; sollicitantur Allobroges, servitia 
excitantur, Catilina arcessitur ; id est initum consilium, 
ut interfectls omnibus nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem 15 
popull Roman! nomen atque ad lamentandam tanti imperil 
calamitatem relinquatur. 



The guilt of the prisoners has been fully proved, you must 
now decide their fate. 

3. Haec omnia indices detulerunt, rei confess! sunt, vos 
multis iam iudicils ludicavistis, primum quod mihi gratias 
egistis singularibus verbis et mea virtute atque dlligentia 20 
perditorum hominum coniurationem patefactam esse decre- 
vistis, deinde quod P. Lentulum se abdicare praetura coe- 
gistis, tum quod eum et ceteros, de quibus iudicastis, in 
custodiam dand5s censuistis, maximeque quod meo nomine 
supplicationem decrevistis, qui honos togato habitus ante 25 



142 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

me est nemini; postremo hesterno die praemia legatis 
Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio dedistis amplissima. Quae 
sunt omnia eius modi ut il qui in custodiam nominatim 
dati sunt sine ulla dubitatione a vobis damnati esse vide- 

5 antur. 

Sed ego institul referre ad vos, patres conscrTpti, tam- 
quam integrum, et de f act5 quid iudicetis et de poena quid 
censeatis. Ilia praedlcam quae sunt consulis. Ego 
magnum in re publica versarl furorem et nova quaedam 

lomiscerl et concitarl mala iam pridem videbam, sed banc 
tantam, tam exitidsam haberi coniurationem a civibus num- 
quam putavi. Nunc quicquid est, quocumque vestrae 
mentes inclinant atque sententiae, statuendum vobis ante 
noctem est. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit videtis. 

15 Huic SI paucos putatis adfines esse, vehementer erratis. 
Latins opinione disseminatum est hoc malum ; manavit 
non solum per Italiam, verum etiam transcendit Alpes et 
obscure serpens multas iam provincias occupavit. Id 
opprimi sustentando aut prolatando nuUo pacto potest ; 

zoquacumque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vindicandum est. 

Silanus proposes the penalty of death, Caesar^ that of 
imprisonmnent for life. 

4. Video duas adhuc esse sententias, unam D. SilanT, 
qui censet eos, qui haec delere conati sunt, morte esse 
multandos, alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam removet, 
ceterorum supplici5rum omnes acerbitates amplectitur. 
25 Uterque et pro sua dignitate et pro rerum magnitudine in 
summa severitate versatur. Alter eos qui nos omnes vita 
privare conati sunt, qui delere imperium, qui popull RomanI 
nomen exstinguere, punctum temporis frul vita et hoc com- 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



143 



muni spTritu non putat oportere atque h5c genus poenae 

saepe in improbos elves in hac re publica esse usurpatum 

recordatur. Alter intellegit mortem ab dis immortalibus 

non esse supplicil causa 

constitutam, sed aut ne- 

cessitatem naturae aut 

laborum ac miseriarum 

quietem esse. Itaque eam 

sapientes numquam invlti, 

fortes saepe etiam liben- 

ter oppetlverunt. Vincula 

vero et ea sempiterna 

certe ad singularem poe- 

nam nefarii sceleris in- 

venta sunt. Municipiis 

dispertirl iubet. Habere 

videtur ista res iniquitatem 

si imperare veils, difficul- 

tatem si rogare. Decer- 

natur tamen, si placet. 20 

Ego enim suscipiam et, ut spero, reperiam qui id quod 

salutis omnium causa statueritis, non putent esse suae 

dignitatis recusare. Adiungit gravem poenam municipiis, 

si quis eorum vincula ruperit ; horribiles custodias cir- 

cumdat et dignas scelere hominum perditorum; sancit25 

ne quis eorum poenam quos condemnat aut per senatum 

aut per populum levare possit ; eripit etiam spem, quae 

sola homines in miserils consolarl solet. Bona praeterea 

publicarl iubet ; vltam solara relinquit nef arils hominibus ; 

quam si eripuisset, multos una dolores animi atque cor- 30 

poris et omnes scelerum poenas ademisset. Itaque ut 

aliqua in vita formldo improbis esset posita, apud Inferos 




Caesar 



144 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

eius modi quaedam illi antiqui supplicia impiis constituta 
esse voluerunt, quod videlicet intellegebant his remotis 
non esse mortem ipsam pertimescendam. 



// woidd be for 7ny interest to favor Caesar's proposal, 
for he voices the sefitiments of the people's party. 

5. Nunc, patres conscripti, ego mea video quid intersit. 
5 Si eritis secuti sententiam C. Caesaris, quoniam banc is in 
re publica viam quae popularis habetur secutus est, for- 
tasse minus erunt hoc auct5re et cognitore huiusce sen- 
tentiae mihi populares impetus pertimescendl; sin illam 
alteram, nescio an amplius m.ihi negotil contrahatur. Sed 

lotamen meorum perlculorum rati5nes utilitas rel publicae 
vincat. Habemus enim a Caesare, sicut ipslus dignitas et 
maiorum eius amplitudo postulabat, sententiam tamquam 
obsidem perpetuae in rem publicam voluntatis. Intellec- 
tum est quid interesset inter levitatem c6ntionat5rum et 

15 animum vere popularem saluti popull consulentem. 

Video de istis, qui se populares haberl volunt, abesse non 
neminem, ne de capite videlicet civium Romanorum sen- 
tentiam ferat. Is et nudius tertius in custodiam elves 
Romanes dedit et supphcationem mihi decrevit et indices 

2ohestern6 die maximis praemils adfecit. lam hoc nemini 
dubium est, qui reo custodiam, quaesltorl gratulationem, 
indici praemium decrerit, quid de tota re et causa iudi-i 
carit. 

At vero C. Caesar intellegit legem Semproniam esse de 

25 civibus Romanis constitutam ; qui autem rel publicae sit 
hostis, eum civem esse null5 modo posse ; denique ipsum 
latorem Semproniae legis iniussu popull poenas rel publicae 
dependisse. Idem ipsum Lentulum, largltorem et pr5- 



li 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 45 

digum, non putat, cum de pernicie populi RomanT, exitid 
huius urbis tam acerbe, tarn crudeliter cogitarit, etiam 
appellarl posse popularem. Itaque hom5 mltissimus atque 
lenissimus non dubitat P. Lentulum aeternis tenebrls vincu- 
llsqiie mandare et sancit in posterum ne quis huius suppli- 5 
cio levando se iactare et in pernicie populT Roman! posthac 
popularis esse possit. Adiungit etiam publicationem bond- 
rum, ut omnes animi cruciatus et corporis etiam egestas 
ac mendlcitas consequatur. 

Propositio, 6 

hi the case of so mo7istrous a crime^ severity to the 
criminals is simple justice to the state. 

6. Quam ob rem, sive hoc statueritis, dederitis mihi 10 
comitem ad contionem populo carum atque iucundum ; 
sive Srlani sententiam sequi malueritis, facile me atque 
vos a crudelitatis vituperatione populo Romano purgabo 
atque obtinebo eam multo leniorem fuisse. 

CONFIRMATIO, 6-9 

Quamquam, patres conscript!, quae potest esse in tanti 15 
sceleris immanitate punienda crudelitas ? Ego enim de 
meo sensu iudico. Nam ita mihi salva re publica vob!scum 
perfru! Uceat, ut ego, quod in hac causa vehementior sum, 
non atrocitate anim! moveor, — quis enim est me mitior ? 
— sed singular! quadam humanitate et misericordia. 20 
Videor enim mihi videre banc urbem, lucem orbis terrarum 
atque arcem omnium gentium, subito uno incendio conci- 
dentem ; cerno animo sepulta in patria miseros atque !nse- 
pultos acervos civium ; versatur mihi ante oculos aspectus 

HARKNESS' CICERO — lO 



146 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

Cethegl et furor in vestra caede bacchantis. Cum vero 
mihi proposul regnantem Lentulum, sicut ipse se ex fatis 
sperasse confessus est, purpuratum esse huic Gablnium, 
cum exercitu venisse Catillnam, turn lamentationem ma- 
5 trum f amilias, tum f ugam virginum atque puerorum ac 
vexation em virginum Vestalium perhorresco ; et, quia mihi 
vehementer haec videntur misera atque miseranda, idcirco 
in eos qui ea perficere voluerunt me severum vehementem- 
que praebeo. Etenim quaero, sT quis pater familias llberls 

losuis a servo interfectis, uxore occisa, incensa domo sup- 
plicium de servo non quam acerbissimum sumpserit, utrum 
is clemens ac misericors an inhumanissimus et crudelissi- 
mus esse videatur. Mihi vero importunus ac ferreus, qui 
non dolore et cruciatu nocentis suum dolorem cruciatum- 

15 que lenierit. Sic nos in his hominibus, qui nos, qui con- 
iuges, qui hberos nostros trucldare vokierunt, qui singulas 
unlus cuiusque nostrum domos et hoc universum rei pu- 
bhcae domiciHum delere conati sunt, qui id egerunt, ut 
gentem AUobrogum in vestlgils huiiis urbis atque in cinere 

20 deflagrati imperil conlocarent, si vehementissimi f uerimus, 
misericordes habebimur ; sin remissiores esse voluerimus, 
summae nobis crudeUtatis in patriae civiumque pernicie 
fama subeunda est. Nisi vero cuipiam L. Caesar, vir f or- 
tissimus et amantissimus rel pubKcae, crudeHor nudius ter- 

25 tins visus est, cum sororis suae, feminae lectissimae, virum 
praesentem et audientem vita privandum esse dixit, cum 
avum suum iussu consuHs interfectum flliumque eius im- 
puberem legatum a patre missum in carcere necatum esse 
dixit. Quorum quod simile factum ? Quod initum de- 

30 lendae rel publicae c5nsiUum .? Largltidnis voluntas tum 
in re publica versata est et partium quaedam contentio. 
Atque illo tempore huius avus Lentull, vir clarissimus, 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 47 

armatus Gracchum est persecutus. lUe etiam grave turn 
vulnus accepit, ne quid de summa re publica deminueretur ; 
hic ad evertenda rel publicae fundamenta Gallos arcessit, 
servitia concitat, Catillnam vocat, attribuit nos trucldandos 
Cethego et ceteros elves interficiendos Gablnio, urbem 5 
Inflammandam Cassio, totam Italiam vastandam dlripien- 
damque Catillnae. Vereamini censeo, ne in hoc scelere 
tam immani ac nefando nimis aliquid severe statuisse 
videamini ; multo magis est verendum ne remissione poenae 
crudeles in patriam quam ne severitate animadversionis 10 
nimis vehementes in acerbissimos hostes fuisse videamur. 



Make your decision without fear or favor. The people 
are united in support of the government. 

7. Sed ea quae exaudid, patres c5nscriptl, dissimulare non 
possum. laciuntur enim voces, quae perveniunt ad aures 
meas, eorum qui vererl videntur ut habeam satis praesidil 
ad ea quae vos statueritis hodierno die transigunda. Omnia 15 
et provTsa et parata et c5nstituta sunt, patres conscripti, 
cum mea summa cura atque diligentia, tum etiam multo 
maiore populi Roman! ad summum imperium retinendum 
et ad communes fortunas conservandas voluntate. Omnes 
adsunt omnium ordinum homines, omnium generum, om-20 
nium denique aetatum ; plenum est forum, plena templa 
circum forum, pleni omnes aditus huius templl ac loci. 
Causa est enim post urbem conditam haec inventa sola in 
qua omnes sentirent unum atque idem praeter eos qui, cum 
sibi viderent esse pereundum, cum omnibus potius quam 25 
sol! perire voluerunt. Hosce ego homines excipio et se- 
cerno libenter neque in improb5rum civium, sed in acerbis- 
simorum hostium numero habendos puto. 



148 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

Ceterl vero, di immortales, qua frequentia, quo studio, 
qua virtute ad communem salutem dignitatemque conseri- 
tiunt ! Quid ego hic equites Romanos commemorem, qui 
vobis ita summam ordinis consililque concedunt, ut vobls- 

5 cum de amore rel publicae certent ? Quos ex multorum 
annorum dissensione huius ordinis ad societatem concor- 
diamque revocatos hodiernus dies voblscum atque haec 
causa coniungit. Quam si coniunctionem in consulate 
conflrmatam meo perpetuam in re publica tenuerimus, 

10 conflrmo vobIs nullum posthac malum civile ac domesticum 
ad ullam rel publicae partem esse venturum. Pari studio 
def endendae rel publicae convenisse vide5 tribunes aerarios, 
fortissimos viros ; scrlbas item universos, quos cum casu 
hIc dies ad aerarium frequentasset, video ab exspectatione 

15 sortis ad salutem communem esse converses. Omnis in- 
genuorum adest multitude, etiam tenuissimorum. Quis 
est enim cui non haec templa, aspectus urbis, possessio 
llbertatis, lux denique haec ipsa et commune patriae solum 
cum sit carum tum vero dulce atque iucundum ? 



Even the free dmen and slaves are in favor of law and order,- 

20 8. Operae pretium est, patres conscrlpti, llbertlnorum^ 
hominum studia cognoscere, qui sua virtute fortunara huius 
civitatis consecuti vere banc suam esse patriam iudicant, 
quam quidara hIc nati, et summo nati loco, non patriam 
suam sed urbem hostium esse iudicaverunt. Sed quid ego 

25 hosce homines 5rdinesque commemoro, quos privatae for- 
tunae, quos communis res publica, quos denique llbertas, 
ea quae dulcissima est, ad salutem patriae defendendam 
excitavit ? Servus est nemo, qui modo tolerabill condiciore 
sit servitutis, qui non audaciam civium perhorrescat, qui 



^i 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



149 



non haec stare cupiat, qui non quantum audet et quantum 
potest conferat ad communeQi salutem voluntatis. Qua 
re SI quem vestrum forte commovet hoc, quod audltum 
est, lenonem quendam Lentull concursare circum tabernas, 
pretio sperare sollicitari posse animos egentium atque 5 




Taberna 
A Pompeian shop restored i 

imperltorum, est id quidem coeptum atque temptatum, sed 
nulll sunt invent! tam aut fortuna miser! aut voluntate per- 
dit! qu! non ilium ipsum sellae atque operis et quaestus 
cotidian! locum, qu! n5n cublle ac lectulum suum, qui 
denique non cursum hunc otiosum v!tae suae salvum esse 10 

1 Taken by permission from Kelsey's edition of Mau's Pompeii. 



1 50 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

velint. Multo vcro maxima pars e5rum qui in tabernis 
sunt, immo vero — id enim potius est dicendum — genus 
hoc universum amantissimum est otii. Etenim omne in- 
strumentum, omnis opera atque quaestus frequentia civium 
5 sustentatur, alitur otio ; quorum si quaestus occlusis taber- 
nis minul solet, quid tandem incensis futurum f uit ? 

The exigencies of the case dema?td prompt and decisive action. 

9. Quae cum ita sint, patres conscript!, vobis populi 
RomanI praesidia non desunt; vos ne populo Romano 
deesse videaminT providete. Habetis c5nsulem ex plurimis 

loperlculis et insidils atque ex media morte, non ad vltam 
suam sed ad salutem vestram reservatum. Omnes ordines 
ad conservandam rem publicam mente, voluntate, studio, 
virtute, voce consentiunt. Obsessa facibus et tells impiae 
coniurationis vobis supplex manus tendit patria commianis, 

15 vobis se, vobis vltam omnium civium, vobis arcem et 
Capitolium, vobis aras Penatium, vobis ilium Ignem Vestae 
sempiternum, vobis omnium deorum templa atque delubra, 
vobis muros atque urbis tecta commendat. Praeterea de 
vestra vita, de coniugum vestrarum atque llberorum anima, 

20 de fortunis omnium, de sedibus, de focis vestrls hodiern5 
die vobis iudicandum est. 

Habetis ducem memorem vestrl, oblltum sul, quae non 
semper facultas datur ; habetis omnes ordines, omnes homi- 
nes, universum populum Romanum, id quod in civlli causa 

25 hodierno die primum videmus, unum atque idem sen- 
tientem. Cogitate quantis laboribus fundatum imperium, 
quanta virtute stabilltam llbertatem, quanta deorum be- 
nlgnitate auctas exaggeratasque fortunas una nox paene 
delerit. Id ne umquam posthac non modo non confici, 



I! 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 15I 

sed ne cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodierno die pro- 
videndum est. Atque haec, non ut vos, qui mihi studio 
paene praecurritis, excitarem, locutus sum, sed ut mea 
vox, quae debet esse in re publica princeps, officio functa 
consular! videretur. 5 

Peroratio, io-ii 

With a fill I appreciaticm of tJie danger which threatens me, 
I can never regret the measures which I have adopted to 
save my country. 

10. Nunc, ante quam ad sententiam redeo, de me pauca 
dicam. Ego, quanta manus est coniuratorum, quam videtis 
esse permagnam, tantam me inimlcorum multitudinem sus- 
cepisse video ; sed eam esse iudico turpem et inflrmam et 
abiectam. Quod sT aliquando alicuius furore et scelere 10 
concitata manus ista plus valuerit quam vestra ac rel 
publicae dignitas, me tamen meorum factorum atque con- 
siliorum numquam, patres conscript!, paenitebit. Etenim 
mors, quam ill! fortasse minitantur, omnibus est parata ; 
v!tae tantam laudem, quanta vos me vestr!s decretis 15 
honestastis, nemo est adsecutus. Ceteris enim bene gesta, 
mihi un! conservata re publica gratulationem decrevastis. 

Sit Sclpio clarus ille, cuius consilio atque virtute Hanni- 
bal in African! red!re atque Italia decedere coactus est; 
ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, qu! duas urbes huic 20 
imperio Infestissimas, Carthaginem Numantiamque, delevit; 
habeatur vir egregius Paulus ille, cuius currum rex poten- 
tissimus quondam et nobilissimus Perses honestavit ; sit 
aeterna gloria Marius, qui bis Italiam obsidione et metu 
servitutis llberavit ; anteponatur omnibus Pompeius, cuius 25 
res gestae atque virtutes Isdem quibus solis cursus regioni- 



152 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

bus ac terrain Is continentur; erit profecto inter horum laudes 
aliquid loci nostrae gloriae, nisi forte mains est patefacere 
nobis provincias quo exire posslmus, quam curare ut etiam 
illl qui absunt habeant quo victores revertantur. 
5 Quamquam est uno loco condicio melior externae victo- 
riae quam domesticae, quod hostes alienigenae aut oppressi 
serviunt aut recepti in amicitiam beneficio se obligates 
putant ; qui autem ex numero civium dementia aliqua de- 
pravatl hostes patriae semel esse coeperunt, eos cum a 

10 pernicie rel publicae reppuleris, nee vl coercere nee bene- 
fici5 placare possls. Qua re mihi cum perditis civibus 
aeternum bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego vestro 
bonorumque omnium auxilio memoriaque tantorum perlcu- 
lorum, quae non modo in hoc populo, qui servatus est, sed 

15 in omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus semper haere- 
bit, a me atque a mels facile propulsarl posse confldo. 
Neque ulla profecto tanta vis reperietur, quae coniunctio- 
nem vestram equitumque Romanorum et tantam consplra- 
tionem bonorum omnium confringere et labefactare possit. 

For myself I only ask that you remember my consulship a7tt 
protect my son. I only await your decision to execute it. 

20 II. Quae cum ita sint, pro imperio, pro exercitu, pro! 
provincia quam neglexi, pr5 triumpho ceterisque laudisj 
Inslgnibus quae sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque salutis' 
custodiam repudiata, pro clientells hospitiisque provinciali- 
bus, quae tamen urbanis opibus non minore labore tueorj 

25 quam comparo, pr5 his igitur omnibus rebus, pro mels inj 
vos singularibus studils proque hac quam perspicitis adj 
conservandam rem publicam dlligentia, nihil a vobis nisij 
huius temporis totlusque mel consulatus memoriam postulo;] 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 1 53 

quae dum-erit in vestris fixa mentibus, tutissimo me muro 
saeptum esse arbitrabor. Quod si meam spem vis impro- 
borum fefellerit atque superaverit, commendo vobis parvum 
meum fllium, cui profecto satis erit praesidii non solum ad 
salutem verum etiam ad dignitatem si eius, qui haec omnia 5 
suo solius perlculo conservarit, ilium fllium esse memineritis. 
Quapropter de summa salute vestra popullque Roman!, 
de vestris coniugibus ac llberls, de arls ac focis, de fanis 
atque templls, de totlus urbis tectis ac sedibus, de imperio 
ac llbertate, de salute Italiae, de universa re publica de- 10 
cernite dlligenter, ut instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis eum 
consulem qui et parere vestris decretis n5n dubitet et ea 
quae statueritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per se ipsum 
praestare possit. 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 

Delivered in the Forum before the Roman People in 
THE Year 66 B.C. 

INTRODUCTION 

In this oration, Cicero appeared for the first time upon the Rostra 
before the Roman people. He was already forty years of age, and held 
the important office of praetor. He spoke in support of a bill, proposed 
by the tribune Manilius, conferring upon Pompey the sole command in 
the war against Mithridates, king of Pontus. 

Gnaeus Pompey, upon whom it was proposed to confer such ex- 
traordinary powers, had already greatly distinguished himself in the 
field, and was rapidly becoming the favorite of the people. His career 
had been in many respects very remarkable. At the age of twenty-five 
he was permitted, contrary to all precedent, to celebrate his victories in 
Sicily and Africa with a triumph. Ten years later, his victories in Spain 
secured him the same honor a second time. He entered the city in 
triumphal procession on the thirty-first of December, 71 B.C., and, on 
the following day, entered upon the duties of the consulship to which 
he had been elected, though legally ineligible, as he had never filled the 
lower offices of quaestor and praetor. His administration was marked 
by several bold reforms in the interest of the people. 

Three years later, having been appointed under the Gabinian law to 
the sole command in the war against the pirates, he entered upon a vig- 
orous campaign which, in the brief period of ninety days, was crowned 
with complete success. 

But the Romans were still engaged in another war which required in 
its leader the rarest gifts and powers. Upwards of twenty years before 
Mithridates, king of Pontus, having alHed himself with Tigranes, kin^ 
of Armenia, by giving him his daughter in marriage, had formed the 
bold design of expelling the Romans from their extensive possessions 
in Asia Minor. For a time, brilliant success seemed likely to crown the 



I 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 1 55 

undertaking. City after city threw open its gates and welcomed the 
victor as a deliverer from the Roman yoke. Elated by these early suc- 
cesses, he issued an order almost unparalleled in cruelty, for a general 
massacre of Roman citizens in Asia, an order which was executed with 
relentless severity. Eighty thousand Romans, without distinction of 
age or sex, were ruthlessly massacred. At this juncture the great Sulla 
was sent against him. The victories won by this famous general and 
by Fimbria, who succeeded him after murdering the consul Flaccus, led, 
in 84 B.C., to a treaty of peace. A second Mithridatic war, unwisely 
instigated by Murena whom Sulla had left as propraetor of Asia, was 
soon brought to a close through the influence of Sulla, 81 B.C., and for 
the next six years Mithridates was nominally at peace with the Romans, 
but in 75 B.C. he invaded Bithynia, which led to the renewal of hostili- 
ties. In 74 B.C. Lucullus was appointed commander of the Roman 
armies in Asia. For seven years he prosecuted the war with great vigor 
and success ; he conquered Mithridates, took the greater part of Pontus, 
invaded Armenia, defeated Tigranes, and took the Armenian capital ; 
but this brilHant career of conquest was finally checked by the disaffec- 
tion of his soldiers. Accordingly, in the year 67 B.C., he was super- 
seded by Glabrio, who proved to be a very inefficient commander. 
Mithridates and Tigranes promptly availed themselves of the oppor- 
tunity thus offered them of recovering the territory and power which 
they had lost. It was at this crisis in the Roman affairs in the East, 
that the tribune Gains Manilius, in the spring of 66 B.C., moved that 
Pompey, who had just achieved such signal success in the war against 
the pirates, and who was still in Asia at the head of a large and victori- 
ous army, should be intrusted with the chief command in the war 
against Mithridates and Tigranes. The bill, generally known as the 
Manilian law, proposed to clothe Pompey with almost unlimited power, 
and accordingly met with violent opposition from Catulus and Horten- 
sius, on the ground that it would be perilous to the best interests of the 
republic to place such extraordinary powers in the hands of any one 
man. It was, however, warmly advocated by Caesar and Cicero, and 
was carried by acclamation. It was on this occasion that Cicero pro- 
nounced his oration for the Manilian law. 

Pompey, on receiving this appointment, hastened to encounter Mith- 
ridates, over whom he soon gained a signal victory. The vanquished 
l<ing barely escaped with his life, and, unable to find shelter in Armenia, 



156 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

the dominions of his own son-in-law, he made his way through the 
rugged defiles of the Caucasian Mountains to the Crimea, where he 
finally terminated his life with his own hand. 

ANALYSIS 

L Cicero's Reasons for this, his First Appearance before his 

Fellow-citizens, i. 
II. Statement of the Case, 2. 

III. The Character of the War against Mithridates, 3-7. 

IV. The Greatness and Importance of the War, 8, 9. 
V. The Appointment of a Commander to conduct it: 

1. Pompey alone has the Requisite Qualifications, 10-16. 

2. Reply to the Objections of Hortf.nsius and Catulus, 17-23. 
VI. Cicero offers Manilius Encouragement and Support, 24. 



Exordium, i 

CitizenSy in this, my first speech before you, I pledge my 
best efforts in your behalf in rettirn for the honor of 
the praetorship to which you have elected me ; and 
surely the virtues of Pompey furnish a worthy theme. 

I. Quamquam mihi semper frequens conspectus vester 
multo iQcundissimus, hic autem locus ad agendum amplis- 
simus, ad dicendum ornatissimus est visus, Quirites, tamen 
hoc aditu laudis, qui semper optimo cuique maxime patuit, 

5 non mea me voluntas adhdc, sed vltae meae rationes ab 
ineunte aetate susceptae prohibuerunt. Nam cum antea 
per aetatem nondum huius auctoritatem loci attingere au- 
derem statueremque nihil hiic nisi perfectum ingenio, ela- 
boratum industria adferri oportere, omne meum tempus 

loamlcorum temporibus transmittendum putavl. Ita neque 
hic locus vacuus umquam fuit ab lis qui vestram causam 
defenderent, et mens labor in privatorum perlculls caste 
integreque versatus ex vestro iiadicio fructum est amplis- 
simum conseciitus. Nam cum propter dllationem comi- 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 



157 



tiorum ter praetor primus centuriis cunctis renuntiatus 

sum, facile intellexl, Quirltes, et quid de me iudicaretis et 

quid alils praescrlberetis. Nunc cum et 

auctoritatis in me tantum sit quantum 

vos honoribus mandandis esse voluistis, 

et ad agendum facultatis tantum quantum 

homini vigilanti ex forensi usu prope cotl- 

diana dicendl exercitatio potuit adferre, 

certe et si quid auctoritatis in me est, 

apud e5s utar qui eam mihi dederunt, et 

SI quid in dlcendo c5nsequi possum, ils 

ostendam potissimum qui ei quoque rel 

fructum suo iudicio tribuendum esse dux- 

erunt. 

Atque illud in primTs mihi laetandum iure esse vide5, 15 
quod in hac Insolita mihi ex hoc loco ratione dicendl causa 
talis oblata est, in qua oratio deesse nemini possit. Dlcen- 
dum est enim de Cn. Pompei singularl eximiaque virtute ; 
huius autem orationis difficilius est exitum quam prlnci- 
pium invenlre. Ita mihi non tarn copia quam modus in 20 
dlcendo quaerendus est. 




POMPEIUS 
Pompey . 



Narratio, 2 

Two poiverfid kings are at war with the Roman people^ and 
the situation is grave. I shall treat of the matter under 
three heads : the character of the war, its magniticde, and 
the choice of a commander. 

2. Atque, ut inde oratio mea proficiscatur unde haec 
omnis causa diicitur, bellum grave et perlculosum vestrTs 
vectlgalibus ac sociis a duobus potentissimis regibus infer- 
tur, Mithridate et Tigrane, quorum alter rellctus, alter 25 



158 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

lacessTtus occasionem sibi ad occupandam Asiam oblatam 
esse arbitratur. Equitibus Romanis, honestissimis virls, 
adferuntur ex Asia cotldie litterae, quorum magnae res 
aguntur in vestrls vectlgalibus exercendis occupatae ; qui 
5 ad me, pro necessitudine quae mihi est cum illo ordine, 
causam rei publicae perlculaque rerum suaruin detulerunt : 
Bithyniae, quae nunc vestra provincia est, vicos exustos 
esse complures ; regnum Ariobarzanis, quod finitimum est 
vestrls vectlgalibus, totum esse in hostium potestate ; 
10 L. Lucullum magnis rebus gestis ab eo bello discedere ; 
huic qui successerit non satis esse paratum ad tantum 
bellum administrandum ; unum ab omnibus sociis et clvi- 
bus ad id bellum imperatorem deposci atque expetl, eun- 
dem hunc unum ab hostibus metui, praeterea neminem. 

Partitio, 2 

^5 Causa quae sit videtis ; nunc quid agendum sit conside- 
rate. Primum mihi videtur de genere belli, deinde de 
magnitudine, tum de imperatore deligendo esse dicendum. 

CONFIRMATIO, 2-1/ 

Genus est enim belli eius modi, quod maxime vestros 
animos excitare atque Inflammare ad persequendl studium 

2odebeat, in quo agitur popull RomanI gloria, quae vobis a 
maioribus cum magna in omnibus rebus tum summa in 
re-mllitarl tradita est; agitur salus sociorum atque amlco- 
rum, pro qua multa maiores vestrl magna et gravia bella 
gesserunt ; aguntur certissima popull RomanI vectlgalia et 

25 maxima, quibus amissis et pacis ornamenta et subsidia belli] 
requlretis ; aguntur bona multorum civium, quibus est a] 
vobIs et ipsorum et rel publicae causa consulendum. 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 1 59 

The Character of the War, 3-7 

This war involves the honor of Rome. Our ge^terals have 
gained triumphs, but the enemy is still in tJie field. 

3. Et quoniam semper appetentes gloriae praeter cete- 
ras gentes atque avid! laudis fuistis, delenda est vobTs ilia 
macula Mithridatic5 bello superiore concepta, quae peni- 
tus iam insedit ac nimis inveteravit in popull RomanI 
nomine, quod is, qui uno die tota in Asia tot in civitatibus, 5 
uno nuntio atque una significatione litterarum elves Roma- 
nes omnes necandos trucldandosque denotavit, non modo 
adhuc poenam nullam suo dlgnam scelere suscepit, sed ab 
illo tempore annum iam tertium et vTcesimum regnat, et 
ita regnat ut se non PontI neque Cappadociae latebrls 10 
occultare velit, sed emergere ex patrio regn5 atque in 
vestrls vectigalibus, hoc est in Asiae luce, versarl. Etenim 
adhuc ita nostri cum illo rege contenderunt imperato- 
res ut ab illo Insignia victoriae, non victoriam reporta- 
rent. Triumphavit L. Sulla, triumphavit L. Murena deis 
Mithridate, duo fortissimi virl et summl imperatores, sed 
ita triumpharunt ut ille pulsus superatusque regnaret. 
Verum tamen illls imperatoribus laus est tribuenda quod 
egerunt, venia danda quod rellquerunt, propterea quod ab 
eo bello Sullam in Italiam res publica, Murenam Sulla 20 
revocavit. 

The strengtJi of the enemy is still so great that the glory of 
the Roman name and the prestige of the Roman empire 
are in danger. 

4. Mithridates autem omne reliquum tempus non ad 
obllvionem veteris belli, sed ad comparationem novi con- 



l6o ORATIONS OF CICERO 

tulit. Qui postea, cum maximas aedificasset ornassetque 
classes exercitusque permagnos quibuscumque ex gentibus 
potuisset comparasset, et se Bosporanis, finitimis suTs, bel- 
lum Tnferre simularet, usque in Hispaniam legates ac lit- 

5 teras misit ad eos duces quibuscum turn bellum gerebamus, 
ut, cum duobus in locis disiunctissimis maximeque dIversTs 
uno consilio a binls hostium copils bellum terra marique 
gereretur, vos ancipiti contentione districti de imperio 
dimicaretis. 

10 Sed tamen alterius partis periculum, Sertorianae atque 
Hispaniensis, quae multo plus firmament! ac roboris habe- 
bat, Cn. Pompel divino c5nsili6 ac singular! virtute depul- 
sum est ; in altera parte ita res a L. Lucull5, summo viro, 
est administrata ut initia ilia rerum gestarum magna atque 

15 praeclara non fel!citat! eius, sed virtuti, haec autem ex- 
trema, quae nuper acciderunt, non culpae, sed fortunae 
tribuenda esse videantur. Sed de Lucullo d!cam alio loco, 
et ita dicam, Quirltes, ut neque vera laus e! detracta ora- 
tione mea neque falsa adf!cta esse videatur; de vestri 

2oimperi! dignitate atque gloria, quoniam is est exorsus ora- 
tionis meae, videte quern vob!s animum suscipiendum 
putetis. 

Our allies are in danger, and they are looking to Pompey 
for deliverance. 

5. Maiores nostr! saepe mercatoribus aut naviculari!s 
nostr!s iniuriosius tractatis bella gesserunt ; vos tot m!]ibus 
25 c!vium Romanorum uno nuntio atque uno tempore necat!s 
qu5 tandem anim5 esse debetis ? Legat! quod erant ap- 
pellatl superbius, Corinthum patres vestr!, tot!us Graeciae 
lumen, exst!nctum esse voluerunt ; vos eum regem inultum 



if 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW l6l 

esse patiemini, qui legatum populi Roman! consularem 
dnculis ac verberibus atque omni supplicio excruciatum 
necavit ? 111! libertatem imminutam civium Romanorum 
n5n tulerunt ; vos ereptam vltam neglegetis ? lus lega- 
tionis verbo violatum illi persecuti sunt ; vos legatum omnI 5 
supplicio interfectum relinquetis ? Videte ne, ut illls pul- 
cherrimum fuit tantam vobis imperii gloriam tradere, sTc 
vobis turpissimum sit id quod accepistis tuerl et conservare 
non posse. 

Quid ? quod salus sociorum summum in perlculum ac 10 
discrlmen vocatur, qu5 tandem anim5 ferre debetis ? Regno 
est expulsus Ariobarzanes rex, socius populi Roman! atque 
amicus; imminent duo reges tot! Asiae non solum v5b!s 
inimlcissim! sed etiam vestrls socils atque am!cls ; civitates 
autem omnes cuncta Asia atque Graecia vestrum auxilium 15 
exspectare propter perlcul! magnitudinem coguntur ; im- 
peratorem a vobis certum deposcere, cum praesertim vos 
alium mlseritis, neque audent neque se id facere sine 
summo perlculo posse arbitrantur. Vident et sentiunt hoc 
idem quod vos, unum virum esse, in quo summa sint omnia, 20 
et eum propter esse, quo etiam carent aegrius ; cuius ad- 
ventu ipso atque nomine, tamets! ille ad maritimum bellum 
venerit, tamen impetus hostium represses esse intellegunt 
ac retardatos. H! vos, quoniam llbere loqul non licet, 
tacite rogant ut se quoque sicut ceterarum provinciarum 25 
socios dlgn5s existimetis, quorum salutem tail viro com- 
mendetis, atque h5c etiam magis, quod ceteros in provin- 
ciam eius mod! homines cum imperio mittimus, ut, etiam 
s! ab hoste defendant, tamen ipsorum adventus in urbes 
sociorum non multum ab hostlll expugnatione differant. 30 
Hunc audiebant antea, nunc praesentem vident tanta tem- 
perantia, tanta mansuetudine, tanta humanitate, ut i! 

HARKNESS' CICERO — 1 1 



1 62 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

beatissimi esse videantur apud quos ille diutissime com- 
moratur. 



The reve7i7ies of iJie state are in danger. 

6. Qua re si propter socios nulla ipsi iniuria lacessilf, 
maiores nostri cum Antiocho, cum Philippo, cum Aetolis, 
5 cum Poenis bella gesserunt, quanto vos studio convenit 
iniuriis provocates sociorum salutem una cum imperii 
vestri dignitate defendere, praesertim cum de maximls 
vestris vectigalibus agatur ? Nam ceterarum provinciarum 
vectlgalia, Quirites, tanta sunt ut ils ad ipsas provincias 

10 tutandas vix content! esse posslmus ; Asia vero tam opima 
est ac fertilis ut et ubertate agrorum et varietate fructuum 
et magnitudine pastionis et multitudine earum rerum quae 
exportentur facile omnibus terris antecellat. Itaque haec 
vobis provincia, Quirites, si et belli utilitatem et pacis dlg- 

isnitatem retinere vultis, non modo a calamitate, sed etiam 
a metu calamitatis est defendenda. Nam in ceteris rebus 
cum venit calamitas, tum detrlmentum accipitur; at in 
vectigalibus non solum adventus mall, sed etiam metus ipse 
adfert calamitatem. Nam cum hostium copiae non longe 

2oabsunt, etiam si inruptio nulla facta est, tamen pecuaria 
relinquitur, agri cultura deseritur, mercatorum navigatio 
conquiescit. Ita neque ex portu neque ex decumis neque 
ex scrlptura vectlgal conservarl potest; qua re saepe totlus 
anni fructus uno rumore perlculi atque uno belli terrore 

25 amittitur. 

Quo tandem animo esse existimatis aut eos qui vectlgalia 
nobis pensitant aut eos qui exercent atque exigunt, cum duo 
reges cum maximls copils propter adsint, cum una excursio 
equitatus perbrevi tempore totlus annI vectlgal auferr 






ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 163 

possit, cum publicani familias maximas quas in saltibus 
habent, quas in agrls, quas in portubus atque custodiis, 
magno perlculo se habere arbitrentur ? Putatisne vos illis 
rebus frui posse, nisi eos qui vobis fructui sunt conservaritis 
non solum, ut ante dixi, calamitate, sed etiam calamitatis 5 
f ormldine liberates ? 



The financial ruin of citizens with large investments in 
Asia means financial disaster at Rome. 

7. Ac ne illud quidem vobis neglegendum est, quod 
mihi ego extremum proposueram, cum essem de belli genere 
dicturus, quod ad multorum bona civium Romanorum per- 
tinet ; quorum vobis pro vestra sapientia, Quirites, habenda 10 
est ratio dlligenter. Nam et publicani, homines honestis- 
siml atque ornatissimi, suas rationes et copias in illam pro- 
vinciam contulerunt, quorum ips5rum per se res et f ortunae 
vobis curae esse debent. Etenim si vectlgalia nervos 
esse rel publicae semper duximus, eum certe ordinem, qui 15 
exercet ilia firmamentum ceterorum ordinum recte esse 
dicemus. 

Deinde ex ceteris ordinibus homines gnavl atque indus- 
tril partim ipsi in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos absentibus 
consulere debetis, partim eorum in ea provincia pecunias 20 
magnas conlocatas habent. Est igitur humanitatis vestrae 
magnum numerum eorum civium calamitate prohibere, 
sapientiae videre multorum civium calamitatem a re publica 
seiunctam esse n5n posse. Etenim primum illud parvi 
refert, nos publicanis omissis vectlgalia postea victoria 25 
recuperare ; neque enim Isdem redimendi facultas erit 
propter calamitatem neque alils voluntas propter timorem. 

Deinde, quod nos eadem Asia atque Idem iste Mithrida- 



164 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

tes miti5 bell! Asiatic! docuit, id quidem certe calamitate 
docti memoria retinere debemus. Nam turn, cum in Asia 
res magnas permulti am!serant, sc!mus Romae solutione 
impedlta fidem concidisse. Non enim possunt una in 
5 c!vitate mult! rem ac fortunas amittere, ut non plures 
secum in eandem trahant calamitatem. A quo per!culo 
prohibete rem publicam et mihi credite, id quod ips! videtis, 
liaec fides atque haec ratio pecuniarum, quae Romae, quae 
in foro versatur, implicata est cum illis pecuni!s Asiatic!s 

10 et cohaeret ; ruere ilia non possunt, ut haec non eodem 
labef acta motu concidant. Qua re videte num dubitandum 
vobis sit omni studi5 ad id bellum incumbere, in quo 
gloria nominis vestr!, salus sociorum, vectlgalia maxima, 
fortunae plurimorum c!vium coniunctae cum re publica 

15 defendantur. 

The Magnitude and Importance of the War, 8, 9 

Great as is the zvai% we must not despair of success. The 
achievei?te?its of Liiciillus deserve hig J i praise. 

8. Quoniam de genere bell! dix!, nunc de magnitudine 
pauca dicam. Potest enim hoc d!c!, bell! genus esse ita ne- 
cessarium ut sit gerendum, non esse ita magnum ut sit per- 
timescendum. In quo maxime lab5randum est ne forte 

2oeavob!s quae dlligentissime providenda sunt contemnenda 
esse videantur. Atque ut omnes intellegant me L. Lii- 
cullo tantum impertire laudis quantum forti vir5 et sapi- 
ent! homin! et magno imperator! debeatur, d!c5 eius adventu 
maximas Mithridat! copias omnibus rebus ornatas atquej 

25 !nstructas f uisse, urbemque Asiae clarissimam nob!sque 
am!cissimam Cyzicenorum obsessam esse ab ipso rege 
maxima multitudine et oppugnatam vehementissime, quam 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 165 

L. Lucullus virtute, adsiduitate, consilio summis obsidionis 
periculls llberavit ; ab eodem imperatore classem magnam 
et ornatam, quae ducibus Sertorianls ad Italiam studio 
Inflammata raperetur, superatam esse atque depressam ; 
magnas hostium praeterea copias multls proelils esse 5 
deletas patefactumque nostris legionibus esse Pontum, qui 
antea populo Romano ex omni aditu clausus fuisset; Sino- 
pen atque Amlsum, quibus in oppidis erant domicilia regis, 
omnibus rebus ornatas ac refertas ceterasque urbes Ponti 
et Cappadociae permultas uno aditu adventuque esse cap- 10 
tas ; regem spoliatum regno patrio atque avTto ad alios se 
reges atque ad alias gentes supplicem contulisse ; atque 
haec omnia salvTs popull Roman! socils atque integrls vec- 
tlgalibus esse gesta. Satis opTnor haec esse laudis, atque 
ita, Quirftes, ut hoc vos intellegatis, a nuUo istorum, qui 15 
huic obtrectant leg! atque causae, L. Lucullum similiter 
ex hoc loco esse laudatum. 



But Mithridates, though defeated, is still iinsiibdued. He 
has gained new allies, won a great victory, and now, 
through the removal of Lucullus, has a good chance of 
success. 

9. Requlretur f ortasse nunc quern ad modum, cum haec 
ita sint, reliquum possit magnum esse bellum. Cogno- 
scite, Quirltes, non enim hoc sine causa quaerl videtur. 20 
Prlmum ex suo regno -sic Mithridates profugit, ut ex eodem 
Ponto Medea ilia quondam profugisse dicitur, quam prae- 
dicant in f uga fratris sul membra in ils locis qua se parens 
persequeretur dissipavisse, ut eorum conlectio dispersa 
maerorque patrius celeritatem persequendl retardaret. Sic 25 
Mithridates fugiens maximam vim aurl atque argent! pul- 



166 



ORATIONS OF CICERO 



cherrimarumque rerum omnium quas et a maioribus acce- 
perat et ipse bello superiore ex tota Asia direptas in suum 
regnum congesserat, in Ponto omnem 
rellquit. Haec dum nostrl conligunt 
omnia diligentius, rex ipse e manibus 
effugit. Ita ilium in persequendi studio 
maeror, hos laetitia tardavit. Hunc in 
illo timore et fuga Tigranes, rex Ar- 
menius, excepit diffldentemque rebus 
suls confirm avit et adfllctum erexit 
perditumque recreavit. Cuius in reg- 
num postea quam L. Lucullus cum 
exercitu venit, plures etiam gentes con- 
tra imperatorem nostrum concitatae 
sunt. Erat enim metus iniectus ils 
nationibus quas numquam populus 
Romanus neque lacessendas bello ne- 
que temptandas putavit ; erat etiam 
alia gravis atque vebemens opinio, 
quae animos gentium barbararum per- 
vaserat, fani locupletissimi et religio- 
sissiml diripiendi causa in eas oras 
nostrum esse exercitum adductum. Ita nationes multae 
atque magnae novo quodam terrore ac metu concitabantur. 
25 Noster autem exercitus, tametsi urbem ex Tigranis regnoJ 
ceperat et proeliis usus erat secundls, tamen nimia longin-j 
quitate loc5rum ac deslderio suorum commovebatur. 

Hic iam plura non dicam ; fuit enim illud extremum, ut 

ex ils locis a mllitibus nostrls reditus magis maturus quamj 

3opr6cessio longior quaereretur. Mithridates autem et suam] 

manum iam confirmarat et eorum qui se ex ipsTus regnoj 

conlegerant et magnis adventiciis auxilils multorum regum 




Medea 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 1 6/ 

et nationum iuvabatur. Nam h5c fere sic fieri solere acce- 
pimus, ut regum adflictae fortunae facile multorum opes 
adliciant ad misericordiam, maximeque eorum qui aut reges 
sunt aut vivunt in regno, ut ils nomen regale magnum et 
sanctum esse videatur. Itaque tantum victus efficere 5 
potuit quantum incolumis numquam est ausus optare. Nam 
cum se in regnum suum recepisset, non fuit eo contentus 
quod ei praeter spem acciderat, ut illam, postea quam 
pulsus erat, terram umquam attingeret, sed in exercitum 
nostrum clarum atque victorem impetum fecit. 10 

Sinite hoc loco, Quirltes, sicut poetae solent qui res Ro- 
manas scribunt, praeterire me nostram calamitatem, quae 
tanta fuit ut eam ad aures imperatoris non ex proeli5 nun- 
tius, sed ex sermone rumor adferret. Hic in illo ipso mal5 
gravissimaque belli offensione L. LucuUus, qui tamen aliqua 15 
ex parte iis incommodis mederl fortasse potuisset, vestro 
iussu coactus, quod imperil diuturnitati modum statuendum 
vetere exemplo putavistis, partem militum qui iam stlpen- 
dils confecti erant dimlsit, partem M'. Glabrioni tradidit. 

Multa praetereo consult5, sed ea vos coniectura perspi-20 
cite, quantum illud bellum factum putetis, quod coniungant 
reges potentissimi, renovent agitatae nationes, suscipiant 
integrae gentes, novus imperator noster accipiat vetere 
exercitu pulso. 

The Choice of a Commander, 10-17 

Four qualifications are essential in a great commander — 
scientia, virtus, auctoritas, and felicitas. Pompey alone 
has the requisite military knowledge and experience. 

10. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor, qua re esset25 
h5c bellum genere ips5 necessarium, magnitudine perlcu- 



1 68 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

losum ; restat ut de imperatore ad id bellum deligendo ac 
tantis rebus praeficiendo dicendum esse videatur. 

Utinam, Quirltes, virorum fortium atque innocentium 
copiam tantam haberetis ut haec vobis dellberatio difficilis 
5 esset, quemnam potissimum tantis rebus ac tanto bello 
praeficiendum putaretis ! Nunc vero cum sit unus Cn. 
Pompeius, qui non modo eorum hominum qui nunc sunt 
gloriam, sed etiam antlquitatis memoriam virtute superarit, 
quae res est quae cuiusquam animum in hac causa dubium 

lo facere possit? Ego enim sic existimo, in summo impera- 
tore quattuor has res inesse oportere, scientiam rel mllitaris, 
virtutem, auctoritatem, felicitate m. 

Quis igitur hoc homine scientior umquam aut fuit aut 
esse debuit ? Qui e ludo atque pueritiae discipllnis bello 

15 maximo atque acerrimis hostibus ad patris exercitum atque 
in mllitiae discipllnam profectus est, qui extrema pueritia 
miles in exercitu fuit summl imperatoris, ineunte adule- 
scentia maximi ipse exercitus imperator, qui saepius cum 
hoste conillxit quam quisquam cum inimico concertavit, 

2oplura bella gessit quam ceterl legerunt, plures provincias 
confecit quam alii concuplverunt, cuius adulescentia ad 
scientiam rel mllitaris non alienis praeceptis sed suls im- 
perils, non offensionibus belli sed victorils, non stlpendils 
sed triumphis est erudlta. Quod denique genus esse belli 

25 potest in quo ilium non exercuerit fortOna rel publicae ? 
Civile, Africanum, Transalplnum, Hispaniense mixtum ex 
civitatibus atque ex bellicosissimis nationibus, servile, na- 
vale bellum, varia et diversa genera et bellorum et hostiumA 
non solum gesta ab hoc uno, sed etiam confecta, nullam" 

30 rem esse declarant in Qsia positam mllitarl quae huius viri 
scientiam fugere possit. 






ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 1 69 

Second qualification, virtus. No words can do justice to 
his military greatness^ but many lands and seas bear 
witness to it. 

II. lam vero virtuti Cn. Pompel quae potest oratio par 
invenlrl ? Quid est quod quisquam aut illo dignum aut 
vobis novum aut cuiquam inaudltum possit adf erre ? Neque 
enim illae sunt solae virtutes imperatoriae, quae vulgo ex- 
Istimantur, labor in negotiis, fortitude in periculis, industria 5 
in agendo, celeritas in conficiendo, consilium in providendo, 
quae tanta sunt in hoc un5, quanta in omnibus reliquls 
imperatoribus, qu5s aut vidimus aut audlvimus, non fuerunt. 

Testis est Italia, quam ille ipse victor L. Sulla huius vir- 
tute et subsidio confessus est llberatam. Testis est Sicilia, 10 
quam multis undique cinctam periculis non terrore belli, 
sed consilil celeritate explicavit. Testis est Africa, quae 
magnis oppressa hostium copils eorum ips5rum sanguine 
redundavit. Testis est Gallia, per quam legionibus nostrls 
iter in Hispaniam Gallorum internecione patefactum est. 15 
Testis est Hispania, quae saepissime 'plurimos hostes ab 
hoc superatos prostratosque conspexit. Testis est iterum 
et saepius Italia, quae cum servlli bello taetro perlculoso- 
que premeretur, ab hoc auxilium absente expetlvit, quod 
bellum exspectatione eius attenuatum atque imminutum 20 
est, adventu sublatum ac sepultum. Testes nunc vero iam 
omnes sunt orae atque omnes exterae gentes ac nationes, 
denique maria omnia cum universa, tum in singulis oris 
omnes sinus atque portus. Quis enim toto marl locus per 
hos annos aut tam firmum habuit praesidium ut tutus esset, 25 
aut tam fuit abditus ut lateret .'' Quis navigavit qui non 
se aut mortis aut servitutis perlculo committeret, cum aut 
hieme aut referto praedonum mari navigaret .'* Hoc tantum 



I/O ORATIONS OF CICERO 

bellum, tarn turpe, tarn vetus, tarn late divTsum atque di- 
spersum quis umquam arbitraretur aut ab omnibus impera- 
toribus uno anno aut omnibus annls ab uno imperatore 
confici posse ? Quam provinciam tenuistis a praedonibus 
5 liberam per hosce annos ? Quod vectlgal vobis tutum 
fuit ? Quem socium def endistis ? Cui praesidio classibus 
vestrTs fuistis ? Quam multas existimatis insulas esse de- 
sertas, quam multas aut metu rellctas aut a praedonibus 
captas urbes esse soci5rum ? 

The pirates controlled the Mediterranean until Pompey 
drove them from the sea. 

10 12. Sed quid ego longinqua commemoro ? Fuit hoc quon- 
dam, fuit proprium popull Roman!, longe a domo bellare 
et propugnaculls imperii sociorum fortunas, non sua tecta 
defendere. Sociis ego nostrls mare per hos annos clausum 
fuisse dicam, cum exercitus vestrl numquam a Brundisio 

15 nisi hieme sum ma transmlserint ? Qui ad vos ab exterls 
nationibus venirent, captos querar, cum legatl popull Ro- 
man! redempt! sint ? Mercatoribus tutum mare non fuisse ■! 
dIcam, cum duodecim secures in praedonum potestatem 
pervenerint ? Cnidum aut Colophonem aut Samum, nobi- 

2olissimas urbes, innumerabilesque alias captas esse com- 
memorem, cum vestros portus, atque eos portus quibus IJ 
vltam ac splritum ducitis, in praedonum fuisse potestate 1 • 
sciatis ? An vero ignoratis portum Caietae celeberrimum 
ac plenissimum navium Tnspectante praetore a praedoni- 

25 bus esse direptum, ex Miseno autem eius ipslus llberos, . , 
qui cum praedonibus an tea ibi bellum gesserat, a praedoni-lj 
bus esse sublatos ? Nam quid ego Ostiense incommodum 
atque illam labem atque ignominiam rel publicae querar, 



Jl 



ORATION FOR THE MANlLIAN LAW tft 

cum prope inspectantibus vobis classis ea, cui consul populi 
RomanI praepositus esset, a praedonibus capta atque op- 
pressa est ? Pro di immortales ! tantamne unlus hominis 
incredibilis ac divlna virtus tarn brevi tempore lucem ad- 
ferre rel publicae potuit, ut vos, qui modo ante ostium 5 
Tiberlnum classem hostium videbatis, il nunc nullam intra 
Ocean! ostium praedonum navem esse audiatis ? 

Atque haec qua celeritate gesta sint quamquam videtis, 
tamen a me in dicendo praetereunda n5n sunt. Quis enim 
umquam aut obeundl negotii aut consequendT quaestus 10 
studio tam brevI tempore tot loca adire, tantos cursus con- 
ficere potuit, quam celeriter Cn. Pompei5 duce tanti belli 
impetus navigavit ? Qui nondum tempestlvo ad navigan- 
dum marl Siciliam adiit, Africam exploravit, in Sardiniam 
cum classe venit atque haec tria frumentaria subsidia rel 15 
publicae flrmissimis praesidils classibusque munlvit. Inde 
cum se in Italiam recepisset, duabus Hispanils et Gallia 
Transalplna praesidils ac navibus conflrmata, missis item 
in Oram lUyricI maris et in Achaiam omnemque Graeciam 
navibus, Italiae duo maria maximis classibus flrmissimis- 20 
que praesidils adornavit, ipse autem ut Brundisio profectus 
est, undequlnquagesim5 die totam ad imperium populi 
RomanI Ciliciam adiunxit; omnes, qui ubique praedones 
fuerunt, partim capti interfectlque sunt, partim unlus huius 
se imperio ac potestati dediderunt. Idem Cretensibus, cum 25 
ad eum usque in Pamphyliam legatos deprecatoresque 
misissent, spem deditionis non ademit obsidesque impera- 
vit. Ita tantum bellum, tam diuturnum, tam longe lateque 
dispersum, quo bello omnes gentes ac nationes preme- 
bantur, Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte 30 
vere suscepit, media aestate confecit. 



i;2 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

BiU Pompey has not only military geni?is, but many other 
rare qualities of great vahce. 

13. Est haec divlna atque incredibilis virtus impera- 
toris. Quid ceterae, quas paulo ante commemorare coe- 
peram, quantae atque quam multae sunt ! Non enim 
bellandi virtus solum in summo ac perfecto imperatore 
5 quaerenda est, sed multae sunt artes eximiae huius admi- 
nistrae comitesque virtutis. Ac primum quanta innocentia 
debent esse imperatores, quanta deinde in omnibus rebus 
temperantia, quanta fide, quanta facilitate, quanto ingenio, 
quanta humanitate ! quae breviter qualia sint in Cn. Pom- 

lopeio consTderemus. Summa enim omnia sunt, Quirites, 
sed ea magis ex aliorum contentione quam ipsa per sese 
cognosci atque intellegi possunt. 

Quem enim imperatorem possumus ullo in numero pu- 
tare, cuius in exercitu centuriatus veneant atque venierint ? 

15 Quid hunc hominem magnum aut amplum de re publica 
cogitare, qu! pecuniam ex aerario depromptam ad bellum 
administrandum aut propter cupiditatem provinciae magis- 
tratibus divTserit aut propter avaritiam Romae in quaestu 
reliquerit ? Vestra admurmuratio facit, Quirites, ut agnos- 

20 cere videamini qui haec f ecerint ; ego autem nomino nemi- 
nem ; qua re irascT mihi nemo poterit, nisi qui ante de se 
voluerit confiteri. Itaque propter banc avaritiam impera- 
torum quantas calamitates, quocumque ventum sit, nostri 
exercitus ferant quis Tgnorat? Itinera quae per hosce 

25 annos in Italia per agros atque oppida civium Romanorum 
nostri imperatores fecerint, recordamini; tum facilius sta- 
tuetis quid apud exteras nationes fieri exTstimetis. Utrum 
plures arbitramini per hosce annos militum vestrorum 
armis hostium urbes an hlbernls sociorum civitates esse 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 1/3 

deletas ? Neque enim potest exercitum is continere im- 
perator, qui se ipse non continet, neque severus esse in 
iudicando, qui alios in se severos esse iudices non vult. 

Hic miramur hunc hominem tantum excellere ceteris, 
cuius legiones sic in Asiam pervenerint ut non modo 5 
man us tanti exercitus, sed ne vestigium quidem cuiquam 
pacato nocuisse dicatur ? lam vero quem ad modum mlli- 
tes hibernent, cotldie sermones ac litterae perferuntur ; 
non modo ut sumptum faciat in mllitem nemini vis adfer- 
tur, sed ne cupienti quidem cuiquam permittitur. Hiemis 10 
enim, non avaritiae perfugium maiores nostri in sociorum 
atque amicorum tectis esse voluerunt. 

No unworthy vtotive has ever turned him aside from his 
purpose. He has won the gratitude and friendship of the 
allies. 

14. Age vero, ceteris in rebus qua sit temperantia con- 
siderate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem et tam incredibi- 
lem cursum inventum putatis ? Non enim ilium eximia 15 
vis remigum aut ars inaudlta quaedam gubernandl aut 
venti aliqul novl tam celeriter in ultimas terras pertulerunt, 
sed eae res quae ceteros remorarl solent non retardarunt ; 
non avaritia ab Instituto cursu ad praedam aliquam devo- 
cavit, non libido ad voluptatem, non amoenitas ad delecta- 20 
tionem, non nobilitas urbis ad c5gnitionem, non denique 
labor ipse ad quietem ; postremo signa et tabulas cetera- 
que ornamenta Graecorum oppidorum, quae ceteri tollenda 
esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda quidem existimavit. 
Itaque omnes nunc in iis locis Cn. Pompeium slcut ali-25 
quem non ex hac urbe missum, sed de cael5 delapsum 
intuentur. Nunc denique incipiunt credere fuisse homines 



174 



ORATIONS OF CICERO 



Romanos hac quondam continentia, quod iam nationibus 
exteris incredibile ac falso memoriae proditum videbatur. 
Nunc imperil vestri splendor illls gentibus lucem adferre 
coepit. Nunc intellegunt non sine causa maiores suos 
stum, cum ea temperantia magistrates habebamus, servire 
populo Romano quam imperare aliis maluisse. Iam vero 




Navis 
" Eximia vis remigum " 



ita faciles aditus ad eum privatorum, ita iTberae querimo- 
niae de aliorum iniurils esse dicuntur, ut is, qui dignitate 
principibus excellit, facilitate infimTs par esse videatur. 
Iam quantum consilio, quantum dlcendi gravitate et copia 
valeat, in quo ipso inest quaedam dignitas imperatoria, 
v5s, Quirltes, hoc ipso ex loc5 saepe cognovistis. Fidem 
vero eius quantam inter socios existimarl putatis, quam 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 1 75 

hostes omnes omnium generum sanctissimam iudicarint? 
Humanitate iam tanta est, ut difficile dictu sit utrum 
hostes magis virtutem eius pugnantes timuerint an man- 
suetudinem victi dllexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit quln 
huic hoc tantiim belhrni transmittendum sit, qui ad omnia 5 
nostrae memoriae bella conficienda divlno quodam consilio 
natus esse videatur ? 



Third qtialification, auctoritas. Po^npey's prestige as a 
commander is very great. 

15. Et quoniam auctoritas quoque in bellTs administran- 
dis multum atque in imperio mllitarl valet, certe nemini 
dubium est quin ea re idem ille imperator plurimum pos- 10 
sit. Vehementer autem pertinere ad bella administranda 
quid hostes, quid socii de imperatoribus nostrls exTstiment 
quis Tgnorat, cum sciamus homines, in tantis rebus ut aut 
contemnant aut metuant aut oderint aut anient, opinione 
non minus et f ama quam aliqua ratione certa commoveri ? 15 
Quod igitur nomen umquam in orbe terrarum clarius fuit ? 
Cuius res gestae pares ? De quo homine vos, id quod 
maxime facit auctoritatem, tanta et tam praeclara iudicia 
fecistis ? An vero ullam usquam esse oram tam desertam 
putatis, quo non illTus diel fama pervaserit, cum universus 20 
populus Romanus, referto foro completlsque omnibus 
templls, ex quibus hlc locus conspici potest, unum sibi 
ad commune omnium gentium bellum Cn. Pompeium im- 
peratorem depoposcit ? Itaque, ut plura non dlcam neque 
ahorum exemplls conflrmem quantum auctoritas valeat in 25 
bello, ab eodem Cn. Pompeio omnium rerum egregiarum 
exempla sumantur ; qui quo die a vobis maritime bello 
praepositus est imperator, tanta repente vlHtas annonae 



1/6 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

ex summa inopia et caritate rei frumentariae consecuta 
est unlus hominis spe ac nomine, quantam vix ex summa 
ubertate agrorum diuturna pax efficere potuisset. lam 
accepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo proelio, de quo vos 
5 paulo ante invltus admonul, cum socii pertimuissent, hos- 
tium opes animlque crevissent, satis firmum praesidium 
provincia non haberet, amisissetis Asiam, Quirites, nisi ad 
ipsum discrlmen eius temporis divlnitus Cn. Pompeium ad 
eas regiones fortuna popull Roman! attulisset. Huius 

loadventus et Mithridatem msolita infiammatum victoria 
continuit et Tigranem magnis copils minitantem Asiae 
retardavit. Et.quisquam dubitabit quid virtute perfectu- 
rus sit, qui tantum auctoritate perfecerit, aut quam facile 
imperio atque exercitu socios et vectigalia conservaturus 

15 sit, qui ipso nomine ac rumore defenderit ? 

16. Age vero ilia res quantam declarat eiusdem hominis 
apud hostes popull Roman! auctoritatem, quod ex loc!s tarn 
longinqms tamque d!vers!s tam brev! tempore omnes huic 
se uni dediderunt ! quod Cretensium legat!, cum in eorum 

20 insula noster imperator exercitusque esset, ad Cn. Pompe- 
ium in ultimas prope terras venerunt eique se omnes Cre- 
tensium c!vitates dedere velle d!xerunt ! Quid ? Idem 
iste Mithridates nonne ad eundem Cn. Pompeium legatum 
usque in Hispaniam m!sit ? Eum quem Pompeius legatum 

25 semper iudicavit, i! quibus erat molestum ad eum potissi- 
mum esse missum, speculatorem quam legatum iudicari 
maluerunt. Potestis igitur iam constituere, Quir!tes, banc 
auctoritatem mult!s postea rebus gest!s magmsque vestr!s 
iudici!s amplificatam quantum apud illos reges, quantum 

30 apud exteras nationes valituram esse ex!stimetis. . 






ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 



177 



Foui'th qualification, felicitas. Pompey is the favorite of 

fortune. 

Reliquum est ut de felicitate, quam praestare de se ipso 
nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de altero possu- 
mus, sicut aequum est homines de potestate deorum, timide 
et pauca dicamus. Ego enim sic ex- 
Istimo, Maxima, Marcello, Sclpionl, 
Mario et ceteris magnis imperatori- 
bus non solum propter virtutem, sed 
etiam propter fortunam saepius im- 
peria mandata atque exercitus esse 
commissos. Fuit enim profecto 
quibusdam sum mis virls quaedam 
ad amplitudinem et ad gloriam et 
ad res magnas bene gerendas dlvlni- 
tus adiuncta fortuna. De huius 
autem hominis felicitate, de quo 
nunc agimus, hac utar moderatione 
dicendl, non ut in illlus potestate 
fortiinam positam esse dicam, sed 
ut praeterita meminisse, reliqua spe- 
rare videamur, ne aut in visa dis immortalibus oratio nostra 20 
aut ingrata esse videatur. 

Itaque non sum praedicatHrus quantas ille res domi mlli- 
tiae, terra marlque, quantaque felicitate gesserit, ut eius 
semper voluntatibus non modo elves adsenserint, socil ob- 
temperarint, hostes oboedierint, sed etiam venti tempesta- 25 
tesque obsecundarint. Hoc brevissime dIcam, neminem 
umquam tam impudentem fuisse, qui ab dis immortalibus 
tot et tantas res tacitus auderet optare quot et quantas dl 
immortales ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt. Quod ut illl 

HAKKNESS' CICERO — 12 




Fortuna 



1/8 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

proprium ac perpetuum sit, Quirites, cum communis salutis 
atque imperii tum ipsius hominis causa, sicuti facitis, velle 
et optare debetis. 

Qua re cum et bellum sit ita necessarium ut neglegl non 

5 possit, ita magnum ut accuratissime sit administrandum, et 
cum el imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia 
belli scientia, singularis virtus, clarissima auctoritas, egregia 
fortuna, dubitatis, Quirites, quin hoc tantum boni, quod 
vobis ab dis immortalibus oblatum et datum est, in rem 

lo publicam conservandam atque amplificandam conferatis ? 

17. Quod si R5mae Cn. Pompeius privatus esset hoc 

tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendus atque 

mittendus ; nunc cum ad ceteras summas utilitates haec 

quoque opportunitas adiungatur, ut in ils ipsis locis adsit, 

15 ut habeat exercitum, ut ab ils qui habent accipere statim 
possit, quid exspectamus ? Aut cur non ducibus dis immor- 
talibus eidem, cui cetera summa cum salute rel publicae 
commissa sunt, hoc quoque bellum regium committamus ? 

CoNFUTATio, 17-23 

The objection of Hortensius that so great power ought not to 
be intrusted to one man is fully answered by the success of 
the Gabinian law, which gave similar powei's to Pompey. 

At enim vir clarissimus, amantissimus rei publicae, ves- 
2otrTs beneficiis amplissimis adfectus, Q. Catulus, itemque 
summis ornamentls honoris, fortunae, virtutis, ingenii prae- 
ditus, Q. Hortensius, ab hac ratione dissentiunt. Quorum 
ego auctoritatem apud vos multis locis plurimum valuisse 
et valere oportere confiteor ; sed in hac causa, tametsi cog- 
25 noscetis auctoritates contrarias virorum fortissimorum et 
clarissimorum, tamen omissis auctoritatibus ipsa re ac rati- 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 1/9 

one exquirere possumus veritatem, atque h5c facilius, quod 
ea omnia, quae a me adhuc dicta sunt, Idem isti vera esse 
concedunt, et necessarium bellum esse et magnum et in 
un5 Cn. Pompeio summa esse omnia. 

Quid igitur ait Hortensius ? Si unl omnia tribuenda 5 
sint, dignissimum esse Pompeium, sed ad unum tamen 
omnia deferri non oportere. Obsolevit iam ista oratio re 
multo magis quam verbis refutata. Nam tu Idem, Q. Hor- 
tensl, multa pro tua summa copia ac singularl facultate 
dicendl et in senatu contra virum fortem, A. Gablnium, 10 
graviter ornateque dlxistl, cum is de uno imperatore contra 
praedones c6nstituend5 legem promulgasset, et ex hoc 
ipso loco permulta item contra eam legem verba fecistl. 
Quid ? Tum, per deos immortales ! si plus apud populum 
Romanum auct5ritas tua quam ipslus populi RomanI salus 15 
et vera causa valuisset, hodie banc gloriam atque hoc orbis 
terrae imperium teneremus ? An tibi tum imperium hoc 
esse videbatur, cum populi R5manl legati, quaestores prae- 
toresque capiebantur, cum ex omnibus provincils commeatu 
et private et publico prohibebamur, cum ita clausa nobis 20 
erant maria omnia, ut neque privatam rem transmarlnam 
neque publicam iam obire possemus ? 

18. Quae civitas antea umquam fuit, — non dlc5 Atheni- 
ensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenuisse dicitur, n5n 
Carthaginiensium, qui permultumclasse ac maritimis rebus 25 
valuerunt, non Rhodiorum, quorum usque ad nostram me- 
moriam discipllna navalis et gl5ria remansit, — quae civitas, 
inquam, antea tam tenuis, quae tam parva Insula fuit, quae 
non portus suos et agros et aliquam partem regionis atque 
orae maritimae per se ipsa defenderet ? At hercule aliquot 3° 
annos continues ante legem Gablniam ille populus Ro- 
manus, cuius usque ad nostram memoriam nomen invictum 



i8o 



ORATIONS OF CICERO 



in navalibus pugnis permanserit, magna ac multo maxima 
parte non modo utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperii 
caruit. Nos, quorum maiores Antiochum regem classe 
Persemque superarunt omnibusque navalibus pugnis Cartha- 
5 ginienses, homines in maritimis rebus exercitatissimos para- 




Appia Via 



tissim5sque, vicerunt, il nullo in loco iam praedonibus pares 
esse poteramus ; nos, qui antea non modo Italiam tutam 
habebamus, sed omnes socios in ultimls oris auctoritate 
nostrl imperil salvos praestare poteramus, tum cum Insula 
Delos tarn procul a nobis in Aegaeo marl posita, quo omnes 
undique cum mercibus atque oneribus commeabant, referta 
dlvitils, parva, sine muro nihil timebat, Idem non modo 
provinciis atque oris Italiae maritimis ac portubus nostris. 



Jl 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW l8l 

sed etiam Appia iam via carebamus ; et iis temporibus non 
pudebat magistratus popull Romani in hunc ipsum locum 
escendere, cum eum nobis maiores nostrl exuviis nauticis 
et classium spolils ornatum reliquissent ! 

19. Bono te animo turn, Q. HortensI, populus Romanus 5 
et ceteros qui erant in eadem sententia dicere existimavit 
ea quae sentiebatis ; sed tamen in salute communi Idem 
populus Romanus dolorl suo maluit quam auctoritati ves- 
trae obtemperare. Itaque una lex, unus vir, Onus annus 
n5n modo nos ilia miseria ac turpitudine llberavit, sed 10 
etiam effecit ut aliquando vere videremur omnibus gentibus 
ac nationibus terra marlque imperare. 

Accordingly 7io opposition sJwtild be made to the appoint- 
ment of Gabiniiis as lieutenant to Pompey i^t this war. 

Quo mihi etiam indignius videtur obtrectatum esse adhuc 
— Gablnio dicam anne Pompeio an utrlque, id quod est ve- 
rius ? — ne legaretur A. Gablnius Cn. Pompeio expetenti ac 15 
postulantl. Utrum ille, qui postulat ad tantum bellum lega- 
tum quem velit, idoneus non est qui impetret, cum ceteri 
ad expllandos socios diripiendasque provincias quosvolue- 
runt legates eduxerint, an ipse, cuius lege salus ac dignitas 
populo Romano atque omnibus gentibus constituta est, 20 
expers esse debet gloriae eius imperatoris atque eius exer- 
citus, qui consilio ipsius ac perlculo est constitutus ? An C. 
Falcidius, Q. Metellus, Q. Caelius Latlniensis, Cn. Lentulus, 
quos omnes honoris causa nomino, cum tribuni plebl fuis- 
sent, anno proximo legatl esse potuerunt ; in iino Gablnio 25 
sunt tam dlligentes, qui in hoc bello quod lege Gablnia 
geritur, in hoc imperatore atque exercitu quem per vos 
ipse constituit, etiam praecipuo iure esse deberet ? De 



1 82 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

quo legando consules spero ad senatum relaturos. Qui si 
dubitabunt aut gravabuntur, ego me profiteor .relaturum; 
neque me impediet cuiusquam inimicum edictum, quo 
minus vobis fretus vestrum ius beneficiumque defendam, 
5 neque praeter intercessi5nem quicquam audiam, de qua, ut 
arbitror, isti ipsi qui minantur etiam atque etiam quid 
liceat consTderabunt. Mea quidem sententia, Quirites, 
unus A. Gablnius belli maritimi rerumque gestarum Cn, 
Pompei5 socius ascrlbitur, propterea quod alter unl illud 
lo bellum suscipiendum vestris suffragiis detulit, alter delatum 
susceptumque confecit. 

The objection of Catulus that we must not disregard the 
traditions of the country has little weighty as the safety 
of the state has always been the supreme law. 

20. Reliquum est ut de Q. Catull auctoritate et sententia 
dicendum esse videatur. Qui cum ex vobis quaereret, si in 
uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid eo factum esset, 

15 in quo spem essetis habiturl, cepit magnum suae virtutis 
fructum ac dignitatis, cum omnes iina prope voce in eo 
ipso vos spem habituros esse dixistis. Etenim talis est 
vir ut nulla res tanta sit ac tarn difficilis quam ille non et 
consilio regere et integritate tueri et virtute conficere possit. 

20 Sed in hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime dissentio, quod, quo 
minus certa est hominum ac minus diuturna vita, hoc magis 
res publica, dum per deos immortales licet, fruT debet 
summl virl vita atque virtute. 

At enim ne quid novl flat contra exempla atque instituta 

25 maiorum. Non dicam hoc loco maiores nostros semper in 
pace consuetudini, in bello utilitati paruisse, semper ad 
novos casus temporum novorum consiliorum rationes ac- 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 1 83 

commodasse ; non dicam duo bella maxima, Punicum atque 
Hispaniense, ab uno imperatore esse confecta duasque 
urbes potentissimas, quae huic imperio maxime minitaban- 
tur, Carthaginem atque Numantiam, ab eodem Sclpione 
esse deletas ; non commemorabo nuper ita vobis patri- 5 
busque vestrls esse visum ut in uno C. Mario spes imperii 
poneretur, ut Idem cum lugurtha, Idem cum Cimbrls, 
Idem cum Teutonis bellum administraret. In ips5 Cn. 
Pompeio, in quo novl constitui nihil vult Q. Catulus, quam 
multa sint nova summa Q. Catull voluntate constituta 10 
recordaminl. 



Many new measures already adopted i7i regard to Pompey 
were approved by Catulus. 

21. Quid tam novum quam adulescentulum privatum 
exercitum difficill rei publicae tempore conficere ? Conf ecit. 
Huic praeesse ? Praefuit. Rem optime ductu su5 ge- 
rere ? Gessit. Quid tam praeter consuetudinem quam 15 
homini peradulescenti, cuius aetas a senatorio gradu longe 
abesset, imperium atque exercitum darl, Siciliam permitti 
atque Africam bellumque in ea provincia administrandum ? 
Fuit in his provincils singularl innocentia, gravitate, virtute ; 
bellum in Africa maximum confecit, victorem exercitum 20 
deportavit. Quid vero tam inaudltum quam equitem 
Romanum triumphare ? At eam quoque rem populus 
Romanus non modo vidit, sed omnium etiam studio vlsen- 
dam et concelebrandam putavit. Quid tam inusitatum 
quam ut, cum duo consules clarissiml fortissimlque essent, 25 
eques R5rnanus ad bellum maximum formldolosissimum- 
que pro consule mitteretur? Missus est. Quo quidem 
tempore cum esset non nemo in senatii qui diceret non 



1 84 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

oportere fnitti hominem privatum pro consule, L. Philippus 
dixisse dicitur non se ilhcm sua sententid pro consule, sed 
p7'd consiUibiLs mittere. Tanta in eo rei publicae bene 
gerendae spes constituebatur, ut duorum consulum munus 

5 unlus adulescentis virtuti committeretur. Quid tam singu- 
lare quam ut ex senatus consulto legibus solutus consul 
ante fieret quam ullum alium magistratum per leges capere 
licuisset? Quid tam incredibile quam ut iterum eques 
Romanus ex senatus consulto triumpharet ? Quae in omni- 

lobus hominibus nova post hominum memoriam constituta 
sunt, ea tam multa non sunt quam haec, quae in hoc uno 
homine videmus. Atque haec tot exempla tanta ac tam 
nova profecta sunt in eundem hominem a Q. Catuli atque 
a ceterorum eiusdem dignitatis amplissimorum hominum 

15 auctoritate. 

Therefore let Hortensius and Catuhis yield to the judgment 
of the Roman people. 

22. Qua re videant ne sit periniquum et non ferendum 
illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompei dignitate a vobis com- 
probatam semper esse, vestrum ab illis de eodem homine 
iudicium popullque RomanI auctoritatem improbarl, prae- 

2osertim cum iam suo iure populus Romanus in hoc homine 
suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui dissentiunt possit 
defendere, propterea quod Isdem istis reclamantibus vos 
unum ilium ex omnibus delegistis quem bello praedonum 
praeponeretis. Hoc si vos temere fecistis et rel publicae 

25 parum consuluistis, recte isti studia vestra suls consilils 
regere conantur ; sin autem vos plus tum in re publica vl- 
distis, vos iis repugnantibus per vosmet ipsos dignitatem 
huic imperio, salutem orbl terrarum attulistis, aUquando 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW 1 85 

isti principes et sibi et ceteris popull Roman! universi auc- 
toritatl parendum esse fateantur. Atque in hoc bello Asi- 
atico et regio non solum militaris ilia virtus quae est in 
Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae quoque virtutes animi 
magnae et multae requlruntur. Difficile est in Asia, Cili- 5 
cia, Syria regnisque interiorum nationum ita versari nos- 
trum imperatorem ut nihil aliud nisi de hoste ac de laude 
cogitet. Deinde, etiam si qui sunt pudore ac temperantia 
moderatiores, tamen eos esse tales propter multitudinem 
cupidorum hominum nemo arbitratur. Difficile est dictu, 10 
Quirltes, quanto in odio simus apud exteras nationes prop- 
ter eorum, quos ad eas per hos annos cum imperio mlsi- 
mus, libldines et iniurias. Quod enim fanum putatis in illls 
terrls nostrls magistratibus religiosum, quam civitatem sanc- 
tam, quam domum satis clausam ac munltam fuisse ? Ur- 15 
bes iam locupletes et copiosae requlruntur, quibus causa 
belli propter diripiendl cupiditatem Inferatur. Libenter 
haec coram cum Q. Catulo et Q. Hortensio, summis et 
clarissimls virls, disputarem ; noverunt enim sociorum vul- 
nera, vident eorum calamitates, querim5nias audiunt. Pr5 2o 
socils vos contra hostes exercitum mittere putatis an hos- 
tium simulatione contra socios atque amicos ? Quae civitas 
est in Asia quae non modo imperatoris aut legatl, sed 
unlus tribuni mllitum animos ac splritus capere possit ? 

The repiUation of the Roman people and the interests of the 
allies are safe iii Pornpey s Jiands. Maiiy e^ninent men 
are i^t favor of the bill. 

23. Qua re, etiam si quem habetis, qui conlatis signls 25 
exercitus regios superare posse videatur, tamen nisi erit 
Idem qui se a pecuniis sociorum, qui ab eorum coniugibus 



1 86 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

ac liberTs, qui ab ornamentis fanorum atque oppidorum, 
qui ab auro gazaque regia manus, oculos, animum cohibere 
possit, non erit idoneus qui ad bellum Asiaticum regium- 
que mittatur. Ecquam putatis civitatem pacatam fuisse 
5 quae locuples sit, ecquam esse locupletem quae istis pacata 
esse videatur ? Ora maritima, Quirltes, Cn. Pompeium 
non solum propter rei mllitaris gloriam, sed etiam propter 
animi continentiam requlslvit. Videbat enim imperatores 
locupletarl quotannis pecunia publica praeter paucos, ne- 

10 que eos quicquam aliud adsequi classium nomine, nisi ut 
detrlmentis accipiendls maiore adfici turpitudine videremur. 
Nunc qua cupiditate homines in provincias et quibus iactu- 
rls, quibus condicionibus proficlscantur, Ignorant videlicet 
isti qui ad unum deferenda omnia esse non arbitrantur. 

15 Quasi vero Cn. Pompeium non cum suls virtutibus turn 
etiam alienls vitils magnum esse videamus. Qua re nollte 
dubitare quin huic unl credatis omnia, qui inter tot annos 
unus inventus sit, quem socil in urbes suas cum exercitu 
venisse gaudeant. 

20 Quod si auctoritatibus banc causam, Quirltes, conflrman- 
dam putatis, est vobis auctor vir bellorum omnium maxi- 
marumque rerum pen'tissimus, P. Servllius, cuius tantae 
res gestae terra marlque exstiterunt ut, cum de bello dell- 
beretis, auctor vobIs gravior esse nemo debeat; est C. 

25 Curio, summis vestrls beneficils maximisque rebus gestis, 
summo ingenio et prudentia praeditus; est Cn. Lentulus, in 
quo omnes pro amplissimis vestrls honoribus summum 
consilium, summam gravitatem esse cognovistis ; est C. 
Cassius, integritate, virtute, constantia singularl. Qua re 

3ovidete horum auctoritatibus illorum oration! qui dissenti- 
unt responderene posse videamur. 



I 



Oration for the manilian law 187 

Peroratio, 24 

Manilius^ stand firm ; I am with you. I advocate the pas- 
sage of the law in the interest of the state. 

24. Quae cum ita sint, C. ManllT, primum istam tuam 
et legem et voluntatem et sententiam laud5 vehementis- 
simeque comprobo ; deinde te hortor ut auctore populo 
Romano maneas in sententia neve cuiusquam vim aut 
minas pertimescas. Primum in te satis esse animi perse- 5 
verantiaeque arbitror; deinde, cum tantam multitudinem 
cum tanto studio adesse videamus, quantam iterum 
nunc in eodem homine praeficiendo videmus, quid est 
quod aut de re aut de perficiendi facultate dubitemus ? 
Ego autem, quicquid est in me studil, consiliT, laboris, in- 10 
genii, quicquid hoc beneficio popull RomanI atque hac 
potestate praetoria, quicquid auctoritate, fide, constantia 
possum, id omne ad banc rem conficiendam tibi et populo 
Romano polliceor ac defero testorque omnes deos, et eos 
maxime qui huic loco temploque praesident, qui omnium 15 
mentes eorum qui ad rem publicam adeunt maxime per- 
spiciunt, me hoc neque rogatu facere cuiusquam, neque 
quo Cn. Pompei gratiam mihi per hanc causam conciliarl 
putem, neque qu5 mihi ex cuiusquam amplitudine aut prae- 
sidia perlculls aut adiumenta honoribus quaeram, propterea 20 
quod perlcula facile, ut hominem praestare oportet, inno- 
centia tecti repellemus, honorem autem neque ab uno ne- 
que ex h5c loco, sed eadem ilia nostra laboriosissima 
rati5ne vltae, si vestra voluntas feret, consequemur. 

Quam ob rem, quicquid in hac causa mihi susceptumas 
est, Quirltes, id ego omne me rel publicae causa suscepisse 
confirms, tantumque abest ut aliquam mihi bonam gratiam 



1 88 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

quaesisse videar, ut multas me etiam simultates partim ob= 
scuras, partim apertas intellegam mihi non necessarias, 
vobTs non inutiles suscepisse. Sed ego me hoc honore 
praeditum, tantis vestrTs beneficils adfectum statu!, Quirl- 
5 tes, vestram voluntatem et rei publicae dignitatem et salu- 
tem provinciarum atque sociorum mels omnibus commodls 
et rationibus praeferre oportere. 



1 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS 

Delivered in Court before the Praetor, Quintus Cicero, in 
THE Year 62 B.C. 

INTRODUCTION 

The poet, A. Licinius Archias, whom Cicero here defends, was born 
at Antioch, in Syria, about the year 1 19 B.C. He early acquired a repu- 
tation among his fellow-citizens by his poetical gifts and his ready wit, 
and subsequently during an extended course of travel through various 
parts of Asia Minor, Greece, and Southern Italy, he became a general 
favorite with the refined and cultivated, was welcomed to the best 
society, and loaded with honors. 

In the year 102 B.C., in the consulship of Marius and Catulus, Ar- 
chias came to Rome, where he made the acquaintance of many distin- 
guished and influential citizens, and became the special favorite of the 
Luculli. He afterward accompanied Marcus Lucullus to Sicily, and, on 
his way back to Rome, visited Heraclea, in Lucania, where he was 
honored with the right of citizenship. 

In the year 89 B.C. the lex Plautia-Papiria was enacted, extending 
the Roman franchise to all residents in Italy who were already enrolled 
as citizens in any allied town, provided they presented their names to 
the praetor within sixty days. Archias at once availed himself of the pro- 
visions of this law by presenting his narqe for registration to the praetor 
Quintus Metellus. When, however, the Roman census was next taken, 
in the year 86 B.C., and again in 70 B.C., he was absent from Rome in 
the retinue of Lucullus, and accordingly was not enrolled in the censor's 
lists. Taking advantage of this fact, a certain Grattius brought an 
action against him on the charge of having illegally assumed tlie fran- 
chise, and demanded that the lex Papia^ which required the removal of 
all foreigners from Rome, should be enforced against him. 

Cicero, who appears to have been both the friend and the pupil of 
Archias, at once undertook the defense. The case was tried before a 



1 90 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

court over which the praetor Quintus Cicero, the brother of the orator, 
presided. Cicero proved that his client was in the strictest sense a 
Roman citizen, as the three conditions specified in the law had all been 
fulfilled : he had been enrolled as a citizen of Heraclea, as was proved 
by the testimony of her citizens and of Lucullus, though the archives of 
the town could not be produced in proof, as they had been destroyed by 
fire; he resided in Italy when the law was enacted; and he presented 
his name within the prescribed time to the praetor, as the record of the 
transaction itself showed. 

Having thus completed the directly argumentative portion of the 
defense, the orator proceeded in the second place to set forth the praises 
of poetry and letters, to enlarge upon the value of a life devoted to 
polite and learned pursuits, and thus to show that the presence of Ar- 
chias in Rome was a public blessing, and that, even if he were not 
already a citizen, it would be the best and wisest course for the state to 
confer the franchise upon him, rather than lose the society and services 
of so valuable a man and so gifted a poet. 

For the modern scholar this beautiful oration possesses a peculiar 
interest from the just appreciation which it shows of the pleasures and 
advantages of a cultured and literary life. The defense was undoubt- 
edly successful, as we subsequently hear of Archias as still resident at 
Rome. 

Exordium, i, 2 

Surely^ gentlemeri of the jury, A. Licinius is e^ititled to my 
best services in his defense, for to him I owe the impzilse 
which made me an advocate. 

I. Si quid est in me ingenii, iudices, quod sentio quam 
sit exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in qua me non 
infitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut si huiusce rei ratio 
aliqua- ab optimarum artium studiis ac disciplina prof ecta, a 
.5 qua ego nullum confiteor aetatis meae tempus abhorruisse, 
earum rerum omnium vel in primis hie A. Licinius fructum 
a me repetere prope suo iure debet. Nam quoad longis- 
sime potest mens mea respicere spatium praeteriti temporis 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS IQI 

et pueritiae memoriam recordari ultimam, inde usque 
repetens hunc video mihi principem et ad suscipiendam 
et ad ingrediendam rationem horum studiorum exstitisse. 
Quod si haec vox huius hortatu praeceptisque conformata 
non nullis aliquando saluti fuit, a quo id accepimus quo 5 
ceteris opitulari et alios servare possemus, huic profecto 
ipsi, quantum est situm in nobis, et opem et salutem ferre 
debemus. 

Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici forte miretur, quod alia 
quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingenii neque haec dicendi 10 
ratio aut disciplina, ne nos quidem huic uni studio penitus 
umquam dediti fuimus. Etenim omnes artes, quae ad 
humanitatem pertinent, habent quoddam commune vin- 
culum, et quasi cognatione quadam inter se continentur. 

Allow me to coitduct this novel suit in a somewhat novel 
wayy but I shall prove that A. Liciniics Archias is a 
Roman citizen, and that, if he were not, it zuould be our 
duty to confer the franchise upon him now. 

2. Sed ne cui vestrum mirum esse videatur me in quaes- 15 
tione legitima et in iudicio publico, cum res agatur apud 
praetorem populi Romani, lectissimum virum, et apud 
severissimos indices, tanto conventu hominum ac frequentia 
hoc uti genere dicendi, quod non modo a consuetudine 
iudiciorum, verum etiam a forensi sermone abhorreat, 20 
quaeso a vobis ut in hac causa mihi detis banc veniam 
accommodatam huic reo, vobis, quem ad modum spero, 
non molestam, ut me pro summo poeta atque eruditissimo 
homine dicentem hoc concursu hominum litteratissimorum, 
hac vestra humanitate, hoc denique praetore exercenteas 
indicium, patiamini de studiis humanitatis ac litterarum 



192 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

paulo loqui liberius, et in eius modi persona, quae propter 
otium ac studium minime in iudiciis periculisque tractata 
_ est, uti prope novo quodam et inusitato genere dicendi„ 

Propositio, 2 

Quod si mihi a vobis tribui concedique sentiam, perficiam 
5 profecto ut hunc A. Licinium non modo non segregandum, 
cum sit civis, a numero civium, verum etiam, si non esset, 
putetis asciscendum fuisse. 

Narratio, 3 

A native of Antioch, he came to Italy a7id' finally to Rome, 
aftei' having traveled extensively in Greece and Asia. 
Here he wo7t the friendship of our most eminent citizens. 

3. Nam ut primum ex pueris excessit Archias atque ab 
iis artibus quibus aetas pueriiis ad humanitatem informari 

losolet se ad scribendi studium contulit, primum Antiochiae 
— nam ibi natus est loco nobili — celebri quondam urbe 
et copiosa atque eruditissimis hominibus liberalissimisque 
studiis adfluenti, celeriter antecellere omnibus ingenii gloria 
coepit. Post in ceteris Asiae partibus cunctaque Graecia 

15 sic eius adventus celebrabantur ut famam ingenii exspec- 
tatio hominis, exspectationem ipsius adventus admiratioque 
superaret. Erat Italia tum plena Graecarum artium ac 
disciplinarum, studiaque haec et in Latio vehementius tum 
colebantur quam nunc isdem in oppidis, et hie Romae 

20 propter tranquillitatem rei publicae non neglegebantur. 
Itaque hunc et Tarentini et Locrenses et Regini et Nea- 
politani civitate ceterisque praemiis donarunt, et omnes, ! 
qui aliquid de ingeniis poterant iudicare, cognitione atque 
hospitio dignum existimarunt. 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS 1 93 

Hac tanta celebritate famae cum esset iam absentibus 
notus, Romam venit Mario consule et Catulo. Nactus est 
primum consules eos, quorum alter res ad scribendum 
maximas, alter cum res gestas, tum etiam studium atque 
aures adhibere posset. Statim Luculli, cum praetextatus 5 
etiam tum Archias esset, eum domum suam receperunt. 
Et erat hoc non solum ingenii ac litterarum, verum etiam 
naturae atque virtutis, ut domus, quae huius adulescentiae 
prima favit, eadem esset familiarissima senectuti. Erat 
temporibus illis iucundus Q. Metello illi Numidico et eius 10 
Pio filio ; audiebatur a M. Aemilio ; vivebat cum Q. Catulo 
et patre et filio ; a L. Crasso colebatur. Lucullos vero et 
Drusum et Octavios et Catonem et totam Hortensiorum 
domum devinctam consuetudine cum teneret, adficiebatur 
summo honore, quod eum non solum colebant qui aliquid 15 
percipere atque audire studebant, verum etiam si qui forte 
simulabant. 

4. Interim satis longo intervallo, cum esset cum M. 
Lucullo in Siciliam profectus et cum ex ea provincia cum 
eodem Lucullo decederet, venit Heracliam. Quae cum esset 20 
civitas aequissimo iure ac foedere, ascribi se in eam civi- 
tatem voluit idque, cum ipse per se dignus putaretur, tum 
auctoritate et gratia Luculli ab Heracliensibus impetravit. 

CONFIRMATIO, 4-I2 

He was Jionored zvith citizenship at Heraclea^ and was 
subsequently enrolled, according to law, as a Roman 
citizen. 

Data est civitas Silvani lege et Carbonis : Si qui 

FOEDERATIS CIVITATIBUS ASCRIPTI FUISSENT, SI TUM CUM 25 
LEX FEREBATUR IN ItALIA DOMICILIUM HABUISSENT, ET SI 
HARKNESS' CICERO — I3 



194 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

SEXAGINTA DIEBUS APUD PRAETOREM ESSENT PROFESSI. Cum 

hie domicilium Romae multos iam annos haberet, professus 
est apud praetorem Q. Metellum, familiarissimum suum. 
Si nihil aliud nisi de eivitate ae lege dicimus, nihil dico 
5 amplius ; causa dicta est. Quid enim horum infirmari, 
Gratti, potest ? Heracliaene esse eum ascriptum nega- 
bis? Adest vir summa auctoritate et religione et fide, 
M. Lucullus, qui se non opinari sed scire, non audivisse 
sed vidisse, non interfuisse sed egisse dicit. Adsunt Hera- 

10 clienses legati, nobilissimi homines, huius iudicii causa cum 
mandatis et cum publico testimonio venerunt ; qui hunc 
ascriptum Heracliensem dicunt. Hie tu tabulas desideras 
Heracliensium publicas, quas Italico bello incenso tabu- 
lario interisse scimus omnes ? Est ridiculum ad ea quae 

15 habemus nihil dicere, quaerere quae habere non possumus ; 
et de hominum memoria tacere, litterarum memoriam fiagi- 
tare ; et, cum habeas amplissimi viri religionem, integer- 
rimi municipii ius iurandum fidemque, ea quae depravari 
nullo modo possunt repudiare, tabulas, quas idem dicis 

20 solere corrumpi, desiderare. 

An domicilium Romae non habuit is, qui tot annis ante 
civitatem datam sedem omnium rerum ac f ortunarum suarum 
Romae conlocavit ? An non est profess.us ? Immo vero 
iis tabulis professus, quae solae ex ilia professione conlegio- 

25 que praetorum obtinent pubUcarum tabularum auctoritatem. 

• 

The fact that his name does not appear 07i the last two cen- 
stis lists is explained by his absence from Rome at that 
time. 

5. Nam — cum Appi tabulae neglegentius adservatae 
dicerentur, Gabini, quam diu incolumis fuit, levitas, post 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS 1 95 

damnationem calamitas omnern,tabularum fidem resignasset 
— Metellus, homo sanctissimus modestissimusque omnium, 
tanta diligentia fuit ut ad L. Lentulum praetorem et ad 
iudices venerit et unius nominis litura se commotum esse 
dixerit. His igitur in tabulis nullam lituram in nomine 5 
A. Licini videtis. 

Quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de eius civitate dubite- 
tis, praesertim cum aliis quoque in civitatibus fuerit ascrip- 
tus ? Etenim cum mediocribus multis et aut nulla aut 
humili aliqua arte praeditis gratuito civitatem in Graeciaio 
homines impertiebant, Reginos credo aut Locrenses aut 
Neapolitanos aut Tarentinos, quod scaenicis artificibus 
largiri solebant, id huic summa ingenii praedito gloria 
noluisse ! Quid ? Ceteri non modo post civitatem datam, 
sed etiam post legem Papiam aliquo modo in eorum muni- 15 
cipiorum tabulas inrepserunt ; hie qui ne utitur quidem 
illis in quibus est scriptus, quod semper se Heracliensem 
esse voluit, reicietur ? 

Census nostros requiris. Scilicet ; est enim obscurum 
proximis censoribus hunc cum clarissimo imperatore, L. 20 
LucuUo, apud exercitum fuisse ; superioribus cum eodem 
quaestore fuisse in Asia ; primis, lulio et Crasso, nullam 
populi partem esse censam. Sed — quoniam census non 
ius civitatis confirmat ac tantum modo indicat eum qui sit 
census ita se iam tum gessisse pro cive — iis temporibus, 25 
quem tu criminaris ne ipsius quidem iudicio in civium 
Romanorum iure esse versatum, et testamentum saepe 
fecit nostris legibus et adiit hereditates civium Romanorum 
et in beneficiis ad aerarium delatus est a L. LucuUo pro 
consule. 3° 

Quaere argumenta, si quae potes ; numquam enim hie 
neque suo neque amicorum iudicio revincetur. 



196 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

Poetry and letters fitrnish fts an unfailmg soiuxe alike of 
enjoyment and of strength. 

6. Quaeres a nobis, Gratti, cur tanto opere hoc homine 
delectemur. Quia suppeditat nobis ubi et animus ex hoc 
forensi strepitu reficiatur, et aures convicio defessae con- 
quiescant. An tu existimas aut suppetere nobis posse quod 
5 cotidie dicamus in tanta varietate rerum, nisi animos nos- 
tros doctrina excolamus, aut ferre animos tantam posse 
contentionem, nisi eos doctrina eadem relaxemus ? Ego 
vero fateor me his studiis esse deditum. Ceteros pudeat, 
si qui ita se htteris abdiderunt ut nihil possint ex iis neque 

load communem adferre fructum neque in aspectum kicem- 
que prof erre ; me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos ita 
vivo, indices, ut a nulHus umquam me tempore aut commodo 
aut otium meum abstraxerit aut voUiptas avocarit aut deni- 
que somnus retardarit ? 

15 Qua re quis tandem me reprehendat, aut quis mihi iure 
suscenseat, si, quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas, quan- 
tum ad festos dies ludorum celebrandos, quantum ad alias 
voluptates et ad ipsam requiem animi et corporis conceditur 
temporum, quantum ahi tribuunt tempestivis conviviis, 

20 quantum denique alveolo, quantum pilae, tantum mihi 
egomet ad haec studia recolenda sumpsero ? Atque hoc 
eo mihi concedendum est magis, quod ex his studiis haec 
quoque crescit oratio et facultas, quae quantacumque in me 
est, numquam amicorum pericuHs defuit. Quae si cui 

25 levior videtur, ilia quidem certe quae summa sunt ex quo 
fonte hauriam sentio. Nam nisi multorum praeceptis mul- 
tisque litteris mihi ab adulescentia suasissem nihil esse in 
vita magno opere expetendum nisi laudem atque honesta- 
tem, in ea autem persequenda omnes cruciatus corporis, 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS I97 

omnia pericula mortis atque exsilii parvi esse ducenda, 
numquam me pro salute vestra in tot ac tantas dimicationes 
atque in hos profligatorum hominum cotidianos impetus 
obiecissem. Sed pleni omnes sunt libri, plenae sapientium 
voces, plena exemplorum vetustas ; quae iacerent in tene- 5 
bris omnia, nisi litterarum lumen accederet. Quam multas 
nobis imagines, non solum ad intuendum verum etiam ad 
imitandum, fortissimorum virorum expressas scriptores et 
Graeci et Latini reliquerunt; quas ego mihi semper in admi- 
nistranda re publica proponens animum et mentem meam 10 
ipsa cogitatione hominum excellentium conformabam. 

Many of our most illiistrioiLS citizens have been men of 

culture. 

7. Quaeret quispiam : ' Quid ? Illi ipsi summi viri, quo- 
rum virtutes litteris proditae sunt, istane doctrina, quam tu 
effers laudibus, eruditi fuerunt ? ' Difficile est hoc de 
omnibus confirmare, sed tamen est certum quid respon-^5 
deam. Ego multos homines excellenti animo ac virtute 
fuisse sine doctrina et naturae ipsius habitu prope divino 
per se ipsos et moderatos et graves exstitisse fateor ; 
etiam illud adiungo, saepius ad laudem atque virtutem 
naturam sine doctrina quam sine natura valuisse doctrinam. 20 
Atque idem ego hoc contendo, cum ad naturam eximiam 
et inlustrem accesserit ratio quaedam conformatioque doc- 
trinae, tum illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare solere 
exsistere. Ex hoc esse hunc numero, quem patres nostri 
viderunt, divinum hominem, Africanum ; ex hoc C. Laelium, 25 
L. Furium, moderatissimos homines et continentissimos ; 
ex hoc fortissimum virum et ilHs temporibus doctissimum, 
M. Catonem ilium senem ; qui profecto si nihil ad percipi- 



198 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

endam colendamque virtutem litteris adiuvarentur, num- 
quam se ad earum studium contulissent. 

Quod si non hie tantus fructus ostenderetur, et si ex his 
studiis deleetatio sola peteretur, tamen, ut opinor, hanc 

5 animi remissionem humanissimam ae liberalissimam iudi- 
earetis. Nam eeterae neque temporum sunt neque aeta- 
tum omnium neque locorum ; at haec studia adulescentiam 
alunt, senectutem oblectant, secundas res ornant, adversis 
perfugium ac solacium praebent, delectant domi, non impe- 

10 diunt f oris, pernoctant nobiscum, peregrinantur, rusticantur. 

The poetical gifts of Archias challenge our admiration. 

8. Quod si ipsi haec neque attingere neque sensu nostro 
gustare possemus, tamen ea mirari deberemus, etiam cum 
in ahis videremus. Quis nostrum tam animo agresti ac 
duro fuit ut Rosci morte nuper non commoveretur ? Qui 

15 cum esset senex mortuus, tamen propter excellentem artem 
ac venustatem videbatur omnino mori non debuisse. Ergo 
ille corporis motu tantum amorem sibi conciliarat a nobis 
omnibus ; nos animorum incredibiles motus celeritatemque 
ingeniorum neglegemus ? Quotiens ego hunc Archiam 

20 vidi, indices, — utar enim vestra benignitate, quoniam me 
in hoc novo genere dicendi tam diligenter attenditis, — 
quotiens ego hunc vidi, cum litteram scripsisset nullam, 
magnum numerum optimorum versuum de iis ipsis rebus 
quae tum agerentur dicere ex tempore, quotiens revocatum 

25 eandem rem dicere commutatis verbis atque sententiis ! 
Quae vero accurate cogitateque scripsisset, ea sic vidi pro- 
bari ut ad veterum scriptorum laudem perveniret. Hunc 
ego non diligam, non admirer, non omni ratione defenden- 
dum putem ? 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS 1 99 

Atque sic a summis hominibus eruditissimisque accepi- 
mus, ceterarum rerum studia ex doctrina et praeceptis et 
arte constare, poetam natura ipsa valere et mentis viribus 
excitari et quasi divino quodam spiritu inflari. Qua re 
suo iure noster ille Ennius sanctos appellat poetas, quod 5 
quasi deorum aliquo dono atque munere commendati nobis 
esse videantur. 

Sit igitur, indices, sanctum apud vos, humanissimos 
homines, hoc poetae nomen, quod nulla umquam barbaria 
violavit. Saxa et solitudines voci respondent, bestiae 10 
saepe immanes cantu flectuntur atque consistunt ; nos 
instituti rebus optimis non poetarum voce moveamur ? 
Homerum Colophonii civem esse dicunt suum, Chii suum 
vindicant, Salaminii repetunt, Smyrnaei vero suum esse 
confirmant itaque etiam delubrum eius in oppido dedi- 15 
caverunt ; permulti alii praeterea pugnant inter se atque 
contendunt. 

Archias deserves our gratitude for his great services in cele- 
brating the gloi'ies of the Roman people. 

9. Ergo illi alienum, quia poeta fuit, post mortem etiam 
expetunt ; nos hunc vivum, qui et voluntate et legibus 
noster est, repudiabimus, praesertim cum ^mne olim stu- 20 
dium atque omne ingenium contulerit Archias ad populi 
Romani gloriam laudemque celebrandam ? Nam et Cim- 
bricas res adulescens attigit et ipsi illi C. Mario, qui durior 
ad haec studia videbatur, iucundus fuit. Neque enim 
quisquam est tam aversus a Musis, qui non mandari versi- 25 
bus aeternum suorum laborum facile praeconium patiatur. 
Themistoclem ilium, summum Athenis virum, dixisse aiunt, 
cum ex eo quaereretur quod acroama aut cuius vocem 



200 



ORATIONS OF CICERO 



libentissime audiret : eiits, a quo sua virtus optime praedi- 
carettir. Itaque ille Marius item eximie L. Plotium dilexit, 
cuius ingenio putabat ea quae gesserat posse celebrari. 
Mithridaticurn vero bellum magnum atque difficile et in 
5 multa varietate terra marique versatum totum ab hoc 
expressum est; qui libri non modo L. Lucullum, fortissi- 
mum et clarissimum virum, verum etiam populi Romani 
nomen inlustrant. Populus enim Romanus aperuit Lucullo 
imperante Pontum et regiis quondam opibus et ipsa natura 




>^c o!g^"iyo CM°r°sciiPii0, ^^^di^ 



UllZZlIIIIJJJJJJ. 



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CORNELIVS-LVCIVS-iCIPIOSARBATVS-CNAlVODPATRE 

PI?OCNATVSFORT(S-VII?-SAPIENJ-aV£- avOIVj-FOEAAAVIRTl/TEl -PARISVM/ 
FVIT-CONSOL- CENjOR-AIDIL IS-avE 1 - FVIT-APVD-V0S-TAVPAJIA-CI5AVNA 
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Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus 



10 et regione vallatum ; populi Romani exercitus eodem duce 
non maxima manu innumerabiles Armeniorum copias f udit ; 
populi Romani laus est urbem amicissimam Cyzicenorum 
eiusdem consilio ex omni impetu regio atque totius belli 
ore ac faucibus ereptam esse atque servatam ; nostra 

15 semper feretur et praedicabitur L. Lucullo dimicante, cum 
interfectis ducibus depressa hostium classis est, incredibilis 
apud Tenedum pugna ilia navalis ; nostra sunt tropaea, 
nostra monumenta, nostri triumphi. Quae quorum inge- 
niis efferuntur, ab iis populi Romani fama celebratur. 

20 Carus fuit Africano superiori noster Ennius, itaque etiam 
in sepulcro Scipionum putatur is esse constitutus ex 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS 201 

marmore ; cuius laudibus certe non solum ipse qui lau- 
datur, sed etiam popuii Romani nomen ornatur. In cae- 
lum huius proavus Cato tollitur; magnus honos popuii 
Romani rebus adiungitur. Omnes denique illi Maximi, 
Marcelli, Fulvii non sine communi omnium nostrum laude 5 
decorantur. 

But Arc/lias ivrites in Greek ; all the better ; Alexander 
longed for a Homer. Some of onr generals and statesmen 
ivould have Jwnored ArcJiias with citizenship, if Jie had 
not already been a citizen. 

10. Ergo ilium, qui haec fecerat, Rudinum hominem 
maiores nostri in civitatem receperunt ; nos hunc Hera- 
cliensem multis civitatibus expetitum, in hac autem legibas 10 
constitutum de nostra civitate eiciemus ? 

Nam si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex Graecis 
versibus percipi quam ex Latinis, vehementer errat, prop- 
terea quod Graeca leguntur in omnibus fere gentibus, La- 
tina suis finibus exiguis sane continentur. Qua re, si res 15 
eae quas gessimus orbis terrae regionibus definiuntur, 
cupere debemus, quo manuum nostrarum tela pervenerint, 
eodem gloriam famamque penetrare, quod cum ipsis popu- 
lis de quorum rebus scribitur haec amp la sunt, tum iis 
certe qui de vita gloriae causa dimicant hoc maximum et 20 
periculorum incitamentum est et laborum. Quam multos 
scriptores rerum suarum magnus ille Alexander secum 
habuisse dicitur ! Atque is tamen, cum in Sigeo ad Achillis 
tumulum astitisset : * O fortunate,' inquit, * adulescens, 
qui tuae virtutis Homerum praeconem inveneris ! ' Et25 
vere. Nam, nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem tumulus qui 
corpus eius contexerat nomen etiam obruisset. Quid ? 



202 



ORATIONS OF CICERO 



Noster hie Magnus, qui cum virtute fortunam adaequavit, 
nonne Theophanem Mytilenaeum, scriptorem rerum sua- 
rum, in contione militum civitate donavit, et nostri illi 
fortes viri, sed rustiei ac milites, dulcedine quadam gloriae 
5 commoti, quasi partieipes eiusdem laudis, magno illud 
clamore approbaverunt ? Itaque, eredo, si eivis Romanus 
Arehias legibus non esset, ut ab aliquo imperatore eivitate 




AcHiLLis Tumulus 



donaretur, perfieere non potuit. Sulla cum Hispanos et 
10 Gallos donaret, credo, hunc petentem repudiasset ; quem 
nos in contione vidimus, cum ei libellum malus poeta de 
populo subiecisset, quod epigramma in eum fecisset tantum 
modo alternis versibus longiusculis, statim ex iis rebus 
quas tum vendebat iubere ei praemium tribui, sed ea con- 
15 dicione, ne quid postea scriberet. Qui sedulitatem mali 
poetae duxerit aliquo tamen praemio dignam, huius inge- 
nium et virtutem in scribendo et copiam non expetisset ? 
Quid? A Q. Metello Pio, familiarissimo suo, qui civitate 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS 203 

multos donavit, neque per se neque per Lucullos impetra- 
visset ? Qui praesertim usque eo de suis rebus scribi 
cuperet ut etiam Cordubae natis poetis, pingue quiddam 
sonantibus atque peregrinum, tamen aures suas dederet. 

We all love glory ^ and should therefore honor the poet who 
becomes the herald of our achievements. 

II. Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod obscurari 5 
non potest, sed prae nobis ferendum ; trahimur omnes 
studio laudis, et optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur. 
Ipsi illi philosophi, etiam in iis libellis quos de contem- 
nenda gloria scribunt, nomen suum inscribunt ; in eo ipso, 
in quo praedicationem nobilitatemque despiciunt, praedi-io 
cari de se ac nominari volunt. Decimus quidem Brutus, 
summus vir et imperator, Acci, amicissimi sui, carminibus 
templorum ac monumentorum aditus exornavit suorum. 
lam vero ille, qui cum Aetolis Ennio comite bellavit, 
Fulvius non dubitavit Martis manubias Musis consecrare. 15 
Qua re in qua urbe imperatores prope armati poetarum 
nomen et Musarum delubra coluerunt, in ea non debent 
togati iudices a Musarum honore et a poetarum salute 
abhorrere. 

Atque ut id libentius faciatis, iam me vobis, iudices, 20 
indicabo et de meo quodam amore gloriae, nimis acri for- 
tasse verum tamen honesto, vobis confitebor. Nam quas 
res nos in consulatu nostro vobiscum simul pro salute 
huius urbis atque imperii et pro vita civium proque uni- 
versa re publica gessimus, attigit hie versibus atque inco-25 
havit. Quibus auditis, quod mihi magna res et iucunda 
visa est, hunc ad perficiendum adhortatus sum. Nullam 
enim virtus aliam mercedem laborum periculorumque 



204 ORATIONS OF CICERO 

desiderat praeter hanc laudis et gloriae ; qua quidem 

detracta, indices, quid est quod in hoc tarn exiguo vitae 

curriculo et tam brevi tantis nos in laboribus exerceamus ? 

Certe si nihil animus praesentiret in posterum, et si 

5 quibus regionibus vitae spatium circumscriptum est, isdem 

omnes cogitationes terminaret suas, nee tantis se laboribus 

frangeret neque tot curis vigiliisque angeretur nee totiens 

de ipsa vita dimicaret. Nunc insidet quaedam in optimo 

quoque virtus, quae noctes ac dies animum gloriae stimulis 

10 concitat atque admonet non cum vitae tempore esse dimit- 

tendam commemorationem nominis nostri, sed cum omni 

posteritate adaequandam. 

Many mejt leave statues of tJiemselves, let 2is 7'atJier leave 
some mejHorial of oit7' wisdom and virtue. 

12. An vero tam parvi animi videamur esse omnes, qui 
in re publica atque in his vitae periculis laboribusque ver- 

15 samur, ut, cum usque ad extremum spatium nullum tran- 
quillum atque otiosum spiritum duxerimus, nobiscum simul 
moritura omnia arbitremur ? An statuas et imagines, non 
animorum simulacra sed corporum, studiose multi summi 
homines reliquerunt; consiliorum relinquere ac virtutum 

2onostrarum effigiem nonne multo malle debemus summis 
ingeniis expressam et politam ? Ego vero omnia, quae 
gerebam, iam tum in gerendo spargere me ac disseminare 
arbitrabar in orbis terrae memoriam sempiternam. Haec 
vero sive a meo sensu post mortem afutura est sive, ut 

25 sapientissimi homines putaverunt, ad aliquam animi mei 
partem pertinebit, nunc quidem certe cogitatione quadam 
speque delector. 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS 205 

Peroratio, 12 

Archias the poet, gentlemen of the jury, is a Roman citi- 
zen; protect him in J lis rights. 

Qua re conservate, indices, hominem pudore eo, quem 
amicorum videtis comprobari cum dignitate turn etiam 
vetustate ; ingenio autem tanto, quantum id convenit existi- 
mari, quod summorum hominum ingeniis expetitum esse 
videatis ; causa vero eius modi quae beiieficio legis, aucto- 5 
ritate municipii, testimonio Luculli, tabulis Metelli compro- 
betur. Quae cum ita sint, petimus a vobis, iudices, si qua 
non modo humana, verum etiam divina in tantis ingeniis 
commendatio debet esse, ut eum qui vos, qui vestros 
imperatores, qui populi Romani res gestas semper ornavit, 10 
qui etiam his recentibus nostris vestrisque domesticis 
periculis aeternum se testimonium laudis daturum esse 
profitetur, estque ex eo numero qui semper apud omnes 
sancti sunt habiti itaque dicti, sic in vestram accipiatis 
fidem ut humanitate vestra levatus potius quam acerbitate 15 
violatus esse videatur. 

Quae de causa pro mea consuetudine breviter simplici- 
terque dixi, iudices, ea confido probata esse omnibus ; 
quae a forensi aliena iudicialique consuetudine et de 
hominis ingenio et communiter de ipso studio locutus sum, 20 
ea, iudices, a vobis spero esse in bonam partem accepta, 
ab eo qui indicium exercet certo scio. 



REFERENCES AND ABBREVIATIONS 



Numerals wilh p. and 1. refer to pages and lines in the Latin text. 
Numerals standing before individual notes refer to lines. 
H = Harkness's Complete and Short Latin Grammars. 
(H) — Harkness's Standard Latin Grammar. 

A = Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar. (A list of parallel refer- 
ences to the previous edition will be found after the vocabulary.) 
G = Gildersleeve. 
B = Bennett. 
LM = Lane and ]\I organ. 

Other numerals refer to sections in the Introduction. 
An asterisk is placed before assumed forms not found in Latin authors. 

cf. confer, compare 

comp composition 

compar comparative 

def. defective 

dem demonstrative 

freq frequentative 

imp imperative 



impers. . . 


. . impersonal 


i7icept. . . 


. . inceptive 


intens. . . 


. intensive 


/it. .... 


. . literally 


/./. . . . 


. . perfect participle 


pres.p. . . 


. . present participle 



NOTES 

First Oration against Catiline ; see Introduction, p. 85. 

Propositio, I, 2 

Note that, as this oration opens with an outburst of surprise and indigna- 
tion, it has no Exordium, introduction, in the ordinary sense of that term. 

Page 87, line i. Chapter i. — Quo usque . . . nostra: note the abrupt 
and impassioned beginning of the oration, explained by the fact that Catiline 
has just taken his place in the senate. 

tandem : pray. Sometimes best rendered by an impatient tone of the 
voice. This idiomatic use of tandem, expressive of impatience and surprise, 
is not uncommon in Cicero. Cf. Sail. Cat. 20, Quae quo usque tajuiem pati- 
ejiiini, fortissimi viri ? 

abutere : note the quantity of the penult. Forms in -re instead of -ris are 
usual in Cicero, except in the present indicative ; abuti means here to wear 
out, use up, rather than to abuse. 

Catilina : note the position here. H. 680; B. 350, 3 ; (H. 569, VI), 

2. Quam diu, quem ad finem : synonymous with quo tisque ; quam diu, 
hoiu long, giving prominence to the duration of the action ; quem ad finem, 
how long, to zvhat limit ; quam diu etiam, //crc vuich longer. 

iste tuus : that of yotirs. H. 505 ; LM. 1053; A. 297, c; G. 306; B. 87; 
(H. 450). 
nos eludet : baffle us. 

3. Nihilne ; H. 416, 2; 513, 3; LM. 507 ; A. 390, r; G. 334 ; B. 176, 
2, b ; (H. 378, 2 ; 457, 3). Note the difference between nihilne, not at all? 
and nonne, not? The repetition of nihil furnishes a fine example of the 
figure anaphora. H. 666, I ; LM. 1148 ; A. 59S,/; G. 682 ; B. 350, ii, (5 ; 
(H. 636, III, 3). 

4. praesidium Palati : the Palatine Hill was the site of the original city, 
Roma Quadrata, and occupied a commanding position in the midst of the 
" seven hills." Here the senate was in session in the temple of Jupiter 
Stator, and special care had been taken to fortify the place by strong guards, 
thus making it munitissimus locus, 1. 5 ; see 151 and Plan of Rome. 

NI 



N 2 NOTES 

vigiliae : cf. Sail. Cat. 30, itemque decrevere uti . . . Romae per totam 
urbem vigiliae haberentur Usque minor es fiiagi stratus praeesseitt. 
timor : Sallust, Cat. 31, gives a vivid description of this timor populi. 

5. bonorum : referring probably to the loyal citizens who surrounded the 
senate, 

6. ora vultusque : ora, referring to the features, the face ; vultus, to the 
expression of the face, the looks. The looks of surprise and indignation with 
which the senate received Catiline as he took his seat are here meant. 

7. non sentis : this form of question shows greater passion than that with 
nonne. H. 378, I ; LM. 697 ; A. 332, a ; G. 453 ; B. 162, 2, ^; (H. 351,3;. 

Constrictam teneri : is held in check. 

9. proxima, superiore node : last night, the night before. The dates were 
November seventh and sixth respectively. The events referred to are not 
entirely clear. On the night of November sixth, a meeting of the conspirators 
was held at the house of Laeca, where Catiline explained his plans and set 
forth the necessity of putting Cicero out of the way ; cf. Sail. Cat. 27. The 
following night may have been the time for the attempt on Cicero's life, but 
a comparison of all the passages referring to this matter seems to indicate 
that this attempt was made early in the morning of November seventh. Some 
movement otherwise unknown may be referred to here. 

10. quos convocaveris : the names of the chief conspirators are found in 
Sail. Cat. 17. 

quid COnsilii : H. 441 ; LM. 564 ; A. 346, a, 3 ; G. 369 ; B. 201, 2 ; 

(H. 397, 3)- 

nostrum : H. 500, 4 ; LM. 1041 ; A. 295, b ; G. 100, r. 2 ; B. 242, 2 ; 
(H. 446, N. 3). 

11. arbitraris : note the form in -ris, regular in Cicero in the present 
indicative. 

Page 88, line i. — tempora : H. 421 ; LM. 512 ; A. 397, d -, G. 343, 
I ; B. 183 ; (H. 381). 

2. Immo vero etiam : note the accumulation of particles, with the force 
of each. Immo, nay more, strengthening the previous statement, which con- 
tains only a part of the truth. 

in senatum : as an ex-praetor, Catiline was of course a senator. 

3. publici consilii particeps : Catiline, notwithstanding the leading part 
he had taken in the conspiracy, had the effrontery to take his seat in the 
senate. Sallust, Cat. 31, gives his reasons for attending as follows : Postremo 
dissimulandi causa aut sui expurgandi in senatum venit. 

consilii: H. 451,2; LM.573; A.349, «; G.374; B. 204, i ; (H. 399,1,3). 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 3 

5. fortes viri : • ironical. 

rei publicae : H. 420, i, n. 2 ; LM. 531 ; A. 368, 2 ; G. 346 ; B. 187, 
II; (H. 385, II, N. 3). 

si vitemus : subjunctive in indirect discourse. The conclusion is satis 
facere ; videmur is equivalent to a verb of thinking. H. 643 ; LM. 1026 ; 
A. 580 ; G. 650 ; B. 314, i ; (H. 524). 

istius : in a contemptuous sense, common in the demonstrative of the sec- 
ond person, since this pronoun is regularly used of an opponent in debate. 
H. 507, 3 ; LM. 1053 ; A. 297, c ; G. 306, N. ; B. 246, 4 ; (H. 450, I, N.). 

7. Ad mortem te duci iam pridem oportebat : long ago ought you to have 
been put (led) to death. Note the difference of idiom between Latin and 
English in the use of tenses, which makes it necessary to render the imperfect 
oportebat by the present ought, and the present duci, by the perfect to have 
been led (put). Observe the force of the imperfect. H. 535, I ; LM. 738 ; 
A. 471, b ; G. 234 ; B. 260, 4 ; (H. 469, IT, 2). 

iussu consulis : a decree called decretum ultinium had been passed by the 
senate on the twenty-first of October ; this clothed the consuls vi'ith dictato- 
rial powers for the safety of the republic. Whether it gave the consuls 
authority to put a citizen to death withoict a trial is an open question, and 
was so to the Romans themselves ; see 122. 

9. An vero : 07- did indeed ? Observe the ellipsis, readily supplied from 
the preceding sentence : Is not this so ? H. 380, 3 ; LM. 702 ; A. 335, b ; 
G. 457, I ; B. 162, 4, a ; (H. 353, N. 4). 

P. Scipio : P. Scipio Nasica Serapio, consul in 138 B.C. Ti. Gracchus, 
tribune in 133 B.C., revived the Licinian laws which forbade citizens to hold 
public lands in large amounts. Gracchus wished to be chosen tribune for 
132 B.C. to complete his reforms, but was attacked and killed by a mob of 
senators headed by P. Scipio. Cicero seems here to approve the action of 
Scipio, but it is because he wishes to take similar action against Catiline. In 
another speech, de Lege Agraria, he calls the Gracchi aniantissimi plebis 
Romani viri, and adds non szwi autern is conszil qui, tit plerique, nefas esse 
arbitrer Gracchos laudare. In our passage, Cicero is speaking as a poli- 
tician, quoting history as Satan does scripture. 

10. mediocriter : in a jnoderate degree only, as compared with the trea- 
sonable plot of Catiline. 

11. privatus : the office oi pontifex 7naxiimis, being religious, was not a 771a- 
gistratus, hence its incumbent was a privatus. It is probable, however, that 
Scipio did not, at the time referred to, hold the office of po7itifex 77iaxi7nus. 

Orbem terrae : the circle of la7ids about the Mediterranean Sea ; to the 
Romans the ivhole world. 



N4 ■" NOTES 

13. ilia nimis antiqua: the use of the plural ilia implies that Cicero had 
in mind a class of cases of which he gives that of Ahala as an example. 

quod : that, or jiamely that. The clause is in partitive apposition with ilia. 
H. 393, 3 ; LM. 848 ; A. 572 ; G. 525, 2 ; B. 299, I, a ; (H. 363, 5). 

Ahala, Maelium : Servilius Ahala, master of the horse under the dictator 
Cincinnatus, was sent in the year 439 B.C. to arrest Spurius Maelius, who was 
suspected of aiming at regal power. Maelius refused to obey the summons 
of the dictator, and was accordingly slain on the spot. It is, however, by no 
means certain that the suspicions against Maelius were well founded. By 
distributing grain among the poorer classes at a time of great scarcity, he 
made himself the idol of the Plebeians, but an object of hatred and suspicion 
to the Patricians. It is, accordingly, impossible to say whether he fell as a 
traitor to his country, or as a martyr to his own generosity. Cicero, doubtless, 
believed him guilty. 

Livy tells the story as follows : Cum fame populus Romanus laboraret, Sp. 
Maelius eques Romanus frui7ientum populo sua impensa largitus est; et ob id 
factum conciliata sibi plebe regnum adfectans a C. Servilio Ahala ??iagistro 
equitwn iussu Quincti Cincinnati dictatoris occisus est. 

15. Fuit, f uit : an emphatic repetition to mark the contrast between the 
past and the present. H. 538, I ; LM. 743; A. 474; G. 236, i ; (H. 471, 

ista : here used with nearly the force of talis, correlative with ut following. 
Is is more common in this sense. 

17. Senatus consultum : this refers to the decretum ultimum of the twenty- 
first of October ; see 122. 

18. rei publicae : dative with deest. H. 429; LM. 542; A. 373, b -, 
G. 349,4; (H. 386). 

19. huius ordinis : of this order, i.e. of the senate. This genitive limits 
both consilium and auctoritas. The senate had discharged its duty, the 
executive only was remiss. 

Study carefully the various uses of iste in this chapter. 

Note how emphasis is often secured by placing the word or phrase to be 
emphasized out of what is called the normal order. 

21. Chapter 2. — quondam: this was in the year 121 B.C. C. Gracchus, 
brother of Tiberius Gracchus, had incurred the enmity of the senate and the 
nobility by his bold reforms in the interest of the people. By the decretu?7i 
tdtimum Opimius the consul had been clothed with dictatorial powers for the 
safety of the state. In a riot which followed Gracchus and many of his 
adherents were killed. The other consul, Quintus Fabius Maximus, was not 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 5 

included in the decretum ultimum, as he was at that time absent from Rome, 
commanding in the Gallic province. 

ut . . . videret, ne . . . caperet: object clauses involving the idea of pur- 
pose. H. 565 ; LM. 893 ; A. 563 ; G. 546 ; B. 295 ; (H. 498). 

22. quid detrimenti : cf. quid consilH, p. 87, 1. 10. 

24. suspiciones : Cicero purposely uses this mild term in contrast with 
Catiline's treason. 

clarissimo patre, avo, maioribus : ablatives of characteristic. 

patre : Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, twice consul and twice honored with a 
triumph. 

avo : Publius Cornelius Scipio, the conqueror of Hannibal, whose daughter 
Cornelia was famous as " the mother of the Gracchi." 

25. M. Fulvius : M. Fulvius Flaccus, a partisan of C. Gracchus ; he had 
been consul in 125 B.C. Fulvius was put to death with his two sons by order 
of the consul Opimius. 

26. C. Mario : the occasion here referred to was the consular election in 
the year 100 B.C., when the agents of Saturninus and Servilius sought to secure 
the election of Senvilius by assassinating his rival, C. Memmius. Though Marius 
had previously favored the designs of Saturninus and Servilius, he felt com- 
pelled by the senate's decree to move against them, and in the struggle which 
followed Saturninus and Servilius were killed. 

27. Num : what answer is expected ? 

Page 89, line i. — mors ac rei publicae poena : hendiadys, the death penalty 
imposed by the state. H. 751, 3, N. I ; A. 640 ; G. 698 ; B. 374, 4 ; (H. 636, 
III, 2). 

2. remorata est: reprieve, ox. permit to live, lit. detain, cause to wait. 

nos : emphatic, in contrast with the consuls above mentioned. 

vicesimum diem : Cicero speaks in round numbers. It was only the eigh- 
teenth day (nineteenth by the Roman reckoning) since the decree was passed. 
The construction is accusative of duration of time. H. 417; LM. 513; A. 423; 
G. 336; B. 181 ; (H. 379). The phrase is practically equivalent to viginti 
dies, and the meaning suggests the common use of the present tense with iam 
pridefH, etc. We are allowing the edge of the senate's authority to grow dullf 
and have been doing so for twenty days. 

3. hebescere aciem: observe the figurative language in which the decree 
of the senate is spoken of as a sword ; see also below in vagina reconditum. 

4. huiusce modi : of this very kind, i.e. of the same kind as those under 
which Opimius, Marius, and Valerius had acted. 

5. in tabulis : in the public records, Senatus consulta were inscribed on 



N 6 NOTES 

tablets and deposited in the treasury, aerarium, in care of the quaestores ; 
see 103. 

7. interfectum esse convenit: convenit is perfect, and the construction 
is parallel with oportet in similar connections ; convenit, however, refers rather 
to the propriety of the act than to the need of it. The present infinitive is 
more common in such a connection ; cf. duci oportebat, p. 88, 1. 7, but the 
perfect emphasizes the completion of the action. Translate and by the terms 
of this decree, Catili7ie, you ought to have been a dead man at once. H. 620, 2 ; 
A. 486, b, N. ; G. 280, 2, R. 2 ; B. 270, 2, a ; (H. 537, 2). 

10. Cupio, cupio : note the anaphora of the verb and the omission of the 
conjunction auteni or vero. The second statement is really adversative. 

patres conscripti : the senators were originally called patres, fathers ; 
afterward patres conscripti, conscript fathers, i.e. fathers enrolled on the 
lists of the senate. The common explanation, that the phrase was at first 
patres et conscripti, the latter word referring to the new members added when 
the republic was established, is of doubtful authority. Cicero once uses the 
singular form, pater conscriptus. 

12. dissolutum : remiss, nearly synonymous with neglegens, but stronger. 

13. me inertiae : H. 456 ; LM. 582 ; A. 352 ; G. 378 ; B. 208 ; (H. 409, II). 
inertiae nequitiaeque : synonyms, of which the latter is the stronger. 

14. Castra : this was the camp of Manlius at Faesulae in northern Etruria, the 
headquarters of the conspiracy. The choice of Faesulae was wise, as it gave 
easy communication with Cisalpine Gaul, and w^as one of the colonies occupied 
by the restless veterans of Sulla who favored Catiline's plans; see Map of Italy. 

in Italia : in Italy, emphatic, not in a foreign land, but near home. 

15. in dies singulos : from day to day ; distinguish from cotidie, 1. 1 8, every day. 

16. imperatorem ducemque . . . moenia: i.e. the commander-in-chief 
and actual leader (not Manlius, but Catiline) is not so far away as Faesulae 
even, but right here among us. 

17. atque adeo : and even. 

18. molientem: H. 613, 4; LM. 1019; A. 497, a'; G. 536; B. 337, 3; 
(H. 535, I, 4). We see Catiline actually at his work. 

19. iussero: future perfect because the future action denoted by it must 
precede the future action denoted by erit verendum. Notice that the Latin 
is much more exact than the English in the use offenses. 

credo, erit verendum : I shall have to fear, I suppose, — not that all good 
citizens will say I have acted too slowly, — but that some one will say that I have 
acted with excessive cruelty. The thought is that he has reason to fear the 
charge of slackness rather than of cruelty. Credo is ironical and parenthetical, 
not affecting the construction of erit vereiidivn. 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N/ 

20. serius : too slowly. H. 498; LM. 678; A. 291, a; G. 297, 2; B. 2405 
(H. 444, i). 

22. hoc : object of faciam and referring to si te . , , itcssero above. 

factum esse oportuit : note again the force of the perfect infinitive as in 
intei'fectum esse above, 1. 7. The meaning is, which oughi long ago to have 
been an accomplished fact. 

certa de causa : not equivalent to qtiadam de causa. The reason is given 
in the next two sentences. Cicero evidently desired to wait until public senti- 
ment would fully sustain him in his action. 

24. tuisimilis: /zi^jciz/, i.e. in character. H. 435,4; LM. 573; A. 385,^,2; 
G. 359, N. 4; B. 204, 3; (H. 391, II, 4). Similis is commonly used with the 
genitive in Cicero when the reference is to living beings. 

25. qui fateatur: relative clause of result. 
id : the execution of Catiline. 

28. commovere te contra : to make a move against, lit. to move yourself 
against. A transitive verb with a reflexive pronoun is often best rendered by 
an intransitive verb. 

Multorum : note the emphatic position, many there are, too, ivhose eyes and 
ears will keep watch and ward over yon. Do not hesitate to change the 
structure of a sentence if the force of the Latin can be better expressed in 
English in another form. 

29. fecerunt : have done, i.e. have watched and guarded. Observe this 
special use oi facio, like the English verb to do. 

Study carefully the various uses of the subjunctive in this chapter. 

Read in some standard history of Rome the story of the Gracchi; see 154. 

Narratio, 3, 4 

Page 90, line 3. Chapter 3. — privata domus: the house of Marcus 
Laeca, where on the night of November 6 Catiline met the most prominent 
of his partisans, is here meant. 

parietibus : muri, walls, general term ; parietes, walls of a house; moenia, 
walls of a city. 

coniurationis : equal to conitiratoriim, the abstract used for the concrete by 
'the common figure of metonymy. H. 752, 3; (H. 637, III). 

4. inlustrantur : are brought to light, opposed to tenebris obscurare ; 
erumpunt, burst forth, i.e. come forth to public gaze, opposed to parietibus 
continere. 

5. istam mentem : that purpose of yours, i.e. to kill and burn. 
mihi crede : believe me, i.e. believe what I say and take my advice. 



N 8 NOTES 

caedis: H. 454; LM. 588; A. 350, b; G. 376; B. 206; (H. 406, II). 

7. quae: object of recognoscas. 

mecum licet recognoscas : there is no omission of ut here, though ut is 
often used. This is the earlier paratactic construction: it is allowable ; review 
with ??ie. The subjunctive clause, however, has become practically the subject 
of licet. H. 564,11, i; LM. 782; A. 565; B. 295, 8. 

Meministine : dott't you remember ? The context seems to require an 
affirmative answer, though the interrogative -ne merely asks for information. 

8. ante diem XII . . . Novembres : on the tiuelfth day before the Kalends of 
Nove?nber, i.e. on the twenty-first of October. For the method of finding the 
Englishdate, seeH. 755; LM. 1174; A. 62,1, d; G., p.491; B. 372; (H. 644, 2). 
Ante diem XII Kalendas is equal to die duodecimo ante Kalendas, but the 
whole expression is often treated as an indeclinable noun. It is here equiva- 
lent to an ablative of time. Consult H. 754, III; LM. 1171; x\. 424,^; Bo 
371, 5 and 6; (H. 642, III, 3 and 4). 

Novembres: the names of the months are adjectives. 

dicere : the present infinitive is often used with memini when one's own 
experience is recalled to mind. 

9. fore : the subject is Manlium below. 

qui dies : for the common repetition of the antecedent in the relative 
clause, compare Caes. B. 6^. I, 6 : Diem dicunt qua die ad ripam Rhodani 
omnes conveniant. 

ante diem . . . Novembres : the phrase is here equivalent to a predicate 
nominative after futurus esset. 

10. C. Manlium: the commander at Faesulae, an old centurion of Sulla. 

11. Num me fefelli^, non modo res, verum dies : did, not to say the fact, but 
the day escape /ne ? Cicero had ascertained not only the plans of the conspira- 
tors, but the very day on which those plans were to be carried into execution. 

12. non modo: lit. not only. It may sometimes be best rendered ;z(9/ /c 
say, as in this instance. 

13. id quod: that which, i.e. the fact that not even the day had escaped 
his notice. Fix in mind this common use of id quod. Quod alone is often 
used in the same way; cf. quod te iam dudum hortor, p. 93, 1. I. 

14. Dixi ego idem: I said also ; idem agrees with ego. H. 508, 3 ; LM. 
1059; A. 298, (5; G. 310; B. 248 ; (H. 451, 3). •, 

optimatium : i.e. of the aristocracy or senatorial party. 

contulisse in . . . Novembres : had appointed for the fifth day before the 
Kalends of N'ovejnber, i.e. for the twenty-eighth of October, the day to which 
the consular election had been deferred. The phrase is here in the accusa- 
tive case with the preposition in. - 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 9 

15. turn cum: at the time ivhen, lit. then when. 

16. sui COnservandi : construe with causa, /cr the purpose of preserving 
themselves. For the use of conservandi, see H. 626, 3 ; LM. 1000 ; A. 504, c\ 
G. 428, R. i; B. 339, 5 ; (H. 542, I, n. i). 

17. profugerunt: this flight of prominent citizens is known only from this 
passage. 

20. discessu ceterorum : notwithstanding the departure of the others ; dis- 
cessu may be treated as an ablative of time, though as opposed to tamen, it 
also involves a concession. 

nostra qui remansissemus : of tis who had remaiiied. The antecedent of 
qui is implied in nostra. H. 399, 4 ; LM. 827 ; A. 306, b, n. ; G. 614, 3 ; 
B. 251, 2; (H. 445, 6). 

21. remansissemus: subjunctive in indirect discourse. 

dicebas : said repeatedly. The indicative is used because the clause is 
simply explanatory and cum is equivalent to qtio tempore or et eo tempore. 

22. Quid : in form an exclamatory interrogative, but practically a particle 
of transition, again. 

Praeneste : now Palestrina, a strongly fortified town in Latium, east of 
Rome. It would have been of great advantage to Catiline as a stronghold. 
Sulla had established a colony there ; see Map of Central Italy. 

24. sensistine : of. meministine, 1, 7. 

praesidiis, custodiis, vigiliis : note the difference of meaning, garrisons, 
sentinels i watches. 

Page 91, line i. Chapter 4. — noctem illam superiorem: that former 
night, i.e. the night before the last, called priore nocte below. It w^as the 
night of November 6. 

2. quam te : H. 613, 6 ; LM. 617 ; A. 407 ; G. 644 ; (H. 535, I, 5). 

4. inter f alcarios : into the street of the scythe-makers, lit. among the scythe- 
makers. Livy has a similar phrase, inter lignarios, among the carpenters. 

non agam obscure : / will not treat the subject obscurely. 

in domum : into the house. 

7. qui tecum una fuerunt : distinguish carefully between this relative 
clause, which is merely explanatory, and a relative clause of characteristic; 
of. qui . . . cogitent below. 

9. Ubinam gentium: where in the world? H. 443 ; LM. 567 ; A. 346, 
a, 4 ; G. 372, N. 3 ; B. 201, 3 ; (H. 397, 4). 

II. in hoc COnsilio : in this coimcil, the senate. Consilium means 
an assembly of counselors, while concilium designates the assembly itself 
rather than its deliberative character. 



N lO NOTES 

15. sententiam rogo : I ask their opinion. Cicero, as the presiding officer; 
calls upon the senators in the order of their rank to give their opinion. 

16. nondum voce vulnero : i.e. I do not yet name them. 

igitur: then, the so-called resumptive use of igitur. The orator here re- 
sumes the topic which v^^as interrupted by the exclamation di immortales ! 

17. quo . . . placeret : indirect question, object of statuisti. 

18. relinqueres, educeres: deliberative subjunctive in indirect question. 
Direct form, quos reliiiquam, quos educam. H. 559, 4 ; LM. 723 ; A. 444 ; 
G.265; B.277; (H.484,V). 

21. etiam nunc : even now, i.e. at the time of the remark ; nunc is retained 
from the direct form instead of being changed to tum^ 

morae : partitive genitive with paulum. 
quod ego viverem : why subjunctive? 

22. duo equites : two knights, i.e. members of the equestrian order. The 
ordo equester was made up of those citizens of large wealth who were not 
senators. They formed a class intermediate between the aristocracy and the 
populace, and were the business men of Rome. Sallust, Cat. 28, says the two 
men were C. Cornelitcs eqiies Romanus et L. Vargunteius senator ; see 79. 

23. ilia ipsa node : they offered to do it that very night, but whether the 
attempt was actually made on that night, or on the following, is an unsettled 
question. 

24. vixdum etiam . . . dimisso : almost before your meeting had broken 
up ; ablative absolute. 

25. comperi: he obtained this information from Q. Curius. 

27. salutatum mane : to pay their morning call. Distinguished Romans 
and magistrates were in the habit of receiving visits at a very early hour, 
especially from their clients. 

cum venissent : both temporal and causal. 

28. id temporis : equivalent to eo tempore; id is an adverbial accusative, 
temporis, partitive genitive. 

What two modes of expressing purpose are found in this chapter? What 
other in chapter 3 ? 

What sentence in this chapter shows that subordinate clauses in indirect 
discourse sometimes take the indicative ? 



Hortatio, 5-10 

Page 92, line 3. Chapter 5. — Manliana : = Manli. H. 437 ; LM . 554 ; 
A. 343, «; G. 362, R.I ; (H. 395, N. 2). 

desiderant : for the present tense in such a connection, cf. patimtir, p. 89, 1. 3. 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 1 1 

4. Educ : what verbs have lost the final e in the second person of the 
imperative? 

si minus : if not all, lit. if less, i.e. if less than all. 

quam plurimos: H..159, 2; LM. 679 ; A. 291, c\ G. 303, r. i ; B. 240, 
3; (H. 170, 2,2). 

6. me atque te : this is the usual order in the arrangement of pronouns, 
the first person preceding the second, and the second the third. 

Intersil: H. 587 ; LM. 920 ; A. 528; G. 573; B. 310, II ; (H. 513, I). 

7. non feram, non patiar, non sinam : note the climax, each successive 
verb stronger than the preceding. The effect is to bring out the emphasis very 
strongly ; as we might say, I will 7iot allow it under any circumstances whatever. 

8. habenda est gratia : gratitude is due, lit. is to be had. 

atque : and especially, emphasizing, as is usual, that which follows. 
huic ipsi lovi : this very Jtipiter, with a gesture toward the statue of the 
god in whose temple they were then assembled. 

9. Statori : the Stayer, so called, according to Livy, because he was sup- 
posed to have stayed \h.& flight of the Romans under Romulus in their struggle 
with the Sabines. Cf. Livy I, 12 : At tu, pater deum ho??iimimque, hinc 
saltern arce hostes, deme terrorem Romanis fugaitique foeda})i siste. Hie ego 
tibi templum Statori lovi, quod tnonumentiwi sit posteris tua praesenti ope serva- 
tani urbem esse voveo ; see 15 1. 

10. rei publicae pestem : a curse to the republic; is this genitive subjective, 
or objective ? 

11. totiens : Catiline had commenced his revolutionary schemes three 
years before. 

in uno homine : in the case of one man, i.e. Catiline. 

13. consult designate : a consul-elect was called consul designatus during 
the interval between election and inauguration. 

insidiatus es : Sallust, Cat. 26, says : Neque interea quietus erat,sed omni- 
bus modis insidias parabat Ciceroni. 

14. privata diligentia : cf. Sail. Cat. 26, Circum se praesidia amicorum 
atque clientiur/i occulle habebat. 

proximis comitiis consularibus : at the last constdar election ; ablative of 
time. Generally the consuls were elected in July, but m this year the elections 
were postponed till October 28, because of disturbances in the city. 

15. campo : i.e. the Campus Martius, The comitia centuriata for the 
election of consuls and other high officers were held in the Campus Martius ; 
see Plan of Rome. 

competitores tuos : D. Junius Silanus, L. Licinius Murena, and Servius 
Sulpicius. Silanus and Murena were elected. 



N 1 2 NOTES 

17. nuUo tumultu publice concitato : without exciting any ala?-m on 
the part of the public. 

18. me petisti : aimed at me, and not at the state. 
per me : by my oivn efforts. 

20. rei publicae : to the republic ; objective genitive. 

esse coniunctam : was joined ; perfect participle with esse, emphasizing 
the completion of the action. The statement here made is emphatically 
true. The death of the consul would probably have led to the complete 
success of the conspiracy. 

Nunc iam : now already, practically an emphatic 7iow. 

21. rem publicam universam petis : you are attacking the entire state. 
Universus denotes the whole as embracing all its parts ; totus the whole 
as a unit without any reference to its parts ; see totam, 1. 22 below. 

22. vitam : the lives. Latin often uses the singular where English requires 
the plural. 

ad exitium vocas : you doom to desiructioit. 

24. quod est primum : which is first, i.e. the first and most obvious thing 
to do, namely, to put Catiline to death. 

huius imperii : of this authority, referring to the authority conferred by 
the senatus consultum ultimum. H. 451, 2 ; LM. 573 ; A. 385, c ; G. 359, R. 
l; B. 204, 2; (H. 391, II, 4). 

26. ad severitatem : so far as harshness is concerned. 

Page 93, line i. — quod te iam dudum hortor : as I have long been urging 
you to do. quod refers to the act of leaving the city as expressed by exieris. 
For the present hortor, zi. patimur, p. 89, 1. 3. 

2. tuorum comitum sentina rei publicae : the dregs of the republic, (con- 
sisting of) your companions. For the figure in sentina, cf. Sail. Cat. 37 : 
Onines quos flagitium aut facinus domo expulerat, ii Romam sicut in sentinam 
conjluxerant. For two genitives with the same noun, see H. 446, 2 ; A. 348, b ; 
G. 363, R. 2; (H. 398, 2). 

4. quod faciebas : which you were preparing to do, namely, to leave the 
city; cf. confirmasti te ipsum iam esse exiturum, p. 91, 1. 20. For the imper- 
fect, see H. 530 ; LM. 739 ; A. 471, c; G. 233 ; B. 260, 3 ; (H. 469, II, i). 

iubet consul hostem : a much more forcible and emphatic command than 
te iubeo, as it sets forth on the one hand the authority of Cicero as consul, and 
on the other the guilt of Catiline as a public enemy. 

5. num in exsilium : abridged indirect question. The direct form in full 
would be : nwji fne in exsilium ire iubes ? you donU order me to go into exile, 
do you ? 



FIRST ORATION AGAIXST CATILINE N 13 

How were Roman consuls elected ? Who presided ? See 86, 134. 
Distinguish between consul, consul designaius, and consular-is. 

7. Chapter 6. — enim : for, introducing the reasons given by Cicero why 
Catiline should go into exile. 

iam : a7iy longer. 

8. istam : why not illa7n ? 

9. hominum : could virorum be substituted here ? 

10. inusta : burned into, a figurative expression, taken perhaps from the 
branding of vicious slaves. 

11. privatarum rerum dedecus : disgrace of your private life. Privains 
is more comprehensive than domesticus, used in the line above. Privatae 
res embraces the whole private life, while domesticae res is confined to that 
part of it which directly affects the family. 

non haeret in f ama : does not cling to your reputation. 

12. libido, f acinus, flagitium : lust, reckless act, shameless deed ; observe 
the climax. 

14. quern inretisses : zahom you had ensnared. Why subjunctive ? For 
the fact, cf. Sail. Cat. 16 : Sed iuventutem, quam, ut supra diximus, in lexer at, 
multis modis mala facinora edocebat. 

15. ad libidinem facem : a torch for his lust, i.e. as a Roman slave lighted 
his master with a torch on his way at night, so Catiline led the young into 
places of debauchery and crime. 

16. morte : ablative of means, not time, implying that Catiline had mur- 
dered her, but no other author is known to have mentioned such'a crime. 

17. alio incredibili scelere : i.e. the murder of his son. On this subject, 
cf. Sail. Cat. 15, Pro certo creditur necato filio vacuam domum scelestis nuptiis 
fecisse. But we are not told upon what authority this belief was founded. 

21. Praetermitto . . . omnes: I pass by the complete ruin of your fortunes, 
which; omnes, though agreeing with quas, really belongs in sense to the 
antecedent. H. 510, 4; LM. 829; A. 307, b; G. 616, 3; (H. 453, 5). 

22. proximis Idibus : on the next Ides. The Ides and Kalends were the 
regular times for the payment of debts, and the Ides of November were 
alarmingly near. 

25. summam rem publicam : the highest public ivelfare. 

28. horum. : of these men, \.&. oi\\\^ '5>t'!\zXox%. 

qui nesciat : notice that, as this is a characterizing clause, the subjunctive 
would be required in the direct form. 

29. pridie Kalendas : H. 420,5; LM.661; A.432,a; B. 144,2; (H.437,1). 
Lepido et Tullo consulibus : Lepidus and Tullus were consuls in 66 B.C. 



N 14 NOTES 

Page 94, line i. — stetisse cum telo: stood armed. Catiline and his 
accomplices had formed the design, according to Sallust, of assassinating 
Cotta and Torquatus, the consiiles designati. 

in comitio : the comitium was an open space in front of the senate-house, 
adjoining the Forum on the northwest, where the assemblies, comitia curiata, 
were held in early times. It was then the center of the political life at Rome; 
later the Forum took its place; see Plan of Rome, also 147. 

3. non mentem . . . tuum: no intention or fear on your part. The fail- 
ure of the plan was due to a blunder of Catiline. Cf. Sail. Cat. 18: Quod 
ni Caiilina maturasset pro cicria signum sociis dare, eo die post conditam 
urbem Romam pessiinum facinus patratum foret. Quia nondum frequentes 
arrnati convener ant, ea res consilium diremit. 

4. neque sunt . . . postea : your later crimes are neither obscure nor 
few, non multa. 

7. petitiones: thrusts, the technical term for the thrusts of the gladiator. 
ut . . . viderentur : that it seemed impossible to avoid them. In such cases, 

contrary to English idiom, the Latin prefers the personal construction. 

8. declinatione et corpore : hendiadys for declinatione corporis. The 
language is technical, taken from fencing or from the gladiatorial combats. 
The technical character of the language is also shown by the words ut aiunt. 
For the expression, cf. Curtius, vi, i, i; Alia tela clipeo, corpore alia vitabat. 

10. tibi: H. 425, 4, N. ; LM. 538; A. 377; G. 350, i; B. 188, i, N. ; 
(H. 384, 4, N. 2). 

12. Quae : this. H. 510; LM. 843; A. 308, /; G. 610; B. 251, 6; 

(H.453). • 

abs te : abs is antiquated except in this phrase. 

devota sit : indirect question. Weapons were often thus consecrated and 
devoted to special purposes. 

Make a careful study of the relative clauses in this chapter and explain the 
mood in each. 

14. Chapter 7. — Nunc vero : the impassioned oratory of the preceding 
chapter now gives place to a more calm and argumentative style. 

15. permotus esse : vA\y rvoi pennotum esse ? H. 612; LM. 476; A. 284; 
286, N. ; G. 206, R. 3 ; B. 233, 3; (H. 536, 2, N.). 

16. quae nulla: more forcible than quae non, x^?:^ ho. rendered none of 
which, or which not at all. H. 513, 3; G. 317, 2, N. 2; (H. 457, 3). Cf.. 
Sail. Cat. 52: Sed alia filer e quae illos magnos fecere, quae nobis nulla 
sunt. 

17. ex hac tanta f requentia : of this so large assembly, oi sevi2L\ioxs. 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 1 5 

1 8. hoc: /^zj', i.e. to receive no greeting. 
post memoriam : within the recollection. 

19. contigit : more commonly used of a favorable occurrence, unless with 
a negative as here. 

VOCis contumeliam : the disgrace of expressed rebuke, lit. of the voice. 

20. cum sis oppressus : concessive. 

iudicio taciturnitatis : by the condemnation of silence. No one had 
greeted him on his entrance. Note the inverted order of words in these con- 
trasted phrases, called chiasmus: vocis contumeliam, iudicio taciturnitatis. 
H. 666, 2; LM. 1 150; A. 598,/; G. 682; B. 350, 11, ^; (H. 562). 

Quid, quod, etc. : there are really two questions, introduced respectively by 
quid and by quo animo (1. 24) . Render well noiv, with what feelings do 
you think you ought to bear the fact that, etc. 

21. ista subsellia : the seats near you. Note the force of iste used four 
times in the last twenty lines, always pointing to Catiline. The seats of the 
senators are called subsellia, in distinction from the sella curulis, the chair 
of the consul; see 91, and 149. 

22. consulates: ex-consuls, who sat together in the senate, probably near 
the ex-praetors, praetorii, of whom Catiline was one. 

tibi : remember that the dative of the apparent agent is regularly used with 
the second periphrastic conjugation, and often as here with the compound 
tenses of the passive verb. 

constituti fuerunt : instead of the more common constituti sunt to suggest 
that these plans of Catiline have been defeated. H. 538, i; LM. 743; A. 
474; G. 236, i; B. 349; (H. 471, II, I, 2). 

25. Servimei: why placed before si ? H. 677, i; LM. 1146; A.598,«; 
G. 675; (H. 569,111, I). 

si metuerent: note the form of the condition. 

isto pacto ut : more forcible than ita ut. The ablative denotes manner. 

27. tibi urbem : relinquenda7n is readily supplied from the preceding 
clause. 

Page 96, line i. — civibus: dependent on suspectum and offensum. 

M. 434; LM. 536; A. 234; G. 359; B. 192, i; (H. 391). 

2. carere aspectu : to withdraw from (lit. to be without) the sight. 

4. iustum et iam diu tibi debitum : as just and for a long time your due. 

7. neque : equal to et non. 

8. aliquo: to some place; adverb, formed like eo, eodem, etc. 
concederes : note the force of the compound, you would withdraiu en- 
tirely. 



N I 6 NOTES 

Nunc : as the case stands. Cicero proceeds to set forth the real case, which, 
it will be observed, is stronger than the hypothetical one given above. 

lo. iam. diu iudicat: cf. iam dudum hortor, p. 93, 1. I. 

parricidio SUO : her destruction ; the term, parricidiuin is chosen, because 
the country is here personified as parens omnium nostrum. 

huius : i.e. patriae. 

13. Quae: she. Note again the very common use of the relative where in 
English a demonstrative or personal pronoun is used. 

agit : pleads. The country is represented as pleading with Catiline. 
tacita: though silent. Note the figure in tacita loquitur. H. 752, 12; 
A. 641; G. 694; B. 375, 2; (H. 637, XI, 6). 

14. aliquot annis : for some years, ablative of time wzV/^z« which. 

15. per te : not by you, but through your initiative. 

tibi: dative of interest. H. 425, 2; LM. 537; A. 376; G. 350, 2; B. 188, 1; 
(H. 384, II, I, 2). 

multorum civium neces : Catiline was a zealous partisan of Sulla during 
his bloody proscriptions. 

16. vexatio direptioque: referring to his extortions while propraetor in 
Africa in 67 B.C. 

1 7. ad neglegendas leges valuisti : you have been able to disregard the laws. 

18. Superiora ilia : those former deeds,\n contrast with ihe present conspiracy. 

20. me totam : that I, the whole state, in contrast with unum te. This and 
the two following infinitive clauses form the subject of est ferendum. 

21. quicquid increpuerit : whenever any noise is heard (lit. whateyer may 
have made a noise). The subjunctive is used because the clause is dependent 
upontimeri. H. 652; LM. 793: A. 593; G. 663, i; B. 324; (H. 529,11). 

22. abhorreat: is free from. Note the literal meaning of the verb, 7£/>^zV-^ 
shrinks with a shudder froi7i your ivickedness. 

24. mihi: H. 427; LM. 534; A. 381; G.347, 5; B. 188,2, a'; (H. 386,2). 
What two forms of conditional sentences are found in this chapter? 
What is the force of the mood and tense in each instance? 

26. Chapter 8. — loquatur, debeat : note carefully the form of the condition. 

27. impetrare : to obtaiti her request ; what request is meant? possit : H. 
585; LM. 936; A. 527, ^; G. 604; B. 303; (H. 515, II). 

Quid, quod : what of the fact that? 

Page97, line i. — in custodiam dedisti : persons suspected of treasonable 
designs sometimes placed themselves thus voluntarily in the custody of some 
influential citizen until their guilt or innocence could be established. It shows 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 1/ 

clearly the supreme effrontery of Catiline, that he went successively to Lepi- 
dus, an ex-consul, to Cicero, the consul, and to Metellus, the praetor, asking 
them to take him into free custody. 

2. ad M'. Lepidum : at the house of Maiiius Lepidus. The usual preposi- 
tion in this sense is apud. Manius Lepidus was consul with Volcatius Tullus 
in 66 B.C.; see p. 93, 1. 29. 

4. domi meae : observe that meae in agreement with domi is in the 
locative case. 

5. me nuUo . . . contineremur : in apposition with responsum. 

isdem parietibus, in the same house (lit. house walls), locative ablative; 
isdem moenibus, by the same city walls, ablative of means. 

6. qui essem : causal. 

7. Q. Metellum : Quintus Metellus Celer is meant. He subsequently took 
an active part in the military operations against Catiline; cf. p. 107, 1. 3, and 
Sail. Cat. 30 and 57. He was consul in 60 B.C. 

8. virum optimum : ironical. 

9. M. Metellum : a friend of Catiline. 

quem tu videlicet . . . putasti : the irony of this statement is manifest. 

II. Quam longe videtur abesse debere: a personal construction, but to 
be rendered impersonally, hoiv far does it seem that he ought to be? The sub- 
ject of videtur is the omitted antecedent of qui. 

13. custodia: H. 481; LM. 654; A. 418, b\ G. 397, n. 2 ; B. 226,2; 
(H. 421, III). 

14. emori: to die, as justice demands. 

15. suppliciis : ablative of separation. 

17. Refer ad senatum: refer the question to the senate, the usual technical 
expression for the action of the consul in laying a subject before the senate. 

18. hicordo: \.^. Sho. drdo senatorius. 

placere : that it is its pleasure, lit. that it is pleasing, a common technical 
expression in legislation. What is the subject of placere ? 

decreverit : perfect subjunctive for future perfect indicative of the direct 
discourse. 

19. id quod abhorret a meis moribus: a course which would be (is) in- 
consistent with my character. Perhaps Cicero means to imply that he is too 
merciful, that if the question were referred to the senate a decree of banish- 
ment would be passed, whereas without such reference Catiline may go into 
voluntary exile. The real reason for his refusal, however, doubtless was that 
the senate had no right to pass such a decree. 

20. faciam ut intellegas : I will make clear to you; ut intellegas is an 
object clause with faciam. 



Nl8 NOTES 

22. hanc vocem : this word, i.e. exsilium. 

Quid est : uttered after a short pause, during which the silence of the 
senate shows their approval of the consul's course. 

24. Patiuntur, tacent: they allow (me to say it), they are silent, \.e.hy 
their silence they assent to it. 

Quid . . . perspicis : why do you wait for the expressed opinion of those 
whose wish you plainly perceive by their silence? Would a literal rendering be 
good English? loquentium agrees with the omitted antecedent of quorum. 

26. P. Sestio : Publius Sestius, the quaestor, subsequently very active in 
procuring the recall of Cicero from exile. 

27. M. Marcello: Marcus Marcellus, consul 51 B.C., was a bitter opponent 
of Caesar, by whom he was pardoned in 46 B.C. Upon this occasion Cicero 
delivered his Oration for Marcellus ; see p. 206. 

consuli hoc ipso in templo : consul though I am, here in this very temple. 

28. vim et manus : violent hands, lit. violence and hands. What figure 
is this? 

30. hi, equites Romani, ceterique cives : Cicero here means all loyal 
Romans of every class. The senate (hi) was in session, the knights and the 
people stood in crowds outside. 

cum tacent, clamant : note the figure used, and cf. tacita loquitur, p. 96, 

1.13. 

31. videlicet cara : because he had appealed to their decision; but the 
expression is ironical, as videlicet shows. 

Page 98, line 2. — studia: manifestations of zeal. H. 138, 2 ; A. 100, r; 
G. 204, N. 5 ; B. 55, 4, c ; (H. 130, 2). 
voces paulo ante : perhaps at the words in exsilium proficiscere, p. 97, 1. 22. 

3. Quorum . . . eosdem : bear in mind that in Latin the relative clause 
very often precedes the antecedent. In translating it is usually better to begin 
with the antecedent clause. 

iam diu contineo, iam pridem studes : note again this common idiom. 
manus ac tela : referring no doubt to the armed guards stationed by the 
consul, as private citizens were not allowed to carry arms. 

4. ut te prosequantur : to escort you ; citizens going into voluntary exile 
were usually escorted to the city gates by their relatives and friends. Cicero 
offers Catiline an armed escort. 

haec : these things (with a comprehensive gesture), i.e. the city with all that 
it contains. 

What two further forms of conditions are found in this chapter ? 
Point out a good instance of hendiadys in this chapter; of oxymoron. 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 1 9 

6. Chapter 9. — Quamquam : and yet, indicating a sudden transition in 
the course of thought. Etsi is often used in the same way, and occasionally 
tametsi, as in 1. 9 below. H. 586, II, 4; A. 527, d, N.; G. 605, R. 2; B. 309, 
5; (H. 515, III, N. 2). 

Te ut frangat : repudiating question; is it possible that anything would 
break your resolution? Observe the emphatic position of the pronoun in this 
and the succeeding questions. For the mood, see H. 559, 5; LM. 723, 
724; A. 462, a; G. 558; (H. 486, II, N.). 

8. Utinam . . . duint: a possible wish. H. 558, i; LM. 710, 711; A. 
441 ; G. 260; B. 279, I; (H. 483, 2); duint is an old form for dent; for 
the ending compare velint, possint, etc. 

istam mentem : such a purpose, i.e. to go into exile. 

10. animum induxeris: you should determine; ire in the line above 
depends upon this phrase, which is equivalent to a verb of determining. 
H. 607, i; LM. 956; A. 563, d; G. 423, 2; B. 328, i; (H. 533, I, i). 

tempestas invidiae : a storm of hatred ; a figurative expression by no 
means uncommon. 

11. nobis : nos may be used for ego, and noster for vieus. 
si minus : if not, as on p. 92, 1. 4. 

recenti memoria : on account of the fresh recollection, ablative of cause. 

12. est tanti : it is zvorth while, i.e. the safety of the state is worth all 
this sacrifice. H. 448; LM. 576; A. 417; G. 380, i, r. ; B. 203, 3; (H. 
404). 

13. sit privata: -may be confined to myself, lit. private, personal; for the 
mood, cf. p. 92, 1. 6. 

14. commoveare : Cicero generally uses the form in -re in the subjunctive 
passive, but rarely the form in -ris as in videaris, 1. 27. 

15. temporibus : the exigencies. 

16. est postulandum : what is the subject ? 

is : such a man. When followed by a clause of result, is is nearly equiva- 
lent to talis ; for iste used in a similar way, cf. p. 88, 1. 15. 

17. pudor, metus, ratio : these words correspond respectively to ut com- 
moveare, ut pertimescas, and ut cedas, in the preceding sentence. 

19. inimico, ut praedicas, tuo : your personal enemy, as you call me. 

20. recta : = recta via, lit. by a straight road. 

21. si id feceris : if you do this, lit. if you shall have done this; cf. p. 89, 
1.19. 

25. secerne te a bonis : in such cases the preposition is regularly used 
before the ablative of separation denoting persons. 

26. non eiectus : note that non belongs only with eiectus. 



N 20 NOTES 

ad alienOS, ad tuOS : to strangers, to friends. 
27. isse : from eo. 

videaris : is videri usually personal or impersonal? H, 611, N. 2; LM. 
962; A. 582; G. 528, R. 2; B. 332, b; (H. 534, i, n. i). 

Page 99, line i. — quid invitem: xvhy shotdd I invite? Deliberative 
subjunctive. 

2. a quo sciam : equivalent to cum a te sciam, since I know that by you. 
H. 592; LM. 839; A. 535, e; G. 633; B. 283, 3; (H. 517). 

3. Forum Aurelium : a small market town on the Aurelian Way, about 
fifty miles northwest of Rome. 

5. cui: dative of the apparent agent, perhaps here used to avoid the repe- 
tition of a quo. 

7. aquilam illam argenteam : that famous silver eagle, an eagle which 
Marius is said to have had in the Cimbrian War. See Sail. Cat. 50. The 
silver eagle was the standard of the legion. 

9. confido, constitutum fuit: why not in the subjunctive? H. 643, 3; 
LM. 1028; A. 583; G. 655, R. 2; B. 314, 3; (H. 524, 2). 

II. cui : for which, referring to aquilam. 

sacrarium : a shrine or chapel. In camp the standard of the legion was 
kept in the praetorium, near the tent of the commander. The eagle here 
mentioned is said to have been kept by Catiline in his own house. 

13. Tu ut possis: cf. Te ut zilla res frangat, p. 98, 1. 6. 

ilia carere : cf. car ere aspectu, p. 96, 1. 2. 

16. a cuius altaribus: from whose altar ; altaribus is singular in sense. 
Catiline, regarding himself as the real successor of Marius as leader of the 
popular party, venerates the famous standard of Marius. 

Study carefully in this chapter the various forms of questions, direct and 
indirect, with reasons for the mood in each case; also relative clauses with 
the subjunctive. 

20. Chapter 10. — haec res: i.e. this contemplated departure to the camp ffl 
of Manlius as a signal of civil war. ' 

22. Numquam tu non modo otium concupisti : not only have you never 
desired peace. 

24. ab fortuna, spe : ablatives of agent with derelictis. Note the personi- 
fication in fortuna and spe. H. 468, i; LM. 614; A. 405, n. 3; G. 401, r. 
2; B. 216, i; (H. 415, I, 2). 

26. tu qua laetitia perfruere: -what Joy 7uill you feel. H. 477, I; LM. 
646; A. 410; G. 407; B. 218, I; (H. 421, I). 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N2I 

Page 100, line 2. — Ad huius vitae studium : fo7' the pursuit of such a life. 
meditati sunt : are designed. The passive force of this verb is confined 
to the gerundive and the perfect participle, as in the case of many deponents. 
qui feruntur : zvhich are reported. 

3. iacere, vigilare : in apposition with labores. 

4. insidiantem : agrees with ie, the omitted subject of vigilare; insi- 
diantem somno maritorum illustrates ad obsidendum stuprum, and insidi- 
antem bonis otiosorum illustrates ad facinus obeundum, 

6. Habes ubi ostentes : you have an opportunity to show, lit. where you 
may show; clause of characteristic with the relative adverb ubi. 

7. quibus : refers to famis, frigoris, inopiae. 

9. ut posses : substantive clause of result in apposition with Tantum. 
exsul, consul: in apposition with the omitted subject of posses. Note the 

play upon words, frequent in Cicero. 

10. esset susceptum : subjunctive because the clause is closely connected 
with the antecedent and is necessary to explain it. H. 652; LM. 793; A. 
593; G.663; B.324; (H. 529, II). 

How do you account for the doubled letter in reppuli? Cf. the similar 
forms repperi, rettuli, reccidi, and the form of the perfect in the simple verb. 

Peroratio, 1 1- 13 

13. Chapter ii. — Nunc, patres conscripti: Cicero now addresses the 
senate. It is not likely that this elaborate justification of his course was 
actually a part of the impromptu speech which Cicero delivered before the 
senate. It was probably added by him when, as Sallust, Cat. 31, tells us, he 
afterward wrote out and published his speech. 

ut a me detester ac deprecer : that I may avert from myself by protest and 
entreaty. Note here the original middle force of these deponents; detestari, 
to avert from one's self by testimony; deprecari, to avert from one's self by 
prayer. 

15. quaeso, old form of quaero, chiefly used parenthetically, as in this 
instance. 

16. Etenim : this properly belongs to the conclusion of this conditional 
sentence, but as the condition with the quotation which it contains extends to 
the end of the chapter, the conclusion is made an independent sentence at 
the beginning of the next chapter : His . . . respondebo. Thus we have 
here an instance of the figure anacoluthon. 

si patria . . . loquatur : this personification of the country, calling upon 
her servant Cicero to give an account of himself, has been greatly admired. 



N 22 - NOTES 

quae . . . est carior : this relative clause is merely explanatory and not 
closely connected with the main clause, hence it has the indicative. 

22. evocatorem servorum : Catiline, though urged by Lentulus to enlist 
slaves (Sail. Cat. 44), refused on the ground that, by making common cause 
with them, he would lose the favor of the citizens. Sail. Cat. 56. 

24. immissus in urbem : because he may be expected to return to the 
city with an armed force. 

hunc duel : depending on imperabis. Cicero uses the infinitive with 
impero only in the passive. The common construction is an object clause 
with the subjunctive. 

26. Mosne maiorum : the country personified proceeds to consider the 
three excuses which the consul might urge for not putting Catiline to death : 
the custom of the fathers, the laws, and the dread of unpopularity. 

27. At . . . multarunt : the country's answer to the first excuse which the 
consul might urge. 

persaepe privati : we have undoubtedly a rhetorical exaggeration in the 
use of persaepe and of the plural privati. The only illustration which Cicero 
gives us is P. Scipio ; see p. 88, 1. 9. 

Page 101, line i. — An leges : the second excuse, that the laws — the 
Valerian, the Porcian, and the Sempronian — forbade that a Roman citizen 
should be put to death without the sanction of the people. The earliest of 
these laws de provocatione was the famous Valerian law of 509 B.C., ne quis 
magistratus cive7ii Romanum adversus p^'ovocatiojiem necaret 7ieve verberaret. 
These laws saved the apostle Paul from scourging as related in Acts xxii, 25-29. 
This right of appeal and the alternative granted to accused persons of going 
into exile instead of standing trial made capital punishment very rare in Rome. 

quae rogatae sunt : which have been enacted. Legem rogare may mean 
either to propose or to enact a law. Rogo was regularly used in putting the 
question on the passage of a law. 

2. At numquam : the answer to this second excuse : those who have with- 
drawn their allegiance from the state are no longer citizens. This theory of 
the loss of citizenship by conspiracy against the state was acted upon by Cicero 
in the execution of the five accomplices of CatiHne, but it afterward led to 
Cicero's exile. 

4. An invidiam times : the third excuse. 

Praeclaram vero . . . refers gratiam, etc. : remarkable gratitude you 
show to be sure, etc., ironical ; the answer to the third excuse. 

5. per te cognitum: known by your own efforts, i.e. with no recommenda- 
tion to popular favor through illustrious ancestry. Cicero was a novus homo, 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N23 

that is, the first of his family to hold any of the higher offices of state. Cicero's 
words in another speech {de Lege Agr. ii, 2) are of interest here : Feperietis 
me esse tinum ex omnibus novis hominibus de qtiibus meminisse possumus qui 
considatiim petierim cum primum liciitim sit, constd /actus sim ctmi primutn 
petierim. 

6. tarn mature : so early. Cicero was elected at the age of forty-two, the 
earliest age at which a citizen was eligible to that office. 

summum imperium : the consulship. 

7. per omnes gradus : Cicero was quaestor in 75 B.C., aedile in 69, praetor 
in 66, consul in 63. These offices were held in regular order, as the law 
required that a man must be quaestor before he was praetor, and praetor 
before he was consul. 

10. severitatis invidia : unpopularity incurred by severity, lit. of severity. 
The genitive is possessive. 

13. invidiae incendio conflagraturum : a figurative expression suggested 
by tecta ardebunt. 

What is the usual construction with verbs of commanding ? What excep- 
tion to this general usage have you noted in this chapter ? What other verbs 
are exceptions to the rule ? 

14. Chapter 12, — His . . . respondebo: see note on^/^;?m, p. 100, 1. 16. 

15. qui hoc idem sentiunt : who entej-tain the sajfie sentiments, i.e. that 
Catiline ought to be put to death. 

mentibus : thoughts. 

16. optimum factu : the best thing to do. 

factu : H. 635 ; LM. 1007 ; A. 510; G. 436 ; B. 340, 2 ; (H. 547). 

iudicarem, non dedissem : if I judged (both then and now), / should not 
have given. The imperfect is used in the condition, in preference to the plu- 
perfect, to show that his opinion still remains unchanged. 

17. Catilinam , . . multari : in apposition with hoc. 

18. gladiatori : a term of reproach, like our rz^aw. 

20. Flacci : see note on M. Fulvius, p. 88, 1. 25. 

21. verendum mihi non erat : I had no reason to fear. 

22. parricida interfecto : ablative absolute, with the force of a condition. 

23. Quod si : H. 510, 9 ; A. 397, a ; G. 610, R. 2 ; B. 185, 2 ; (H. 453, 6). 
si impenderet : observe that hoc animo semper fui states an independent 

fact, and is not really the conclusion from this condition ; the real conclusion 
would be hoc animo essem, readily supplied from it. 

24. ut invidiam . . . putarem : to regard unpopularity incurred by vir- 
tue as glory, not unpopularity. This clause of result explains hOC animOo 



N24 NOTES 

27. qui aluerunt : attd these have strengthened, an independent statement 
with the indicative, and not like qui videant above a relative clause defining 
an indefinite antecedent. 

Page 102, line i. — mollibus sententiis : by their tijnid expressions of opin- 
ion, in previous meetings of the senate. Cf. pro Murena, 51 ; Partiui ideo 
fortesin decernendonon erant quia nihil timebant, partim quia omnia timebant. 

2. non credendo : by not believing, i.e. by not crediting the charges against 
Catiline. 

3. non solum imbrobi . . . imperiti : not only the bad, but also the ignorant. 

4. si in hunc animadvertissem : if I had proceeded against him, lit. had 
turned my attention to him ; this is a common technical expression. 

regie : tyrannically. The Romans under the commonw^ealth, with their 
traditional hatred of kings, often used the term in this sense. 

5. intendit : explain the indicative. 

6. stultum : recalling imperiti, as improbum recalls improbi. 

8. hanc pestem : i.e. the conspiracy. 

9. paulisper reprimi . . . comprimi posse : may be checked for a short 
time, not suppressed forever. Note again the play upon words. 

11. naufragos : rz^z;?^*/ ;;/,?«, lit. shipwrecked. 

12. adulta: the force of this word will be seen by referring to stirps ac 
semen in the following line. 

Study carefully the different conditional constructions in this chapter, 
noting the force of mood and tense in each, 

15. Chapter 13. — iamdiu: from the time when Catiline, three years 
before, first presented himself as a candidate for the consulship. 

16. nescio quo pacto: ift sotne way or other. This modifies erupit, the 
principal verb. Nescio governed originally an indirect question, but with 
the interrogative pronoun it is often in effect an indefinite pronoun equiva- 
lent to quidam. H. 189, I; LM. 818; A. 575, d; G. 467, R. I ; B. 253, 6; 
(H. 191, N.). 

1 7. omnium scelerum maturitas : the full development of all crimes ; cf. 
adulta pestis above. 

18. ex tanto latrocinio : from so large a baud of robbers ; the abstract for 
the concrete ; cf. coniurationis for coniuratorum, p. 90, 1. 3. 

21. in venis atque in visceribus rei publicae: in the veins attd in the 
vitals of the body politic. By a natural metaphor, the state is here represented 
as a human body. Observe the repetition of the preposition in, which has 
nearly the same effect as in English. 



FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 25 

22. morbo gravi : ablative of cause. 

2T,. aestu febrique : with the heat of fever. What figure of speech ? 
26. reliquis vivis : if the rest (of the conspirators) rej7iai7i alive. Ablative 
absolute denoting a condition. 

Page 103, line i. — secedant : jussive subjunctive. H. 559, 2; LM. 714; 

A. 439; G. 263, 3; B. 275; (H. 483). 

a bonis : see note on secerne te a bonis, p. 98, 1. 250 

2. quod saepe iam dixi : as (lit. which) / have often said already. Id, 
the implied antecedent of quod, is in apposition with the clause muro 
denique secernantur a nobis. H. 399, 6 ; LM. 830 ; A. 307, d; G. 614, r. 2 ; 

B. 247, i,b; (H. 445, 7). 

4. domi suae : note that suae refers, not, as commonly, to the subject of 
the sentence, but to consuli the emphatic word. H. 503, 4; LM. 1043; 
A. 301, c; G. 309, 2; B. 244, 4; (H. 449, 2). 

5. circumstare tribunal praetoris urbani: i.e. to intimidate him in the 
discharge of his duties. Tht praetor urbanus had his tribunal in the Forum, 
and exercised jurisdiction in judicial questions between citizens, while cases 
in which one or both parties were foreigners were referred to the praetor 
peregrimcs. At this time L. Valerius Flaccus was praetor urbamis; see 92, 93. 

7. curiam : the Ctiria Hostilia was the regular meeting place of the senate, 
and was a hall on the northeast side of the Comitium, furnished with several 
rows of benches {sitbsellia) and the chair {sella curulis) of the presiding 
magistrate. The Curia was consecrated hke a temple, as the senate could 
not pass a vote except in a templmn, or consecrated place ; see 149. 

malleolos : fire-darts. In form these resembled hammers, hence the name. 
They were made up largely of pitch and tow, and were set on fire before they 
were hurled. 

9. sit inscriptum : let it be written ; jussive subjunctive. Here the atten- 
tion is directed, not so much to the act of writing, as to the abiding result of 
the act, hence the perfect tense. What is the subject of sit inscriptum ? 

13. tantam . . . fore diligentiam, etc. : in apposition with hoc. Note 
that all classes of the Roman people, senate, knights, and populace, are in- 
cluded in this promise. 

18. patefacta, inlustrata, oppressa, vindicata : note the climax in this 
series. 

20. Hisce ominibus : with these omens, i.e. with such prospects as those 
indicated in the last sentence. 

21. cum tua paste ac pernicie : with your own ruin and destruction (sure). 

23. Tu, luppiter : as this oration was delivered in the temple of Jupiter 



N 26 NOTES 

Stator, these closing words were doubtless addressed to the statue of that 
god. 

qui es COnstitutus : whose worship was established, lit. who wast established; 
haec urbs is the subject of constituta est, to be supplied. 

isdem . . . auspiciis : with the same auspices with which this city was 
founded, see Ii6. Note the incorporation of the antecedent into the relative 
clause, a very common order. Livy tells us that the site of the promised 
temple was consecrated, i.e. was a te?npluf?i i the temple itself was not 
constructed till 294 B.C. 

25. Statorem: the name is here used in the sense of defender ; see note 
on p. 92, 1. 9. 

hunc : this man, i.e. Catiline. 

hunc ... a vita . . , arcebis. In the use of the future indicative in this 
appeal to Jupiter, Cicero adopts a form of petition which would be appropriate 
in a prayer of faith, you will surely keep this man, etc. 

28. inimicos, hostes : how do these words differ in meaning ? 

30. vivos mortuosque : observe that a future existence is assumed as 
certain. 

Study carefully the use of the jussive or imperative subjunctive, noting the 
force of the tenses. What other way of expressing an imperative idea occurs 
in this chapter ? 

Second Oration against Catiline 
Exordium, i 

Page 105, line i. Chapter Io — Tandem aliquando: stronger than 
tajtdem, now at last. 

Quirites : citizefts. This term designates Roman citizens in their civil 
capacity. Its derivation and literal meaning are uncertain. 

furentem audacia: much more emphatic i\\?in z 's\m^\t audacem, furious 
in his bold villany. 

2. scelus anhelantem : i.e. his very breath of life is wickedness. 

3. vobis: H. 426, 2; LM. 531; A. 367; G. 346; B. 187, II; (H. 385, II). 

4. vel eiecimus vel . . . vel : the orator speaks as if feeling for the right 
word to designate the part which he has played in bringing about the depar- 
ture of Catiline. Eicio is to drive away, emitto to allow to go, while ipsum 
egredientem verbis prosequor, in irony, is not only to allow to go, but to 
escort to the gate ; see note on ut te prosequantur, p. 98, 1. 4. Perhaps 
verbis refers to the closing paragraph in the first oration, — Hisce ominibusy 
etc. 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 2/ 

vel . . o vel . . . vel : this conjunction gives a choice of alternatives ; the 
form is really an old imperative of volo, 
ipsum = sua sponte^ 

5. Abiit . . . erupit : a climax expressive of exultant joy. The asyndeton 
adds to the effect. Abire, to go away, gives the simple idea of departure, 
excedere, to withdraw, adds the idea of escape; evadere, to escape, is used 
especially of flight by night or in secret; erw7ipere, to break away, involves 
the use of violent or forcible means. 

6. a monstro illo : by that monster, Catiline^ Why not iste here ? 
moenibus ipsis : against the city itself. 

7. Atque hunc quidem, etc. : note the force of Atque, — and indeed, him 
at all events, the sole leader, etc. 

8. domestici : not domestic. 

sine controversia : without doubt, unquestionably. 

9. Non iam : no longer, lit. not now, i.e. as before. 

inter latera nostra versabitur : will be playing about our sides. 

sica ilia : mentioned on p. 94, 1. 11, Quotiens tibi ia?n extorta est ista'sica 
de manibus. Note ilia instead of ista and the reason for it. This somewhat 
sensational opening seems intended to impress the people who thionged the 
Forum. Cicero would hardly have used such expressions in addressing the 
senate. 

10. campo : i.e. campo Martio. See p. 92, 1. 14, Cum proximis comiliis 
consularibus me consulein in campo et competitores tuos interficere voluisti. 

in foro : see p. 93, 1. 29, te pridie Kalendas laiiuarias . » . stetisse in co- 
mitio cum telo. The comitiian, it should be remembered, adjoined the forum 
on the northwest. 

in curia : see p. 103, 1. 3, desinant . . . obsidere cum gladiis curiam. 

intra domesticos parietes : zvithin the ivalls of our houses, referring to the 
plot to assassinate Cicero in his own house„ See p. 91, 1. 22, Reperti sunt duo 
equites Romani, qui . . . sese ilia ipsa node paulo ante lucem me in meo 
lectulo interfecturos esse pollicerentur. 

11. Loco motus est : was dislodged from his position, a military expression. 
cum est depulsus : the indicative, as usual in the perfect tense in tem- 
poral clauses. 

12. nullo impediente : ablative absolute. A^z^Z/mj is regularly used instead 
of nemo in the ablative. H. 188, i ; LM. 170; A. 314, a; G. 70, E; (H. 
457. 2). 

13. helium iustum : a regular war, as opposed to latrocinium, 1. 15, 

15. Quod vero : vero, but, is the general connective of the whole sentence, 
while quod, because, or that, only connects its own clause to esse adflictum et 



N 28 NOTES 

profligatum putatis. Construe thus : vero quanto . . . putatis, quod non 
. . . extulit, quod . . . egressus est, etc. 

Quod non . . . extulit : because he did not carry aivay his dagger bloody, i.e. 
because he had not made it bloody by assassinating Cicero. Observe the 
emphatic position of cruentum, which has the force of a predicate adjective. 
The same remark applies to vivis, incolumes, and stantem. 

16. mucronem : gladius, sword; sica, dagger; mucro, point or edge of a 
weapon or the weapon itself. 

17. ei e manibus : see note on tibi, p. 94, 1. 10. 

21. retorquet oculos . . . e suis faucibus ereptam: Catihne is here com- 
pared to a wild beast looking wistfully back at the prey which it has failed to 
secure. 

22. quam . . . luget : luhose rescue from his jaws he 7nourns,\\\..\\\AQ^ to 
have been snatched from his jaws he mourns. The clause cannot, of course, be 
literally rendered ; we may say, however, luhich he mourns to see sjiatched from 
his jaws. 

23. quae : i.e. haec urbs. 

quod evomuerit : the city's reason for rejoicing, hence the subjunctive. 

Nutice in this passage the accumulation of nearly synonymous words to em- 
phasize Catiline's condition, — adflictum, profligatum, iacet, prostratus, 
perculsum, abiectum, and again, from the city's point of view^ evomuerit 
and proiecerit. 

Study carefully the q7iod-c\2.M?>t?, in this chapter. 

Make it a point to distinguish carefully between the meanings of synonyms, 
and select English equivalents with care. Remember that Cicero had good 
reason for his choice of words. 

Narratio, 2-1 1 

Page 106, line i. Chapter 2. — quales . . . oportebat : this remark, 
though parenthetical, is very significant. The force of the imperfect should 
be especially noticed, as expressing an obligation belonging both to the past 
and to the present ; as all ought to have been, i.e. during the whole time. By 
this remark Cicero suggests the first point in his defence, because, had all 
been such, Catiline's arrest and execution would have been an easy matter. 
The great difficulty in the case was the fact that the senators were divided on 
the question. 

2. in hoc ipso : in this very thing, explained by quod . . . emiserim. 

3. quod . . . emiserim : explain the mood. 

4. non . . . mea culpa : by a common ellipsis, admissible also in English, 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE n 29 

the real conclusion is here omitted, — my defense is this, or / reply, ista : 
note the force of this demonstrative of the second person, that fault which 
yoii impute to me. 

5. Interf actum, esse . . . adf actum : Cicero means that Catiline ought 
long ago to have been a dead man, and that in fact the severest possible pen- 
alty is none too severe. For the tense of Intarfectum esse, cf. p. 89, 1. 7. 

7. idque : and this, i.e. the execution of Catihne. 

a me : H. 411, 4 ; A. 396, a ; G. 339, R. i ; B. 178, « ; (H. 374, n. 3). 
huius imperii : see note on hiiius imperii, p. 92, 1. 24. 

8. res publica : the public weal. 

9. qui non crederent : zi'ho did not believe. These are the imperiti in 
the senate ; cf. p. 102, 1. 3. 

10. qui etiam defenderent : these are the improbi in the senate. 

Ac : and yet. This occasional "adversative" force of ac {atque') is further 
illustrated in Sail. Cat. 51, Atque ego haec non in I\I. Tullio neque his tern- 
poribus vereor. In this sense tamen is usually added. 

illo sublato : ablative absolute, by his reuioval. 

depelli : here perhaps the future infinitive would be more exact. 

11. iudicarem : note that the imperfect here refers to time both past and 
present; H. 579, i; LM. 939; A. 517, a; G. 597; B. 304, 2; (H. 510, 
N. 2). 

12. non mbdo invidiae . . . periculo : at the risk not only of unpopularity 
but even of life. 

invidiae meae : lit. my unpopularity, may be rendered unpopularity to me^ 
or simply as above, tmpopularity. The possessive is equivalent to an objective 
genitive. 

13. cum viderem: since I saiv, causal. 

ne vobis quidem . . . probata : as the fact (i.e. the existence of a con- 
spiracy) even then was not regarded as proved by all even of yoti ; lit. proved 
to all, etc. Remember that ne — quidem incloses a word which is to be 
strongly emphasized. 

14. re probata: ablative absolute. 

si morte multassem, fore ut, etc. : direct form, si multavero, non potero. 

15. ut . . . possem: substantive clause of result used as subject of fore. 
For the circumlocution, see H. 647, 2; LM. 984; A. 569, a; G. 656, N. 3; 
B. 270, 3; (H. 537, 3). 

16. rem hue deduxi: I have brotcght the matter to this point. 
ut . . . possetis : a clause of result explaining hue. 
palam : openly ; aperte : plainly, clearly. 

17. cum . . . videretis: subjunctive in an indirect clause. 



N 30 NOTES 

i8. Quern quidem . . . putem: and indeed how greatly I think this 
enemy, etc.; indirect question, object of intellegatis. 
quam vehementer : ironical. 

19. licet hinc intellegatis: cf. licet rerognoscas, p. 90, 1. 7. 
hinc : explained by the quod-clz-xxst following. 

20. quod exierit : the subjunctive rests the statement upon common report, 
and not upon the authority of the speaker. 

parum comitatus : with too few folloxvers ; lit. too little attended. Accord- 
ing to Plutarch, Catiline went to the camp of Manlius with a force of three 
hundred armed men, but this estimate probably includes those who were to 
meet him at Forum Aurelium ; see p. 99, 1. 3. Sallust, Cat. 32, says: Node 
intempesta cum paucis in Manliaita castra p7'ofectus est. Note the use of 
comitatus in the passive sense, and compare meditati, p. 100, 1. 2. 

21. Utinam eduxisset : H. 558, i; LM. 710, 712; A. 441,442; G. 260; B. 
279 and 2; (H. 483, i and 2). 

22. Tongilium, Publicium, Minucium : known only as worthless charac- 
ters, and companions of Catiline. 

mihi: ethical dative; I see, ox I notice. H.432; LM.541; A. 380; G.351; 
B. 188, 2, b; (H. 389). 

in praetexta : in boyhood, i.e. in the boyhood of Tongilius. The toga 
praetexta was the gown with purple border worn by boys until they assumed 
the toga virilis. 

24. nullum . . . poterat : the petty debts of these men would not make 
them reckless and desperate. 

25. reliquit quos viros : Catiline left his best men at Rome. Many 
of them were overwhelmed with debt (quanto aere alieno) and there- 
fore reckless. Many were also influential (valentes) and of noble birth 
(nobiles). 

aere alieno : ablative of characteristic. 

Study carefully the subjunctives in this chapter. 

Page 107, line I. Chapter 3. — exercitum: object of contemno. 

prae Gallicanis legionibus : in comparison with oicr Gallic legions, i.e. 
our legions in Cisalpine Gaul. 

2. quern Q. Metellus habuit: tvhich Q. Metellus has made. Cf. Sail. 
Cat. 30 : Igitiir senaii decreto Q. Marcius Rex Faesulas, Q. Metellus Creticus I 
in Apuliam circuinque ea loca missi (^suni), . . . sed praetores Q. Potnpeitis 
Rufiis Capuam, Q. Metellus Celer in ngrum Picenum, Usque permissum uti pro 
tempore atque perictilo exerciitim compararent. 

agro Galileo : the ager Gallicus here referred to was the coast district of 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 3 1 

Umbria, between Cisalpine Gaul and Picenum, occupied earlier by the Gallic 
Senones ; see map of Italy. 

5. senibus desperatis : i.e. the old soldiers of Sulla, settled in colonies in 
various parts of Italy, as at Faesulae and Praeneste. See Sail. Cat. 28 : 
Non nullos ex Sullanis coloniis, quibus libido atqiie luxuria ex magiiis 
rapinis nihil reliqui fecerat. 

ex agresti Inxiiria : from luxurious rustics, lit. from rustic luxury, the 
abstract for the concrete. Cf. coniuratio for coniurati (p. 90, 1. 3), inven- 
tus for iuvenes (p. 108, 1. 14). 

6. vadimonia deserere . . . exercitum : to forfeit 'their bail rather than 
to leave that army. Vadimonia deserere is to fail to appear in court on the 
appointed day of trial, and thus to forfeit bail. 

7. quibus ego . . . si : = qui . . . si iis ego. 
non modo aciem : not to say the array. 

8. edictum praetoris : the edict of the praetor. The praetor, on entering 
upon the duties of his office, issued a decree setting forth the principles 
which would govern him in his decisions ; see 94. This edict would natu- 
rally set forth the consequences of forfeiting bail. 

9. concident : note the force of the compound, — they will be utterly 
ruined. 

Hos : object of eduxisset. While Cicero has no fear of those who have 
gone out with Catiline, he does fear the conspirators still left in the city. 

II. qui fulgent purpura: who shine in purple, i.e. senators and knights. 
The tunic of the former was distinguished by a broad purple stripe {clavtis 
laius); that of the latter, by a narrow stripe {clavus angusius). 

mallem . . . eduxisset: would that he had taken with hi?n as his soldiers. 
Cf. Utinatji . . . eduxisset, p. 106, 1. 21. In such wishes mallem, vellem, may 
take the place of utinam. In this use both subjunctives were originally 
independent and the construction was paratactic. 

. 12. si permanent: the present tense used of an action really future. 
H. 533, 2; A. 468; G. 228; (H.467, 5). 

mementote : future imperative, as this verb lacks the present system. 

16. neque famen = et tamen non. 

cui sit Apulia attributa, etc. : see Sallust, Cat. 27, C. lulium in Apuliam 
dimisit, but cf. p. 129, 1. 26: In M. Ceparium, cui ad sollicitandos pasiores 
Apuliam esse attributam erat indicatum. 

18. quis . . . insidias caedis . . . depoposcerit : Cicero probably has 
L. Cassius in mind; see p. 129, 1. 25, L. Cassium, qui sibi procurationem 
incendendae urbis depoposcerat. Sallust {^Cat. 43), however, says that Statilius 
and Gabinius were to set fire to the city. 



N 32 NOTES 

19. superioris noctis: i.e. the night on which the meeting was held at the 
house of Laeca. 

21. hi quid: observe the emphatic position of hi before the interrogative 
quid. Note also that hi here and illi in the next sentence refer to the same 
persons, with a change in the point of view. 

Ne : indeed, truly ; the approved form, not nae. 

22. illam lenitatem : i.e. that leniency which I have thus far shown. 
Study to see the exact force of demonstratives. 

From the map of Italy fix in mind the situation of the places mentioned in 
this chapter, and so always. 

Find out the powers and duties of the Roman praetors ; see 92. 

24. Chapter 4. — Quod exspectavi: that for which I have been waiting. 
The antecedent of quod is id understood, which is explained by the substan- 
tive clause ut vos . . . videretis. 

Page 108, line i. — nisi si: except if, render unless. 
Catilinae : genitive with similes ; cf. p. 89, 1. 24. 

2. lenitati : dative of possessor. 

3. Unum concedam : / will tnake one concession. 

4. exeant : imperative subjunctive. This line explains Unum. 
desiderio sui : luith longing for them ; sui is objective genitive, referring 

to the subject of patiantur. 

5. miserum tabescere : to pine away in misery ; miserum, though an 
adjective agreeing with Catilinam, may be thus rendered as an adverb. 

iter, via : iter, route, road ; via, road, street. 

Aurelia via : this road led northwest along the coast of Etruria to Pisa. 
Catiline chose this route to the camp of Manlius, though the Via Cassia would 
have been more direct. 

7. si quidem . . . eiecerit : future perfect indicative in a condition. The 
conclusion is implied in fortunatam rem publicam. 

8. mehercule : = me Hercules iuvet, so help me Hercules. 

exhausto : an appropriate word in connection with the figure contained in 
sentinam. 

10. conceperit : why subjunctive ? 

11. Quis veneficus : what poisoner ? Quis, though more commonly used 
substantively, may be used adjectively, when, as in this case, the inquiry relates 
not to the character of the person or thing, but to the person or thing itself. 
Thus quis veneficus is not what kind of a poisoner, but what poisoner. Secret 
poisoning was by no means uncommon at Rome. 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 33 

tOta Italia : H. 485, 2 ; LM. 626 ; A. 429, 2 ; G. 388 ; B. 228, i, b ; 
(H. 425, 2). 

13. circumscriptor : defraudei-, especially one who deceives and defrauds 
the young. 

Page 109, line i. — se cum Catilina familiarissime vixisse : that he 
has lived on most intimate terms zvith Catiline. 
non : construe with fateatur. 

2. per hosce annos : during recent years ; hosce restricts the period to 
the years which are now passing, or have just passed. 

3. non per ilium : without his agency. 

4. lam vero : but again = moreover. 

iuventutis inlecebra: power of alluring the young, i.e. to ruin. 

5. alios, aliorum : some, of others. 
amabat : imperfect of customary action. 

6. aliis, aliis : indirect object of pollicebatur. 
f ructum : the gratification. 

7. impellendo : by inciting them, i.e. by inciting the children to murder 
their parents for their property. 

13. asciverit: explain mood and tense. 

^ This description of Catiline and his followers accords well with Sallust's 
account of the same subject, Cat. 14. 

14. Chapter 5. — ut . . . possitis : this clause expresses the purpose of 
an action readily supplied, as hoc dicam, I will say this, viz. nemo est, etc. 

in dissimili ratione : in different relations in life. 

15. nemo in ludo gladiatoriO: = mdlus gladiator. In the gladiatorial 
schools prisoners of war, refractory slaves, and sometimes criminals were 
trained under the direction of professional masters {lajtistae) for the gladia- 
torial contests. 

paulo audacior : a little more daring than the rest. H. 498 ; LM. 678 ; 
A. 291, a ; G. 297, 2 ; B. 240, i ; (H. 444, i). 

16. intimum Catilinae : aji intimate friend of Catiline; intimum is 
here used substantively. 

17. nemo in scaena: actors at Rome were usually freedmen or slaves, and 
were generally despised. 

nequior : compare this word. 

18. sodalem : boon companion. This word is more specific than intimum, 
and refers especially to companionship in pleasure. 

19. exercitatione : by the practice ; ablative of means. 



N 34 NOTES 

frigore . . . perferendis : to ejidure cold, etc., lit. trained (adsuefactus) 
in enduring cold, etc. ; ablative of specification, the regular construction in 
Cicero ; later writers often use the dative, the accusative with ad, or the 
infinitive. Note that perferendis agrees with the nearest noun. 

20. fortis : a hero. 

ab istis : contemptuously, by those cronies of his, 

21. cum consumeret : subjunctive of concession. 

industriae subsidia . . . virtutis : aids of industry and means of virtue, 
i.e. this power of endurance, referred to in frigore et fame . . . perferendis, 
which might have been so useful in an active (industriae) and virtuous (vir- 
tutis) life, he was utterly wasting. Notice the chiasmus. 

23. Hunc vero : with these words Cicero resumes the thought from which 
he digressed on p, 108, 1. 9, to characterize Catiline. 

sui COmites ; i.e. his associates and accomplices who remained at Rome. 

24. nos beatos : this exclamation, it will be observed, is the conclusion 
of the condition si comites, si greges, and is much more emphatic than the 
declarative form, erimus beati, would have been ; cf. the similar sentence on 
p. 108, 1. 7. 

26. hominum: of the men, i.e. the men referred to in sui comites. 

libidines : lust ; audaciae, recklessness. The plural is used because the 
reference is to the repeated instances, the regular habits of these fellows, 
hominum, with a touch of contempt. 

Page 110, line i. — obligaverunt : they have mortgaged. 
res : ready mo7iey ; fides, credit. 

3. quae . . . abundantia : zvhich they had while in affluence, i.e. before 
they wasted their property. 

si comissationes solum . . . quaererent : i.e. if they aimed only at revel- 
ing and debauchery, and did not also aim at the overthrow of the state. 
Note the form of the condition, 

4. alea : games of chance were forbidden at Rome, except during the " 
festival of the Saturnalia, and aleatores were always regarded as disreputable. 

illi quidem: H. 507, 5 ; G. 307, r. 4 ; (II. 450, 4, n. 2). 

Page 111, line I. — desperandi, sed tamen ferendi : hopelessly lost, but yet 
endurable, i.e. they would, indeed, be beyond hope of reformation, but yet 
endurable, because not dangerous to the state. 

2. possit: potential subjunctive. H. 557; LM. 717; A. 446; G. 259 ; 
B. 280, 2; (H. 486, II). 

inertes : listless, contrasted with fortissimis, as homines is contrasted with 
viris. 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE 



N35 



4. mihi: ethical dative; cf. p. 106, 1. 22. It maybe omitted in transla- 
tion, though it gives a sarcastic tone to the sentence. 

accubantes : reclining. The Romans did not sit at table, but reclined upon 
elevated couches, resting the weight of the body in part on the left elbow. 
These couches were placed on three sides of a square table, and were intended 
each to accommodate three persons. The waiters served at the fourth side 
of the table. The diagram represents the Roman table, M, on three sides of 
which are placed the couches, A, B, C, each accommodating three persons. 



1 








s 


2 




M 




2 


3 








1 




1 


2 


3 





5. sertis, unguentis : Cicero doubtless refers to the excessive use of gar- 
lands and perfumes as indicating luxury and indulgence. 

8. Quibus : them. Such connective relatives regularly stand at the begin- 
ning of the clause, and should of course be translated by demonstrative or 
personal pronouns. 

11. non breve nescio quod tempus: not so?ne brief period ; nescio quod 
= quoddam. H. 189, I ; LM. 818; A. 575, d -, G. 467, R. I ; B. 253, 6; (H. 

191, N.). 

12. propagarit : observe the force of the future perfect. 

13. rei publicae: dative of reference. H. 425,4; LM. 546; A. 376; 
G.352; B. 188; (H. 384,4). 

15. Omnia externa : all things abroad. 

unius : of one man, i.e. Cn. Pompey, whose campaigns against the pirates 
(mari) and against Mithridates and Tigranes (terra) had been crowned with 
signal success. 



N 36 NOTES 

terra marique : H. 485, 2 ; LM. 625 ; A. 427, a ; G. 385, n. i ; B. 228, i, c ; 
(H. 425, 11, 2). 

16. intus: observe the emphatic position in contrast with externa; also 
the anaphora. 

17. nobis certandum est: ^ve must contend. What literally? 

19. inimicitias : why plural ? 

20. quacumque ratione : in whatever way I can, i.e. in every possible 
way ; sanare potero is understood. 

21. sanabo, resecanda erunt: medical terms. He will heal the disease in 
the body politic if he can ; if not, he will cut off the diseased part. 

22. aut . . . aut . . . aut : each act here excludes the others ; cf. vel, 
p. 105, 1. 4. 

23. permanent : this verb is here used literally with in urbe, but figura- 
tively with in eadem mente. It is better in English to use different verbs. 
Note that permanent has future force here as on p. 107, 1. 12. Cf. si per- 
manebunt, p. 1 14, 1. 28. 

ea quae merentur : i.e. capital punishment. Why not subjunctive ? 
H. 652, I ; LM. 1028 ; A. 593, a ; G. 629, R. ; B. 314, 3 ; (H. 529, TI, N. l). 

Note the numerous instances of anaphora in this chapter and the rhetorical 
effect produced. 

With what forms of the verb is the dative of apparent agent used ? 

25. Chapter 6. — a me, . . . Catilinam: observe the emphatic position. 
H. 6^5, I and 2 ; LM. 1 147 : A. 597 ; G. 672, 674 ; B. 349 ; (H. 561, 1 and 
II). 

26. Quod ego si . . . possem : if I zvere able to accomplish this by a word, 
i.e. by a mere word or threat. Quod, this, i.e. to drive into exile, y 

27. loquuntur : for mood, cf. merentur above. 

Homo . . . videlicet : the whole sentence is ironical, and Homo has a 
touch of contempt. 

28. permodestus : ve7y modest, with perhaps the accessory idea of docile, 
yielding. 

29. simul atque : as soon as; cf. p. 94, 1. 23. 

Page 112, line i. — Hesterno die : Cicero proceeds to give to the people an 
account of the occurrences which led to the departure of Catiline. 

cum paene interfectus essem: when I had narroivly escaped being killed. 

2. aedem : difference in meaning between singular and plural? H. I40 j 
LM. 124 ; A. 107 ; G. 69, c\ B. 61 ; (H. 132). 

rem omnem detuli : i.e. in the First Oration against Catiline. 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 3/ 

3. Quo cum Catilina venisset : when Catiline had come in. Quo, lit. 
whither, = in aedem. 

5. ita ut : as, lit. so as; ita is explained by ut perditum civem. 

6. Quin etiam : nay even, adding a still stronger statement. 

principes eius ordinis, i.e. of the senate. These were the omnes consulares 
of p, 94, 1. 21. 

8. vehemens ille consul : in irony. 

10. fuisset : in double questions the first interrogative particle (^-ne or 
utriiiii') is frequently omitted. 

necne : or not. In a direct question this would regularly be annon. H. 
380, i; LM. 813; A. 335, N.; G. 459; B. 300, 4, a ; (H. 353, 2, N. 3). 

11. homo audacissimus : though a most audacious fclloiv ; an appositive 
with concessive force. 

12. quid in proximam constituisset : this probably refers to the intended 
murder of Cicero. 

13. quem ad modum: in what manner ; often written quemadmodum. 
ei : dative of agent. 

14. edocui : I fully explained; note the force of the preposition in the 
compound. 

cum teneretur: when he stood speechless, lit. was held, i.e. was so over- 
whelmed by the fact that his plans were known to the consul that he was 
unable to utter a word. 

15. eo quo iam pridem pararet: to that place to which he had long been 
preparing to go. In the direct discourse, eO quo . . . paras. Account for 
the change of mood and tense. 

16. cum . . . scirem: since I knew. 

secures, fasces : these were the insignia of consular authority which Cati- 
line was preparing to assume. Cf. Sail. Cat. 36 : Cum fascibus atque aliis 
imperii insignibus in castra ad Manlium contendit. 

1 7. aquilam illam argenteam : see p. 99, 1. 7. 

18. f ecerat : why not subjunctive? 

praemissam : for agreement, cf. perferendis, p. 109, 1. 20. 

19. In exsilium eiciebam : zvas I attetnpting to drive into exile ? Cf. facie- 
bas, p. 93, 1. 4. 

20. Etenim, credo, etc. : this whole sentence is strongly ironical, as if 
Cicero had said, " It is absurd to suppose that Manlius, that petty centurion, 
has declared war against Rome on his own account, and that it is not Cati- 
line, their real leader, that they are waiting for." 

23. Massiliam : Catiline and his friends reported that he was going to 
Marseilles into voluntary exile. 



N 38 NOTES 

ut aiunt: as the saying is, \xn'^\y\x)g that this "going to Marseilles" had 
become a sort of by-word. 

24. haec castra : this camp. The same camp which is called ///c; castra 
above, 1. 22. H. 505, i; LM. 1049, 1054; A. 297, a and b ; G. 305, 307; 
B. 87; (H.450). 

Where was the Temple of Jupiter Stator ? Where were Massilia and 
Ager Faesulanus? See 151 and the maps. 

Describe /^zi'(r^-'i', signa militaria, aquila, sacrariiim ; see 90 and p. 99. 

26. Chapter 7. — si . . . pertimuerit : what word shows the mood of this 
and the following verbs? What is the form of the condition? 

27. periculis meis: by 7ny perils, i.e. the perils incurred by Cicero in his 
attempts to suppress the conspiracy. 

Page 113, line 3. — ad fugam atque in exsilium: on which phrase is 
the emphasis? 

7. vi et minis : hendiadys, by threats of violence. 

8. si hoc fecerit : if he should do this, i.e. pertimuerit, mutaverit, etc. 

10. velint : explain mood. 

Est mihi tanti: it is worth my while. What is the subject of est? 
tanti : genitive of price; cf. p. 98, 1. 12. 

11. dum modo depellatur: cf. p. 92, 1. 5. 
a vobis : fro?n you. 

14. Dicatur: imperative subjunctive. Notice that the personal construc- 
tion is here used. 

15. non est iturus : stronger than non ibit, — he has no thought of going. 

16. invidiae . . . causa : for the sake of di/ninishijig my unpopularity. 

17. ut L. Catilinam . . . audiatis: this would prove the correctness of 
Cicero's accusations, and thus, by justifying his course, diminish his unpopu- 
larity. Why is the subjunctive used here ? 

18. triduo: time within which. H. 487; LM. 631; A. 423; G. 393; B. 
231; (H. 429). 

19. ne mihi sit, etc. : that it may be a sotirce of unpopularity to me, a sub- 
stantive clause involving purpose m apposition with illud. H. 564, III; 
LM. 904; A. 561, a ; G. 550 ; B. 296, 2 ; (H. 499, 3). 

20. quod ilium emiserim: that I allowed him to go, %vM]&z\. oi ^\\. in the 
preceding line; emiserim, subjunctive in an indirect clause. H. 652; LM. 
793; A. 593; G. 663; B. 324; (H. 529, II). 

21. cum profectus sit: since he has departed, a causal clause. 

22. idem : subject of dicerent. 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 39 

si interfectus esset, dicerent : note carefully the force of the tenses in 
this condition. 

23. dictitant: are continually saying. Observe the force of the frequen- 
tative form. H. 364; LM. 95; A. 263, 2; G. 191, i; B. 155,2; (H. 336). 

24. hoc: this, i.e. that Catiline is on his way to Marseilles. 

queruntur quam verentur: the complaint that CatiHne had been unjustly 
driven into exile is mere pretense. Their real feeling is that of joy at his de- 
parture, as they believe that he is on his way to the camp of Manlius, and yet 
they have some little fear that he may, after all, abandon his revolutionary 
schemes and go into exile. Hence their real feeling is not so much that of 
dissatisfaction as of fear. 

istomm : of those felloivs. 

25. tarn misericors: so compassionate, i.e. so much interested in the wel- 
fare of Catiline. If they were really interested in his welfare, they would pre- 
fer that he should go to Marseilles, where he would be safe, rather than that 
he should court certain destruction by joining Manlius. 

qui non malit = ut is non malit, as not to prefer. H. 591, 2; LM. 836; 
A. 537, 2; G. 631, I; B. 284, 2; (H. 500). 

ad Massilienses : = Massiliam, the citizens for the city, perhaps to bring 
the expression into harmony with ad Manlium. 

27. latrocinantem : as a brigand. 

se interfici mallet : cf. Cupio me esse clementem, p. 89, 1. 10. The com- 
plementary infinitive is also common with malo. 

30. nisi quod : except that. 

vivis nobis : ivhile we are alive, ablative absolute; but nobis may refer 
to Cicero alone, 

Optemus : let us desire ; because, if he does not go into exile, he will surely 
make war upon his country. 

Observe that the second sentence in this chapter contains a good example 
of a Latin period. Nunc si . . . dicetur. The meaning of the sentence is 
held in suspense till the last word is uttered, and in this case it is uncertain 
what the mood of the verbs in the protasis is till dicetur is reached. See 
H. 685; LM. 1165; A. 601; G. 684, 687; B. 351, 5; (H. 573). 

Study carefully the moods in the relative clauses in this chapter. 

Page 114, line i. Chapter 8. — Sed: Cicero proceeds in the next place 
to speak of the partisans and followers of Catiline who have not yet left the 
city. He divides them into six classes, 

2. fatetur se esse hostem : it is here assumed that Catiline has gone to 
the camp of Manlius. 



N 40 NOTES 

quia murus interest : because there is a wall between us. 

quod semper volui : as I have always wished; quod refers to mUrus inter- 
est as its antecedent. Id quod might have been used ; cf. id quod stultissi- 
mum est, 1. 25 below. 

4. nihil dicimus : but say nothing. The interrogative is still cur. Ob- 
serve the asyndeton. H. 657, 6; LM. 752; A. 601, c, G. 474, n.; B. 346; 
(H. 636, I, I). 

5. si fieri possit: if it can be done. The subject of possit is the clause 
sanare sibi . . . publicae. On the form of condition, see H. 577, 2; LM. 
937; A. 516, d; G. 596, I ; B. 303, b ; (H. 511, n. 3). 

6. sanare sibi ipsos : note that sibi here is in contrast with rei publicae 
just below. Cicero would like to bring the men to their right mind for their 
own sakes and to reconcile them to the state as well. For ipsOS, cf. the Ora- 
tion for Marcellus, p. 211, 11. 15-18: Cu7u M. Marcelliim deprecantibus vobis 
rei publicae conservavit, . . . reliquos amplissinios viros et sibi ipsos et patriae 
reddidit. 

8. intellego : what is the object of this verb ? 

9. istae : why not illae ? 

10. singulis : to the several classes {generibus\ one by one. 
medicinam : cf. sanare above. 

consilii atque orationis meae : appositional genitive, of the advice con- 
taijied in my oration ; hendiadys. 

si quam : medicinam adferre is understood. 

12. Unum genus: Cicero'characterizes the first class of the conspirators as 
heavy debtors, but possessed of ample means. 

est eorum : consists of those ; eorum, predicate genitive. H. 439 ; LM. 
556; A. 343, /;; G. 366; B. 198, 3; (H. 401). 
magno in aere alieno : though deeply in debt. 

13. dissolvi: to be separated from them, i.e. from their possessions; but it 
may mean to he set free, i.e. from debt. Perhaps Cicero selected an ambigu- 
ous term for the purpose of suggesting both interpretations. 

14. Horum hominum species est : in appearance these men are, lit. the 
appearance of these men is. 

15. locupletes: note that the composition of this word suggests real estate 
rather than money. 

causa : i.e. the cause in which they are engaged. 

16. Tu: to whom does this refer ? Note the anaphora of tu. 

agris: H. 477, II; LM. 651; A. 409, a; G. 405, n, 3; B. 218, 8; (H. 
421,11). 

17. familia : x^oX. family. 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N4I 

sis, dubites : subjunctive in a repudiating question, is it possible that you 
are rich, and yet hesitate ? See note on p. 98, 1 6. 

18. adquirere ad fidem: to add to your credit, i.e. by paying your debts. 

19. omnium: of all things, objective genitive with vastatione. 

20. An tabulas novas : or neiv accounts. Laws were sometimes passed 
reducing all debts in a uniform ratio. The Lex Valeria de debitoribus, enacted 
in 86 B.C., reduced all debts to one fourth of their previous amount. The 
debts thus reduced were entered in new accounts {tabulae novae'). Catiline 
had promised his followers such a relief from the weight of debts with which 
so many were overwhelmed. Cf. Sail., Cat. 21 : Ttiin Catilina polliceri 
tabulas novas, proscriptiotiem locupletium, magistratus, sacerdotia, rapitias, 
alia omnia quae bellum atque libido victoruin fcrt. 

22. tabulae novae . . . verum auctionariae : neiv accounts, but those of 
the auction. Note the play upon the word tabulae, tablets, tables, records. 
Cicero says that debts shall be reduced, not indeed by any new law, but by 
the public sale of the property of the debtor. 

24. Quod : this, i.e. to sell their property, as implied in auctionariae. 

25. id quod, etc. : in apposition wnth the clause certare, etc. 

certare . . . praediorum : to struggle to meet the interest from the produce 
of their estates. What literally ? 

26. et locupletioribus . . . uteremur : ive should find (lit. use) thein both 
richer and better citizens. 

Page 115, hne i. — permanebunt: i.e. in sententia. 

Make a careful study of the conditional constructions in this chapter. 

Note the several uses of iste as here employed. 

3. Chafi'er 9. — Alterum genus: the second class consists of insolvent 
debtors ambitious of power. 

4. rerum potiri volunt : they wish to become masters of affairs. H. 458, 3 ;• 
LM. 593 ; A. 410, a ; G. 407, N. 2, d ; B. 212, 2 ; (H. 410, V, 3). 

5. quieta re publica : in a peaceful condition of the state. 

6. Quibus hoc . . . videtur : to these it seems proper that this admonition 
should be given ; lit. to whom this seems to deserve to be prescribed. Here 
the Latin employs the personal construction, the English the impersonal ; hoc 
is the subject of videtur. 

7. unum et idem : in apposition with hoc. 
scilicet : of course. 

quod reliquis omnibus : i.e. praecipiejidum videtur. 

8. ut desperent : substantive clause of purpose in apposition with hoc. 



N 42 NOTES 

9. me ipsum vigilare, etc. : these infinitive clauses depend on a verb of 
saying implied in praecipiendum ; translate : that I myself am watchjui, at my 
post, and looking out for the interests of the state. 

12. huic invicto populo: with a gesture toward t\\Q populus to whom he 
is speaking. The medicina which he wishes to administer to this second 
class is the thought that the consul is alert and competent, that the people 
are courageous and united, and that the gods are sure to oppose their base 
designs against the state. 

13. praesentes : z« /,?rj<?«, construe with deos. 

14. Quod si . . . adepti : but if they should at once attain, etc. 

18. id se cupere, quod si, etc., that if they should attain that which they 
desire, lit. that they desire that which if they should attain. In rendering 
into English, the antecedent and relative often change places. 

fugitivo . . . aut gladiatori : i.e. if the conspiracy should succeed, brute 
force would usurp the place of law. 

20. Tertium genus : the third class consists largely of aged and reckless 
spendthrifts who formerly served under Sulla. Cf. Sail. Cat. 16: Plerique 
Sulla7ii niilites, largius suo usi, rapinarum et victoriae veteris inemores, civile 
bellum exoptabant. 

2.1. cui . . . succedit: whom Catiline 7iozti sz^cceeds, i.e. in comma.nd. 

22. quas Sulla constituit : at the close of the civil wars between Marius 
and Sulla, the latter established colonies for 120,000 of his soldiers in Etruria 
and other parts of Italy. Not a few of these colonists, having squandered 
all they had, espoused the cause of Catiline in the hope of new spoils and 
booty. 

23. quas universas : zvhich as a class, i.e. taken as a whole. Cicero does 
not mean to pass censure upon these colonies in general, but only upon 
those colonists who have joined Catiline ; universas is contrasted with ii 
below. 

24. sed tamen ii . . . qui: hut yet there are (i.e. zxnong'CaQ.va) those colo- 
nists who. 

25. se sumptuosius . . . iactarunt : have conducted themselves too extrava- 
gantly and haughtily. Cicero here refers especially to their ostentatious and 
extravagant mode of life. 

Page 116, line i. — tamquam beati : as if wealthy. 

2. conviviis apparatis : sumptuous feasts. 

3. si salvi esse velint: if they wish to be free from debt ; the subjunctive 
in an indirect clause. 

4. Sulla sit . . . excitandus : they would have to call up Sulla from the 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 43 

dead, i.e. nothing short of the spoils of another bloody revolution like that 
of Sulla can save them. 
qui etiam : and they also. 

5. agrestes : of. Sail. Cat. 28: Interea Manlius in Etruria plebem sollici- 
tare, egestate simnl ac dolore iniuriae novarum reriim cupidam, quod Sullae 
doininatione agros bonaque onuiia aniiserat. 

tenues : of slender means. 

eandem illam spem : i.e. the hope that the scenes of Sulla's proscriptions 
will be repeated under Catiline. 

6. Quos utrosque : both these, including both the coloni and the agrestes. 

8. eos hocmoneo: I give them this advice. H. 412; LM. 524; A. 390, c; 
G. 333, i; B. 178,1,./; (H.375). 

desinant: imperative subjunctive. This is the medicina for the third class. 
proscriptiones et dictaturas : i.e. such a state of things as they had v^'it- 
nessed under Sulla. 

9. Tantus dolor: such a painful recollection, lit. so great pain. 

illorum temporum : 87-80 b.c, during the civil wars of Marius, Cinna, 
and Sulla. 

10. ut iam . . . videantur : that nozv not only human beijigs but even beasts 
of the field seem to me unwilling to permit such horrors (these things). 

non modo : H. 656, 3 ; LM. 773 ; A. 21 7, .? ; G. 482, 5, r. i ; B. 343, 2, a ; 
(H. 552, 2). _ 

Review the history of the civil wars of Marius and Sulla and of Sulla's 
dictatorship. 

12. Chaffer 10. — turbulentum : here this word seems to be a synonym 
with varium and mixtum ; not turbulent, but confused, miscellaneous. 

13. qui : = eorum qui, consisting of those who. 
premuntur : i.e. aere alieno. 

emergunt : get out of debt. 

14. qui partim . . . partim: some of whom . . . others, lit. partly . . . 
partly. 

male gerendo negotio : by the bad management of business. 

15. in vetere aere alieno vacillant: are staggering under a load of in- 
debtedness of long sta7iding. 

qui permulti: wJlo in great numbers ; permulti agrees with qui. 

vadimoniis, iudiciis, proscriptione bonorum : by bail-bonds, lawsuits, and 
forced sales of their goods. These terms designate the three steps in the 
judicial procedure against debtors. First, the debtor gives bail {vadimonium') 
for his appearance in court ; secondly, the decision {iudiciuni) of the court, if 



N 44 NOTES 

against him, places the creditor in possession of certain property for security ; 
and, thirdly, if the property is not redeemed within a specified time, it is 
proscribed (^proscriptio), i.e. is sold to pay the debt. 

1 8. infitiatores lentos : dilatory debtors, strictly those who endeavor to 
escape payment by denying the debt. 

19. Qui homines : these felloivs, with a sneer., 

quam primum : as soon as possible. H. 159, 2 ; LM. 679 ; A. 291, c; G. 
303 ; B. 240, 3 ; (H. 444, 3). 

si stare . . . corruant : referring to vacillant, 1. 15 above. This sen- 
tence gives the medicina for the fourth class. 

20. non modo : cf. non modo, 1. 10. 

22. quam ob rem . . . velint : indirect question, in apposition with illud. 
We may well preserve the order in translating, fo7- this I do not understand, 
why, etc. 

turpiter : basely, i.e. in making war upon their country. 

Page 117, line i. — pereant : imperative subjunctive. It is well to subor- 
dinate the first clause in translating, for since they cajinot be torn away from 
him, let them perish by all ?7ieans. This is the medicina for the fifth class. 

2, career : the Mamertine prison, the Tullianum, was the only prison at 
Rome, and was used for executions or for the temporary detention of accused 
persons. Imprisonment as a punishment for crime was not used by the 
Romans ; see 153. 

4. Postremum . . . non solum . . . Catilinae est : but the last class, 
not only in number, but also . . . is that which is peculiarly Catiline'' s, 

Postremum : last, but in the double sense of last and lowest, as shown by 
genere ipso atque vita. 

numero : H. 480 ; LM. 650 ; A. 418 ; G. 397 ; B. 226 ; (H. 424). 

5. Catilinae : H. 435, 4 ; LM. 573 ; A. 385, 2 ; G. 359, r. i ; B. 204, 3 ; 

(H.391,4). 

6. de complexu eius ac sinu : his bosom friends, lit. of his embrace and 
bosom. Originally the language seems to have been applied to those who 
reclined together at table ; see note on accubantes, p. ill, 1. 4. 

7. pexo capillo : ablative of characteristic. 

bene barbatos : well bearded. It was deemed foppish at this time to wear 
a full beard, especially when this was carefully trimmed and cared for. 

8. manicatis et talaribus tunicis : these were marks of effeminacy. The 
ordinary tunics were much shorter, and were without sleeves. 

velis, non togis : tuith veils, not togas, i.e. with loose, flowing garments 
which resemble veils. The toga, the ordinary outer garment of a Roman citi- 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILiNE N45 

zeiij was semicircular in form. As usually worn, it covered the left shoulder 
and arm, passed across the back, under the right arm, across the breast, and 
again over the left shoulder ; see the illustration, p. 120. 

quorum omnis industria . . . expromitur : the entire activity of whose 
lives and wakeful nights is exhibited in banquets lasting till morning, vigi- 
landi labor, lit. the struggle to keep awake. 

12. neque : the force of 5o/«;« continues. 

15. perierit : note the force of the mood and tense. 

scitote : H. 560, 2; LM. 725 ; A. 449, a ; G. 267, r. ; B. 281, I ; (H. 

487, N.). 

16. quid sibi volunt : lohat do those wretches propose to themselves? H. 
432 ; LM. 541 ; A, 380 ; G. 351, N. 2 ; B. 188, 2, b ; (H. 389, N. 2). 

17. mulierculas : diminutive denoting contempt, as often. 

18. illis : H. 464 ; LM. 602 ; A. 401 ; G. 405 ; B. 214, I ; (H. 414, l). 
his noctibus : ablative of time. 

19. pruinas ac nives : Cicero's speech was delivered November ninth. The 
calendar, however, was in great confusion until reformed by Julius Caesar 
some years later. The correct date was probably a month or two later. 

20. idcirco . . . quod : for the reason that. 

21. toleraturos : note the future infinitive without ^i'j^. 

What is the force of the following formative suffixes : osus.^ lentus, tor^ 
arizmi, cula, arius ? Find illustrations of these forms in this chapter. 

22. Chapter ii. — Magno opere pertimescendum, etc. : note the irony 
of the passage. 

23. scortorum : referring not only to mulierculas, 1. 17 above, but also to 
omnes impuri impudicique, 1. 11. 

cohortem praetoriam : a body of picked men who formed the com- 
mander's bodyguard. Scipio Africanus first formed such a bodyguard when 
he was besieging Numantia, 133 B.C. 

24. Instruite nunc : marshal now, i.e. in imagination. 

25. vestra, yestros : emphatic, in contrast with Catilinae. 

Page 118, line I. — gladiatori illi confecto et saucio : Catiline is here 
compared to a wounded gladiator ; he had received his first wound figura- 
tively cum ex occultis insidiis in apertum latrociniiwi coniectus est ; see p. 
105, 1. 14. 

2. illam naufragorum . . . manum : that stranded (titztdiVCi) and help- 
less band of shipwrecked men, a favorite figure with Cicero ; cf. p. 102, 
1. II. 



N 46 NOTES 

4. lam vero : cf. lam vero, p. 109, 1. 4. The contrast is now extended 
from the forces themselves to the positions they occupy. 

urbes coloniarum ac municipiorum : the cities of our colonies and munici- 
palities. These cities would be more than a match for the tumuli silvestres 
of Catiline. Note the general distinction between coloniae and miDiicipia. 
Originally the former were colonies founded and occupied by Roman citizens, 
the latter, free towns in alliance with Rome or dependent upon it; see note 
on p. 119, 1. I. 

5. tumulis silvestribus : the zuooded heights, referring to the lurking-places 
of Catiline's forces. 

6. copias, ornamenta, praesidia : resources, equipments, defenses. 

8. quibus : ablative of means with suppeditamur, ablative of separation 
with eget. 

eget ille : hut 7vhich he lacks. Observe the ellipsis of the adversative con- 
junction, "adversative asyndeton." 

9. senatu, equitibus, etc. : in apposition with rebus. 

aerario : the aerarium, or public treasury, w^as in the Temple of Saturn, 
and was in charge of the quaestores urbani ; see 146. 

10. exteris nationibus : foreign nations, i.e. foreign allies. 
si his rebus omissis : repeated from 1. 8 above. 

11. quae inter se confligunt : which are in conflict. 
contendere : to compare. 

12. ex eo ipso : from this very thing, i.e. from this very comparison. 
quam valde iaceant : ho7u prostrate they lie. 

13. Ex hac parte = hi7ic, illinc = ex ilia parte : on this side, on that. 
petulantia, pietas, honestas : not petulance, piety, honesty. Throughout 

this passage special care must be taken to choose the equivalent English words 
for the translation. 

17. aequitas, temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia: these are the four cardi- 
nal virtues recognized by the Stoic philosophers. 

20. bona ratio cum perdita : here ratio seems to be used in a political 
sense, public policy, and we may render a sound public policy loith political 
folly. 

21. cum omnium rerum desperations : zvith despair in regard to (lit. of) 
all thiftgs, i.e. utter despair. 

23. ab his virtutibus: the vices and virtues are parties to the conflict, 
hence the personification. H. 468, i; LjSI. 614; A. 405, N. 3; G. 40i,R. 2; 
B. 216,1; (H. 415, 1,2). 

Make a careful study of the contrasted words in the latter part of this chap- 
ter as regards derivation and composition. 



SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 47 

Peroratio, 12, 13 

25. Chapter 12. — vos: expressed for emphasis in contrast with mihi 
below. 

27. mihi consultum atque piovisum est : measia-es have been initiated 
and provision made by me. H. 431, 2; LM. 545; A. 375; G. 354; B. 189, 
2; (H. 388. I). 

urbi : possessive dative. The consul provides for the safety of the city as a 
whole, while each citizen is expected to look especially to the safety of his own 
house. 

sine vestro motu: without disturbance to you, i.e. without disturbing you; 
vestro is equivalent to an objective genitive. 

Page 119, line i. — esset: H. 546; LM. 785 ; A. 485, a; G. 511, 3; B. 

268,1; (H. 495, I). 

Coloni, municipes : after the Social War (89 B.C.) there M'as no political 
distinction between these two classes, though originally distinct. 

2. hac nocturna excursione Catilinae : referring to Catiline's departure the 
preceding night to the camp of Manlius. Cf. Sail. Cat. 32 : Nocte in- 
tempesta cum paucis in Alanliana castra profectus est. 

4. quam manum : a force which, lit. which force. 

certissimam : most faithful. , 

■5. quamquam animo . . . patriciorum : hoivever, they are better disposed 
(lit. of better mind) than some of the patricians. This is only a parenthetical 
remark. 

6. potestate tamen nostra continebuntur : yet will be held in check by our 
pozver, i.e. even the gladiators, who, Catiline thought, would be faithful to 
him, will yet be controlled by us ; tamen, it will be observed, does not refer 
back to quamquam in the parenthetical clause, but to the concessive idea 
contained in the clause quam . . . putavit. For greater security, the gladi- 
atores had been distributed among the municipal towns. Cf. Sail. Cat. 30: 
Item decrevere ut gladiatoriae familiae Capuatn etin cetera mutiicipia distri- 
buerentur pro cuiusque opibus. 

7. Q. Metellus, etc. : see p. 107, 1. 3. 
hoc : i.e. the present posture of affairs. 

9. Reliquis de rebus . . . referemus: the question of determining . , . 
further Pleasures, I shall presently refer to the senate. 

II. quern vocari videtis: which you see is convoked. Perhaps the senators 
were already beginning to assemble in the senate-house near by, summoned 
by the praecones or criers who had been sent out by Cicero. ■ 



N 48 NOTES 



% 



12. atque adeO: and even, or rather-. 

13. vestrum: note that with omnium the forms of the possessive genitive 
are nostrum, vestrum, not nostri, vestri. 

15. monitos etiam atque etiam : to be admonished again and again, infini- 
tive without esse ; monitos agrees with illos in 1. 12 above. 

16. solutior : excessive, lit. too unrestricted. 

hoc exspectavit : it has been waiting for this ; hoc is explained by the clause 
ut id . . . erumperet. 

17. Quod reliquum est: for the future, lit. as to what remains; here in a 
temporal sense, opposed to adhuc, 1. 15 above. 

20. portis, viae : why dative ? 

21. commoverit, deprehendero : future perfect denoting actions which 
will be completed at the time of sentiet. 

cuius ego non modo factum, etc. : of whom I shall detect, not to say an act, 
but any beginning or attempt, etc. 

23. sentiet : the subject is the omitted antecedent of qui. 

25. quem vindicem . . . voluerunt: tvhick our fathers intended as a 
place of punish77ietit (lit. as punisher) of, etc. 

With what passive form of the verb is the dative of apparent agent regularly 
used? With what other form is it sometimes found? How is the agent ex- 
pressed with other passive forms? Note instances of all these in this chapter. 

Page 120, line 2. Chapter 13. — me uno . . . imperatore: ablative ab- 
solute, with me alone, clad in the toga, as your leader and commander ; togato, 
clad in the toga, the ordinary dress of the citizen, as opposed to paludavientuju, 
the military cloak of the commander. Cicero engages therefore to bring the 
war to a close without resorting to military force. 

7. impendens patriae periculum : the dajtger which threatens the coun- 
try; patriae, dative. 

1 1 . vix optandum : scarcely to be hoped for. 

ut neque bonus quisquam . . . que: that no good man . . . and that ; 
neque = et non, of which. ^/ is the correlative of que. 

ut neque . . . possitis : in apposition with illud above. 

14. Quae ego polliceor vobis : arid I make you these promises, H. 409, i ; 
LM. 507; A. 390, c; G. IZZ^ i; B. 176, 2; (H. 375). 

prudentia, consiliis : H. 476, i; LM. 629; A. 431, a; G. 401, n. 6; B. 
218,3; (H. 425, I.N.). 

16. multis et non dubiis significationibus : on the many szire tokens. 

18. quibus ducibus : under whose guidajtce : ablative absolute. 

19. non procul, ut solebant: not at a distance, as they zvere wont to do. 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 49 

The thought is that, as the gods have given us their protection in our foreign 
wars, so now by their immediate presence they are protecting the city itself. 

22. precari, venerari, implorare : an accumulation of synonyms to add 
emphasis to the expression. Cf. abiit^ excessit, evasit, erupit, p. 105, 1. 5. 

23. quam urbem, hanc : this city zvhick. When the relative clause pre- 
cedes, the antecedent often stands in that clause. Be careful to follow the 
English idiom in translating. 

24. omnibus hostium copiis superatis : noiv that all the forces of our ene- 
mies (meaning foreign enemies) have been conqziered ; hostium. is contrasted 
with perditissimonim civium. 

Study carefully the force, construction, and position of the relative pro- 
nouns in this chapter. 

Third Oration Against Catiline 
Exordium, I 

Page 122, line i. Chaffer i. — Rem publicam: object of videtis, 1. 7. 

This sentence and the following are good examples of the Latin period. 

vitam : lives. Note the use of the singular in Latin. 

4. urbem: in apposition with domicilium. Rome is thus represented as 
the home, i.e. seat, of the government. 

6. ereptam : construe as a participle, not as an infinitive. 

7. si . . . sunt . . . debebit : a conditional sentence with the indicative 
in both clauses. Cicero refers to \.\\q fact that the Romans were accustomed to 
celebrate with joy and fetivity the anniversary of their escape from great 
danger. Horace (Odes, III, 8) thus celebrated the anniversary of his escape 
from death by a falling tree, — Voveram dulces epulas et album \ Libera 
caprum prope funeratus \ Arboris ictu. 

8. inlustres: bright, festive. 
quibus : ablative of time. 

9. salutis laetitia : the joy of being saved. 

nascendi incerta condicio : the condition (in life, whether one of joy or of 
sorrow) to which we are born (lit. of being born) is uncertain. 

10. sinesensu: without cojisciousness. 
cum VOluptate : with feelings of pleasure. 

11. profecto: construe with debebit. 

qui . . . condidit : Romulus, who is said to have founded Rome 753 B.C. 

12. ad deos . . , sustulimus: Romulus was deified under the name of 
Quirinus, in whose honor the festival of the Quirinalia was annually celebrated 
on the seventeenth of February. 



N 50 • NOTES 

benevolentia famaque i by our gratitude and by the glory zvhich we ascribe 
to hij7i. 

13. debebit: will deserve. 

15. urbi: H. 429; LM. 532; A. 370; G. 3471 B. 187, III; (H. 386). 

16. subiectos circumdatosque : which had been placed underneath and 
around, giving circumstantially the picture of setting fire to the city. 

Page 123, hne i. — idemque: H. 508, 3; LM. 1059; A. 298, b; G. 310; 
B. 248, i; (H.45T, 3)- 

rettudimus : zve have thrust back, or, as some render, blunted. This form 
arises from the reduplicated perfect tetudi. The vowel e is dropped in the 
compound ; similarly, rettuli, r-eppuli. 

4. per me : through my agency. 

exponam: the object is understood and need not be supplied. 
ut : construe with possitis. 

5. quanta : how important they are. 

6. exspectatis : i.e. are in anxious expectation, waiting to be informed by 
the consul. 

8. ut : ever since, lit. as, as soon as, i.e. as soon as he left, I began to watch. 
paucis ante diebus : a few days ago. It was, in fact, already twenty-fovir 

days, but Cicero, to excuse his own tardiness, speaks of the period as short. 
H. 488, I ; LM. 656 ; A. 414 ; G. 403, N, 4 ; B. 223 ; (H. 430, N. 3). 

9. cum reliquisset: since he had left, giving the reason for Cicero's special 
watchfulness. 

duces : who were they ? See Sail. Cat. 1 7. 

Read the first two sentences of this chapter with special reference to the 
periodic structure, and try to take in the thought in the order of the Latin 
text. In fact this ought always to be done in preparing the lessoii. Often a 
sentence that seems difficult and obscure will disclose its meaning readily if 
read in the Latin order. 

N^arratio, 2-9 

Page 124, line lo Chapter 2. — eiciebam: observe the force of the im- 
perfect. 

2. huius verbi : i.e. of the word eiciebam. 
ilia : i.e. ilia invidia. 

3. quod vivus exierit: this clause explains ilia, since that (unpopularity) 
arising from the fact that he ivent forth alive, etc. exierit is subjunctive in an 
indirect clause. H. 652 ; LM. 793 ; A. 593 ; G. 663 ; B. 324, i ; (H. 529, II). 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 5 I 

sed turn : but at that time, or more freely, at that time, I say ; sed 
here resumes the thought with which the chapter opens, turn cum ex 
urbe, etc. 

exterminari : to be driven into exile. Observe the etymology of the word. 

5. restitissent : explain mood and tense. What mood and tense of the 
direct discourse is here represented ? 

6. Atque ego ut vidi: and so when I saw ; lit. and as I saw. Atque, as a 
particle of transition, may often be rendered by but, now, and so. 

7. esse, remansisse : observe the force of each tense. What is the real 
time here denoted by each ? 

8. in eo : in this, i.e. in this endeavor, explained by the clause ut quid 
agerent . . . viderem. 

9. ut rem ita comprehenderem : that I might so grasp the subject, i.e. get 
so complete possession of all the facts in the case. This clause is not an 
appositive to eo, but it expresses the purpose of sentirem ac viderem. 

10. auribus vestris minorem . . . mea: my words would find too little 
credence in your ears, lit. to your ears ; auribus is indirect object of faceret, 
which is in the potential subjunctive. 

12. ut provideretis : subjunctive of purpose; i.e. an intended result. 
animis : tvith your ?ninds ; emphatic in contrast with oculis. Since what 

they heard with their ears (auribus) would not convince them, he was seek- 
ing to bring proofs before their eyes (oculis), so as to arouse their minds 
(animis) to action. 
saluti: H. 426,4, N. ; LM. 530; A. 367, c ; G. 345 ; B. 187; (H. 385, i), 

13. cum . . . videretis : subjunctive in an indirect clause. 

14. Allobrogum: the Allobroges were a warlike people of southeastern 
Gaul who had been conquered by the Romans more than a half century 
before. The deputation here spoken of came to Rome to present certain 
complaints against the provincial government. 

Transalpini : Transalpine, i.e. in Gaul beyond the Alps. 

15. tumultus Gallici: a Gallic revolt, or war ; tumultus, as distinguished 
from bellum, is applied especially to a revolt or war in Italy or in Cisalpine 
Gaul. Gallici, Gallic, as here distinguished from Transalpini, means in 
Cisalpine Gaul. 

P. Lentulo : Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura, a partisan of Catiline, was at 
this time praetor. He had been consul, but was subsequently expelled from 
the senate on account of his scandalous life. His election to the office of 
praetor restored him to the senate. 

esse sollicitatos : had been tampered with, i.e. Lentulus, taking advantage 
of their dissatisfaction, had endeavored to interest them in the conspiracy. Cf. 



N 52 



NOTES 



Sail. Cat. 40: Igitur {Lentulus) P. Umbreno cuidam negotiu7n dat uti 
legates Allobrogum requirat eosque, si possit, impellat ad societatdvi belli. 

16. eodemque itinere: and on the sajue journey. As their liomeward 
route lay through Etruria, they could easily visit Catiline at the camp of 
Manlius. 

18, T, Volturcium : Titus Volturcius, of v/hom little is known, except that 
he was a native of Crotona, and a partisan of Catiline. Cf. Sail. Cat. 44: 
Lentuhis cum iis T. Volturcium quendam Crotoniensem mittit, ut Allobroges 
prius quam domwn pergerent ctim Catilina, data atque accepta fide, societatem 
confirmarejit. 

20. ut : so that. The second ut in the next line repeats the first for greater 
clearness after the relative clauses. 

quod erat . . . quodque : zvhich tuas a very difficult matter, and one which. 

23. L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum : Lucius Flaccus and Gaius Pomptinus 
had both seen service in previous wars. At the close of his praetorship, 
Flaccus became governor of the province of Asia. He was subsequently 
accused of extortion, but was defended by Cicero. Pomptinus became 
governor of Narbonese Gaul, where he gained a triumph over the Allo- 
broges. When Cicero was proconsul in Cilicia in 51 B.C., Pomptinus was 
his legatus. 

praetores : the praetors, eight in number, were Roman magistrates, usually 
charged with the administration of justice, but, as they possessed the imperium, 
they could be intrusted with a military command; see 92—94. 

24. fortissimos . . . rei publicae : two most important qualifications in 
those to whom great public trusts are to be committed, — courage and patri- 
otism. 

rei publicae: H. 451, 3; LM. 574; A. 349, b; G. 375; B. 204, i, a; (H. 
399» n). 

26. qui . . . sentirent : relative clause denoting a reason, as they enter- 
tained all noble and excellent sentiments, etc. H. 592; LM. 839; A. 535, <?; 
G.633; B. 283, 3; (H. 517)- 

Page 125, line i. — pontem Mulvium: this was one of the bridges over 
the Tiber. It was on the road to Faesulae, and was three miles from the 
Roman Forum. 

5. praefectura Reatina : the prefecture of Reate, a Sabine town of which 
Cicero was the patronus, that is, legal counsel and adviser. Originally the 
prefectures were governed by Roman prefects. Subsequently these towns 
obtained from Rome some of the rights of citizenship. 

7. tertia fere vigilia exacta: i.e. between three and fuur o'clock in the 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 53 

morning. The Romans divided the night into four watches varying in length 
with the length of the night at different seasons of the year. 

8. magno COmitatu : with a large retinue. 

II. Res : the cause of the attack, lit. the thing. 

Study carefully the various uses of ut in this chapter. 

13. Chapter 3. — interventu: as the object had been attained, there was 
no need of continuing the attack. 

Page 126, line i. — integris signis: with unbroken seals, ablative abso- 
lute. The waxen tablets on which letters were usually written were tied 
together with a string, the knot of which was sealed. 

ipsi : the men themselves, in distinction from the letters. 

4. Cimbrum Gabiniuin : one of the chief conspirators, called also Publius 
Gabinius (p. 129, 1. 23), and by Sallust, Cat. 17, Publius Gabinius Capito. 
He was of equestrian rank. 

nihildum suspicantem : as yet suspecting nothing. 

5. vocavi: the consul had the right to summon any citizen into his pres- 
ence, and, if need be, to compel him to come. 

L. Statilius, C. Cethegus : these were both leading conspirators, the 
former of equestrian rank, the latter a senator. Sallust, Cat. 44, shows why 
Cicero summoned these men: Allobroges ex praecepto Ciceronis per Gabinium 
ceteros conveniiint ; ab Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio, item Cassia postulant ius 
itirajtdum quod signatum ad cives perferant ; aliter haud facile eos ad tantum 
negotium impelli posse. 

6. Lentulus : see note on P. Lentulo, p. 124, 1. 15. 

credo quod . . . vigilarat : observe the sarcasm and irony. Lentulus was 
notoriously dilatory and indolent. 

8. Cum placeret: though it pleased, i.e. seemed best; viris is indirect ob- 
ject of placeret. 

10. litteras . . . aperiri: subject of placeret. 

deferri : in the same construction as aperiri. Some editions have deferrem. 
This would be the common construction with prius quam, but after quam an 
infinitive may continue a preceding infinitive construction. H. 643, 2; A. 
583,.; 0.644,3,(0; (H. 535,1, 6). 

11. si . . . esset inventum : indirect clause, representing future perfect in 
the direct form. 

12. negavi . . . ut non rem integram deferrem : I said that I would not 
fail to refer the whole subject, etc. Note the circumlocution me esse factu- 
rum ut deferrem, that I would refer, lit. that I would do that I would refer. 



N 54 ' NOTES 

Here ut deferrem is the direct object of esse facturum. H. 566, i; A. 568, 
N. i; G. 553, i; B. 297, i; (H. 501, II, i). 
13. ad consilium publicum : i.e. to the senate. 

18. C. Sulpicium : known only from what Cicero here tells us. 

19. qui . . . efferret : to bring the tveapons from the house of Cethegus^ if 
there were a^iy there ; lit. if anything of weapons, etc. 

20. ex quibus : i.e. from the house of Cethegus. 

In this chapter study all the constructions involving indirect discourse, in- 
cluding indirect clauses. 

22. Chapter 4. — Introduxi: i.e. into the senate, which was then as- 
sembled in the temple of Concord, between the Forum and the Capitol; see 
150. 

Gallis : i.e. legatis Allobroguin. 

fidem publicam dedi : / pledged to him the protection of the state, i.e. I 
promised him pardon in case he would reveal whatever he knew of the plot. 

26. ut servorum praesidio uteretur: advising him to employ the assistance 
of slaves. This clause explains mandata et litteras, with which it is in appo- 
sition. In translating, supply the words advising him. H. 571, 4; LM. 892; 
A. 561; G. 546, N.I ; B. 294; (H. 501, III). 

27. id . . . COnsilio : and that he should do this (i.e. approach the city) 
with this design ; id is the object oi facer et understood, 

28. ex omnibus partibus : z;z ^/Z/tfr/^-, lit. from all parts ; zL ex hac parte, 
p. 118, 1. 13. 

29. caedem infinitam : all the senators, as Plutarch tells us, were to be 
killed and as many other citizens as possible ; see Plutarch, Cic. 18. 

Page 127, line i. — qui fugientes exciperet: to intercept the fugitives. 

2. his urbanis ducibus : who were they ? 

3. ius iurandum : aji oath. This was in writing, and was to be communi- 
cated to the AUobroges in ratification of the compact which the conspirators 
wished to make with them. 

4. data esse: H. 395, 2; LM. 480; A. 287, 3; G, 286, i; B. 235, B, 2; 

(H.439,3). 

5. L. Cassio : L. Cassius, an influential patrician and senator, was one of 
the most prominent of the conspirators. 

6. ut equitatum . . . defuturas: the purpose clause implies a com- 
mand, the infinitive a statement, equitatum . . . mittite, copiae non deerunt, 
II. 642, i; LM. 1023; A. 580, 588; G. 650, 652; 6.314, 316; (H. 523, 
1 and III). 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N55 

7. Lentulum sibi COnfirmasse : that Lentuliis had assured them. 

8. ex f atis Sibyllinis : from the Sibylline predictions. These predictions 
were not taken from the three famous Sibylline books said to have been pur- 
chased by King Tarquin, for those had been destroyed twenty years before, at 
the time of the burning of the capitol. Various other Sibylline books were, 
however, soon after collected from different parts of Italy and Greece. In 
one of these was found a prediction which was interpreted to mean that three 
members of the Cornelian gens should rule at Rome. Lentulus claimed that 
the three Cornelii were Publius Cornelius Cinna, notorious for his tyranny and 
cruelty, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, the famous dictator, and himself, Publius 
Cornelius Lentulus. 

11. Eundemque dixisse : and that he had also said. Cf. idem^ p. go, 
1.14. 

1 2. f atalem ad : destined for. 

13. qui asset: since it -was. 

post virginum absolutionem : since the acquittal of the virgins, i.e. of the 
Vestal virgins, the virgin priestesses of Vesta, who guarded the perpetual fire 
in the temple of that goddess. Of the trial itself, which is said to have been 
held 73 B.C., nothing further is known. 

14. Capitoli incensionem : the capitol, i.e. the temple of Jupiter on the 
Capitoline hill, was burned 83 B.C. 

Hanc controversiam : a controversy on this point, i.e. on the point men- 
tioned directly below, 

16. Saturnalibus : on the Saturnalia, the festival of Saturn, celebrated 
with general festivity and merriment beginning on the seventeenth of Decem- 
ber, At this time of license the attempt of the conspirators would have a 
greater chance of success. 

17. Cethego : cf. Sail. (7^:/. 43: N'atura ferox,vehemens, manu promptus 
erat ; maxijuum bonum in celeritate putabat. 

nimium longum : too long, i.e. too long to wait. 

Make a careful study of the various forms of substantive clauses in this 
chapter. 

' 18. Chapter 5. — ne longum sit: 7tot to be tedious. This clause expresses 
the purpose of some verb or expression which may be readily supplied, as / 
proceed at once to state, etc. H. 568, 4; LM. 900; A. 532 ; G. 545, R. 3; 
B. 282, 4; (H. 499, 2, N.). 

tabellas : the waxen tablets on which the letters were written. 

I 19. a quoque : construe with datae, infinitive without esse. 

' 20. signum: see note on integris signis, p. 126, 1. I, 



N 56 NOTES 

Nos linum incidimus : we cut the string, the usual way of opening a 
Roman letter. 

23. sibi recepissent : had promised him, more WtexoWy had undertakeri for 
hi?n ; sibi refers to Cethegus. In the direct discourse this passage would be 
quae vesiris legatis conjirmavi, faciam ; oro ut item vos faciatis quae mihi 
vestri legati receperunt. 

24. qui respondisset : though he had replied, relative clause of concession. 
H. 593, 2; LM. 839; A. 535,^; G. 634; (H. 515, III). 

tamen : yet, i.e. notwithstanding his manifest guilt. 

26. f erramentonim : H. 451, i; LM. 573; A. 349, « ; G. 374; B. 204, i; 
(H. 399). . 

Page 128, line 2. — in eandem fere sententiam: to nearly the same 
purport. 

5. imago avi tui: the image of your grandfather. The head of some an- 
cestor was not an uncommon device upon a Roman seaL The grandfather 
was Publius Cornelius Lentulus, who was consul 162 B.C. He was also prin- 
ceps senatus. This was a title of honor, but conferred no special privileges. 
It belonged to the senator whose name was placed at the head of the list by 
the censors; see 130, footnote. 

6. quae quidem etiam muta: a^id this indeed, even though dumb. 

7. revocare debuit : ought to have recalled. The English verb ought, being 
defective, requires the idea of past time to be transferred to the infinitive. 

8. eadem ratione : of the same character, i.e. of the same tenor and purport 
as the letters already read ; ablative of characteristic. Some critics treat 
ratione as ablative of manner, and render in like manner. 

9. Si . . . vellet : this conditional clause, with its omitted conclusion 
implied in feci potestatem, is of the nature of indirect discourse, thus: / 
gave him permissio7t to speak (i.e. I told him he might speak), if he wished, 
etc. 

11. edito : recorded; the testimony was at once put in writing. 

12. quid sibi esset cum iis: what he had to do with them, H. 430; LM. 
542; A. 373; G. 349; B. 190; (H. 387). 

14. per quern: through zvhose influence; quem refers to the freedman P. 
Umbrenus, whom Lentulus employed for this purpose. 

16. subito scelere demens : suddenly bereft of reason through guilt, i.e. the 
consciousness of guilt. 

17. cum id . . . infitiari : though he might have denied it. H. 618, 2; 
LM. 980; A. 486, a ; B. 270, 2 ; (H. 537, i). 

19. dicendi exercitatio : of the oratory of Lentulus, Cicero elsewhere says : 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE n 57 

P. Lentxilus, cuius et excogitandi et loquendi tarditatem tegebat formae dignitas^ 
corporis niolus plenus et artis et venustatis, vocis et suavitas et magnitudo. 

25. vehementissime perturbatus : though most violently agitated. The 
participle here denotes concession. 

26. Erant sine nomine : i.e. no name appeared in the letter, A Roman 
letter commonly began with some such formula as this : Cicero Attico s. d. 
{salutem dicit), Cicero to Atticus sends greeting; but no such formula was 
found in this letter. 

27. Quis sim, etc. : this letter bears evidence of hasty composition and is 
without doubt the original form. Sallust, Cat. 44, evidently revised it for 
publication. He gives it as follows : Quis sim ex eo quern ad te misi cog- 
nosces. Fac cogites in quanta calamitate sis, et memiiteris te virum esse ; con- 
sideres quid tuae rationes postulent ; auxilium petas ab 07nnibus, etiam ab 
injimis. 

28. quern in locum : into what a position, referring to the fact that he 
was already committed to the work. 

30. etiam infimorum : eve^i of the lowest, with special reference to slaves, 

31. cum coepisset : concessive. 

Page 129, line i. — cum ilia : while those thijtgs ; ilia, which is explained 
by tabellas, signa, manus, and confessio, in apposition with it, is subject of 
visa sunt. 

3. turn multo certiora ilia : the following seemed much more certain ; turn 
is the correlative of Cum two lines above, and may not improperly be omitted 
in translating. 

4. Sic obstupuerant : were so stupefied, lit. had become so stupefied. 

5. inter sese aspiciebant: looked at one another. H. 502, i; LM. 1047; 
A. 30i»/; G. 221; B. 245; (H. 448, N.). 

Study in this chapter the various clauses with cum, 

9. Chapter 6. — de summa re publica : in regard to the highest welfare 
of the state. 

10. a principibus : by the leading ?fien. The term is applied especially to 
the consules designati and the consulares. According to Roman custom, 
the consul called on these men first, and in this order, to give their opinions. 

n. sine ulla varietate : without a dissenting voice, i.e. unanimously. 

12. nondum est perscriptum senatus consultum: after the adjournment 
the decrees of the senate were written out in due form by a committee 
selected for the purpose, and an engrossed copy was deposited in the 
aerariujn in the Temple of Saturn; see 146. 



N 58 NOTES 

15. sit liberata : why subjunctive ? 

17. usus essem : pluperfect, as the historical present laudantur is here 
treated as a historical tense ; but aguntur above is treated as a principal 
tense, hence the perfect sit liberata. H. 546 ; LM. 805 ; A. 485, e ; G. 
509, 2(«); B. 268, 3; (H. 495, II). 

i8„ conlegae meo : my colleague, i.e. in the consulship. C Antonius, the 
colleague here referred to, was at first supposed to be more or less in sympathy 
with Catiline, but Cicero soon succeeded in winning him to the cause of the 
state by resigning to him the rich province of Macedonia. 

19. coniurationis : H. 451, 2; LM. 573; A. 349, a; G. 3741 B. 204, i; 

(H. 399, I, 3). 

21. ita : as follows. Notice that the following z^Aclauses explaining ita are 
substantive clauses of purpose and the object of censuerunt. 

cum . . . abdicasset : when he had abdicated the praetorship. This clause 
in the decree was absolutely essential, as no Roman magistrate could be 
punished M'hile in office. 

26. M. Ceparium : ISIarcus Ceparius was a native of Terracina. He fled 
from Rome on the discovery of the conspiracy, but was afterward arrested and 
executed. 

2']. P. Furium, Q. Annium Chilonem : these men were active partisans 
of Catiline. The former was one of the veterans of Sulla, the latter a senator; 
cf. Sail. Cat. 17. 

Page 130, line i. — ex iis colonis : one of those colonists. 

3. in hac Allobrogum sollicitatione : in this ta77ipering with the Allobroges ; 
Allobrogum is objective genitive. 

P. Umbrenum : a freedman who had resided in Gaul. Cf. Sail. Cat. 40. 
Umbrenus, quod in Gallia negotiatus erat, plerisque principibics civitatiiim 
notus erat atque eos noverat. It a que sine mora, tibi prijmim legates iiz foro 
C07tspexit, pe7'contatus patcca de statu civitatis et quasi dolens eius casum re- 
quirej'e coepit quern exitum tantis malis sperarent^ 

5. ea lenitate est usus : exercised such leniejicy. Is is here equivalent to 
talis, as often. 

6. ex tanta coniuratione : ozd of so great a conspiracy ; construe with 
novem hominum. 

7. novem hominum : the nine conspirators just mentioned. Only five, 
however, were actually punished, as Cassius, Furius, Chilo, and Umbrenus 
escaped by flight. 

8. re publica conservata : ablative absolute. 

10. supplicatio: a thanksgiving. Originally the supplicatio was a fast held 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 59 

in time of great public calamity. Later it became a thanksgiving for great 
victories. At first the thanksgiving lasted one day, but Pompey had a suppli- 
catio of ten days, and Caesar of fifteen and twenty days. On these days the 
images of the gods, placed on couches, received the homage of the people 
with special offerings of wine and incense. 

II. meo nomine : in my name, i.e. in my honor. 

quod mihi primum togato contigit : an honor which has been coiiferred 
upon me first in civil life, i.e. an honor never before conferred upon any one 
in civil life, but only upon generals. 

13. quod . . . liberassem : indirectly quoted from the decree, hence the 
subjunctive. 

14. Quae supplicatio si : if this thanksgiving. The student should make 
himself thoroughly familiar with this use of the relative, and also with the 
order of words. 

15. hoc interest : there is this difference. 
ceterae : i.e. ceterae siipplicationes constitutae sunt. 

bene gesta : i.e. bene gesta re publica, lit. the public interests having been 
well managed. As this refers to the success of generals in the field, we may 
well render the phrase for militcwy successes. 

16. illud . . . transactum est : that which was the first thing to be done 
(i.e. to secure the abdication of Lentulus) was done and done fully. For the 
use of this legal phrase factum atque transactum, we may compare " devise 
and bequeath," " protect and defend," etc. 

20. ut liberaremur : that we might be freed from. 

21. Mario non fuerat quo minus : had not prevented Marius from, lit. had 
not been to Marius by which the less. 

quo minus occideret : H. 568, 8 ; LM. 909 ; A. 558, b; G. 549 ; B. 295, 
3 ; (H. 497, II, 2). In reality Marius was not responsible for the death of 
Glaucia. As consul he was trying to keep the peace, and in so doing he 
placed Glaucia in the Curia Hostilia, where he was pelted to death by the 
mob. This sentence will test the student's ability to express in idiomatic 
English what is entirely clear in the Latin. 

22. C. Glauciam : called C. Servilizis^ p. 89, 1. i. The full name was 
C. Servilius Glaucia. 

Make a study of the following expressions : senatum consulere, in custo- 
diam tradere, senatus consultwn ; also of the constructions used with liberoj 
abdico, removeo, utor. 

Page 131, line i. Chapter 7. — quidem ego : H. 500, i ; (H. 446, n. i) ; 
quidem always follows the word to be emphasized, here quem; egO is not 



N 60 NOTES 

of itself emphatic, but adds to the emphasis of quem by contrast; when T 
drove him from the city. 

cum pellebam: denoting pure time, hence in the indicative. 

hoc : explained by the following infinitive clause, in apposition with it. 

2. Lentuli somnum : the sleepy Lentulus. 

3. Cassi adipes : the corpuletit Cassius. 

Cethegi furiosam temeritatem, the mad and reckless Cethegus. 

4. ex istis omnibus : from all that nu7nber. 

5. tarn diu, dum : as long as, i.e. only as long as. 

6. norat : short form for noverat. As novi has the force of a present, so 
noveram has the force of an imperfect. H. 299, 2 ; LM. 385 ; A. 476 ; 
G. 236, R.; B. 262; (H. 297, I, 2). 

omnium aditus tenebat : he knew the means of access to all men, i.e. he 
knew how to approach them; omnium is objective genitive; tenebat is here 
used as a synonym of norat, held in his knowledge. Cf. memoria tenetis, you 
remember, p. 132, 1. 13. 

7. Erat ei consilium . . . aptum: he had the ability capable of planning 
crime, lit. adapted to crime. 

8. consilio, lingua, manus : i.e. to this ability to form plans was added the 
ability to advocate and execute them. 

9. lam : moreover. 

certas, certos : note the word-play. For definite objects he had definite 
individuals selected and assigned, i.e. all his plans were fully worked out 
in advance. 

10. cum aliquid mandarat : pluperfect indicative in a clause denoting 
repeated action. H. 601, 4; LM. 854; A. 542; G. 567; B. 288, 3; (H. 
472, 2). 

11. COnfectum putabat : did he consider it accomplished. 

quod . . . OCCurreret : which he did not himself attend to, engage in. The 
case of quod is determined by the nearest verb obiret; OCCurreret would 
take the dative. Obeo and occurro, as synonyms, differ only as the simple 
verbs, eo and curro, differ. 

12. frigus . . . poterat: cf. Sail. Cat. 5, Corpus patiens inediae, algoris, 
vigiliae supra qua}n»cuiquam credibile est. 

14. ego hominem: ego is the subject of compulissem, of which hominem 
is the object. In translating, to retain the emphasis, it is well to keep the 
order as far as practicable, — in regard to this fnan, so alert, etc. . . . if I 
had not forced him, etc. 

paratum : ready, i.e. prepared for every emergency. 

15. in perditis rebus : in desperate enterprises. 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE n6i 

1 6. in castrense latrocinium : into open j-obbery, lit. robbery pertaining 
to a camp, i.e. carried on by means of an army. Cicero speaks of Catiline's 
military movements not as warfare, but as robbery. Cf. p. 105, 1. 15. 

19. Non ille . . . Saturnalia, etc. : i.e. he would have appointed an 
earlier day for the execution of his plans, and would not have made the 
various mistakes which his accomplices have made since he left the city. 
Note the emphasis upon Non ille, not he, in contrast with Lentulus and the 
other conspirators who remained in the city. 

nobis : another instance of the dative of relation, or reference. H. 425, 
4; LM. 537; A. 376; G. 352; B. 188; (H. 384, 4). 

constituisset, denuntiavisset, commisisset : the implied protasis would 
read si in urbe reuiansisset. 

20. tanto ante : so long in advance. 

21. neque commisisset : nor have pei-mitted. 

27. quoad fuit : as long as he was here, i.e. in tirbe. 

OCCUrri atque Obstiti : / opposed and defeated. Observe the fitness of 
atque, as obstiti implies successful opposition. It is worth while to note the 
literal force of these compound verbs, / rushed against and, more than that, 
I stood firm against. 

28. ut levissime dicam: to say the least. H. 568, 4; LM. 900; A. 532; 
G. 545, R. 3; B. 282, 4; (H. 499, 2, N.). 

dimicandum fuisset : the indicative would be more common here. H. 582; 
LM. 940; A. 517, c; G. 597, R. 3; B. 304, 3; (H. 511, 2). 

In this chapter distinguish carefully the synonymous words, e.g. capio, 
comprehendo, deprehendo, invenio ; copiae, opes ; timeo, pertimesco ; obeo, 
occurro, obsisto ; compello, depello ; pax, otiiim, silentitim ; existimo, piito, 
sentio. 

Page 132, line i. Chapter 8. — Quamquam . . . videantur: is this 
praise intended for the gods or for the consul ? 

2. nutu atque consilio : in accordance with the will and purpose. 

3. cum, tum vero : not only, but in truth. 
coniectura consequi: to infer, lit. to attain by conjecture. 

4. quod : conjunction, not relative pronoun. 

humani consilii esse : to be within the reach of human wisdom. 

5. ita praesentes : so visibly presejit. 

7. ilia: explained by the appositives visas faces ardoremque caeli, re- 
ferring to certain unusual phenomena in the heavens, perhaps some remark- 
able manifestations of the aurora borealis, attended with meteors. Cicero 
also mentions these prodigies in his poem, "Z>^ ConsulatuP 



N 62 NOtES 

8. ab OCcidente : in the west, the quarter in which unfavorable omens f 
appeared. 

ut fulminum, etc. : Cicero doubtless here refers to the thunder said to have 
been heard at this time from a clear sky, as related by Dion Cassius. Note 
in these clauses the use of the figure called preterition. 

10. tarn multa facta sunt: have happened in such numbers, lit. so many. 

11. canere : to predict, lit. to sing. The secondary meaning is derived 
from the fact that oracular responses were given in verse. 

12. praetermittendum, relinquendum : praeter?7iitto means to overlook 
inadvertently ; relinquo, to omit intentionally. 

14. Cotta et Torquato consulibus : in the year 65 B.C. 

in CapitoliO : in the Capitol, i.e. in the magnificent Temple of Jupiter on 
the Capitoline Hill. This temple begun in the latter part of the seventh 
century B.C. was upwards of eighty years in building. It was burned ^t^ B.C. 
but subsequently rebuilt ; see also 146. 

15. de caelo : from heaven, i.e. by lightning. 

simulacra, statuae : the first is used of images of the gods, the second of 
statues of men; signum (p. 133, 1. i) may be used of either. 

16. legum aera : the brazen tablets of the laivs, i.e. the tablets on which the 
laws were engraved. 

17. tactus : was striick ; note the omission of est. The founder is here 
identified with his statue, — even he (with a gesture) was struck who founded 
this city, Roniuhts. 

18. quern inauratum . . . meministis : whom you remejnber to have been 
in the Capitol, a gilded statue of a sucking infant opening his motcth for the 
dugs of a wolf Legend represented Romulus and Remus as nursed in infancy 
by a she-wolf. The famous Bronze Wolf in the Conservatori Museum at 
Rome is supposed by many to be the identical statue to which Cicero here 
refers. 

19. fuisse meministis: cf. memini with the present infinitive, p. 90, 1. 7. 
The perfect fuisse implies that the group had been removed before the date 
of this oration. 

20. haruspices ex tota Etruria : on extraordinary occasions soothsayers 
were sometimes invited to Rome from Etruria, as the Romans originally de- 
rived their knowledge of divination from that country. 

21. bellum civile ac domesticum : civil war here in our city. 

24. prope fata ipsa: the very things zvell-nigh fated ; the gods themselves 
could not set aside the decrees of fate. 

flexissent : mood and tense in the direct discourse? H. 644, 2; LM. 
1031; A. 585; G. C54; B. 318; (H. 525, 2). 



' 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 63 

25. illorum responsis : in accordance with their responses. 

2-j. Idemque : they also, i.e. the soothsayers. 

iusserunt simulacrum facere : gave orders to jnake an image. We do not 
need to supply any subject iox facere. 

28. maius : larger, i.e. larger than the one which had been struck by 
lightning. 

contra atque ante fuerat : a direction opposite to that in which the former 
statue had stood. 

Page 133, hne i. — illud signum, quod videtis: i.e. the statue ordered 
by the soothsayers. It was just finished. Note that quod videtis is not a 
part of the indirect discourse. 

2. fore ut ea consilia inlustrantur : those plans would be brought to light. 
H. 619, 2 ; LM. 984 ; A. 569, a ; G. 248 ; B. 270, 3 ; (H. 537, 3). 

3. ut . . . possent : result after inlustrantur. 

4. illud signum conlocandum locaverunt : contracted to have that statue 
placed, i.e. made and placed as described (in excelso). 

6. neque superioribus . . . nobis : neither in the preceding consulships 
(those of the two preceding years) nor in onrs. 

In connection with this chapter, read in a Dictionary of Antiquities the 
articles on auspiciuin, divinatio, haruspices, ludi. 

9. Chapter 9. — mente captus : bereft of reason, lit. captured in mind. 

qui neget : as to deny, relative clause of result. 

haec omnia : this whole wide zvorld. 

II. cum esset ita responsum: i.e. by the soothsayers; ita is explained 
by the following infinitive clause, and may be omitted in translation. 

13. et ea: and that too. H. 508, 2 ; LM. 1057 ; A. 298, a ; G. 308, r. 2; 
B. 247, 4; (H. 451, 2). 

15. Illud: explained by the substantive clause ut . . . statue retur, while 
ut . . . videatur, just before, is a clause of result. 

16. ita praesens : so clearly providential, i.e. showing the divine presence. 

17. hodierno die mane: early this morning. 

18. eorum indices: the zuitnesses against them; eorum being objective 
genitive. 

aedem Concordiae : situated on the slope of the Capitoline Hill, near the 
Forum. Camillus is said to have erected this temple in 367 B.C., after the 
Licinian Laws were passed, as a memorial of the reconciliation of the patri- 
cians and plebeians. It was rebuilt by the consul L. Opimius, I2I B.C., after 
his victory over C. Gracchus ; see also 150. 



N 64 NOTES 



1 



23. Quo : for this reason, i.e. because they are opposing the gods. 
Odio: H. 481 ; LM. 654; K. \\%, b ; G. 397, n. 2 ; B. 226, 2; (H. 421, 
III). 

26. si . . . dicam: note the form of this condition. 

27. et non sim ferendus : and would be unendurable, i.e. insufferably 
arrogant. This statement seems an unusual exhibition of humility on the 
part of Cicero. 

ille, ille luppiter : he, yonder Jupiter, with a gesture toward the statue just 
erected. 

29. Dis immortalibus ducibus: under the guidance of the immortal gods, 
ablative absolute. 

ego hanc mentem . . . suscepi: I conceived this purpose and desire ; ego is 
emphatic, in contrast with dis. 

Page 134, line 4. — et ignotis et barbaris : to those who were both strangers 
and barbarians, xeiexxmg to the ambassadors of the Allobroges. These da- 
tives depend upon both creditae and commissae essent. 

6. huic tantae audaciae : fro/n this so great audacity, i.e. from men of so 
great audacity, the abstract for the concrete, like servitia for servi, and la- 
trocinium for latrones. For the construction, see H. 427 ; LM. 539 ; A. 
381; G.345; B. 188,2,^; (H. 386, 2). 

7. Ut homines Galli : the main clause is id non . . . putatis, near the end 
of the period. In rendering, however, retain the Latin order so far as the 
English idiom will allow. Note the emphatic position of homines Galli. 

Ut . . . neglegerent . . . anteponerent : substantive clauses of result in 
apposition with id. 

ex civitate male pacata : from a state scarcely subjugated. 

9. posse et non nolle : to be able and not unwilling. Retain the litotes. 
H. 752, 8 ; A. 326, c ; G. 700 ; B. 375, i ; (H. 637, VIII). 

re rum maximarum: of the greatest advantages. 

10. a patriciis hominibus : Catiline, Lentulus, and Cethegus were patri- 
cians. Sallust, Cat. 17, gives a Hst of eleven conspirators belonging to the 
ordo senatorius. 

11. suis opibus : to their own interests. Why dative ? 

id non . . . putatis : note the omission of the interrogative 7te. 

12. qui superare potuerint: si^tce they might have conquered, causal rela- 
tive clause. 

Per or alio, 10-12 

14. Chapter 10. — ad omnia pulvinaria : at all the shrines, or couches. 
Servius says, Pulvinar est lectulus in quo deorum statua reclinabatur. Around 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 65 

these pulvinaria were placed tables spread with viands for the gods, who on 
festive occasions were supposed to unite with their worshippers in the feast. 

15. celebratote : H. 560, 4; LM. 726; A. 449; G. 268, 2; B. 281, i; 
(H. 487, 2). 

illos dies : the several days of thanksgiving. 

18. habiti sunt : have been rendered. 

19. Erepti estis ex interitu : note that this verb takes the dative of the 
person, as in 1. 6 above, but the ablative of the place or thing, usually with 
a preposition, as in this instance. Latin sometimes represents the act of 
taking away as done to the person. 

23. togati : in the garb of peace ; it agrees with the omitted subject of 
vicistis. 

24. recordamini : imperative. 

25. omnes civiles dissensiones : the reference is to the period of civil war 
in the time of Marius and Sulla. The following outline will help to make the 
historical references clear : — 

88 B.C. Sulla consul. Social "War just ended. Sulpicius proposes to trans- 
fer the command against Mithridates from Sulla to Marius. Sulla 
marches to Rome and captures the city. Marius escapes. Sulla 
departs for the east. 

87 B.C. Cinna and Octavius consuls. War between them, the former favor- 
ing Marius, the latter Sulla. Battle in the Forum. Octavius vic- 
torious. Cinna flees and joins Marius. With an army they return 
and capture the city. Thousands butchered. 

86 B.C. Death of Marius. Cinna in power. 

84 B.C. Cinna killed in a mutiny. 

83 B.C. Sulla returns and gains control. 

82 B.C. Sulla's proscriptions. 

81 B.C. Abdication of Sulla. 

78 B.C. Death of Sulla. The consul Lepidus of the Marian party tries to 
overthrow Sulla's constitution, but is driven out by his colleague, 
Catulus, and later dies in exile. 

Page 135, line i. — custodem huius urbis : Marius is so called because 
he saved Rome from the Cimbri and Teutones, 102 and loi B.C. 

2. partim, partim : either, or, i.e. he banished some and slew others. 

3. conlegam : Cinna. 

4. hie locus : where was Cicero while delivering this speech ? 

acervis . . . redundavit : note the zeugma here, as the verb strictly applies 
only to sanguine. 



N 66 NOTES 

6. lumina civitatis : among these were Cn. Octavius, the consul, M. 
Antonius, the orator, and Q. Lutatius Catulus, the victor in the Cimbrian 
War. 

Ultus est Sulla : by his terrible proscriptions, 82 B.C. 

7. ne dici quidem opus est : it is quite needless to say. H. 477, III, n. ; 
G. 422, N. 2 ; (H. 414, N. 4, 2). 

9. M. Lepidus : see outline above. 

10. rei publicae : dative with attulit. 

14. illi : they, the leaders in these dissensions. The word is strongly 
emphatic. 

15. hanc urbem : subject of conflagrare, which is intransitive. 
18. reconciliatione : by the restoration. 

20. uno maximo : without exception the greatest, lit. alone the greatest. 

21. quale bellum : such a war as. 

barbaria : = barbari; cf. audacia for audaces homines, p. 134, 1. 6. 
sua gente : with their own race, i.e. with barbarians. 

22. lex haec : explained by the following substantive purpose clause. 

25. cum : concessive. 

26. tantum civium : as many citizens, i.e. only as many. 

quantum restitisset : as should survive. What mood and tense would 
have been used in the direct discourse ? 

28. integros incolumesque : safe (whole) and unharmed. 

Read in some good history the account of the civil wars of Marius and 
Sulla ; see 154. 

Page 136, line i. Chapter ii. — Quibus pro tantis rebus : in return 

for these so great services. 

4. In animis vestris : construe with condi et conlocari. Note the em- 
phatic position. 

6. Nihil mutum : nothing mute, i.e. no dumb and lifeless memorial or 
statue. He is miitus who cannot speak, he is tacitiis who will not. 

7. nihil eius modi quod : note that quod agrees with nihil in gender, not 
with modi ; so regularly. 

8. minus digni : the less worthy, as a substantive. 

9. nostrae res alentur : my (lit. our) deeds 7vill be kept alive. 

11. eandemque diem intellego propagatam, etc.: and I feel assured that 
the same duration has been gratited both to, etc., i.e. as long as the state 
endures, so long will the recollection of my consulship be cherished. Dies in 
this sense is regularly feminine. 

14. alter, alter : the former referring to Pompey, who had won such glory 



THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 6/ 

in the Mithridatic War (see p. 155); the latter to Cicero, who had just 
crushed this terrible conspiracy against the life of the state. 

non terrae . . . regionibus : by iJu boundaries not of the earth but of the 
heavens. This extravagant exaggeration would no doubt please Cicero's 
audience. 

Review the career of Ponipey to see the force of what Cicero says. 

Was Cicero justified in making such a comparison ? 

18. Chapter 12. — eadem quae : the same as. H. 508, 5 ; A. 308, h; G. 
310, R. 2; (H. 451, 5). 

illorum : that of those, depending upon fortu7ia and condicio understood. 

21. vestrum est : it is your duty. The subject of est is providere. 

si ceteris facta sua recte prosunt : if all other men deservedly profit by 
their deeds ; what would be a literal rendering ? Note that sua refers here 
to ceteris, the real subject of discourse. H. 503, 4; LM. 1043; A. 301, c\ 
G. 309, 2 ; B. 244, 4 ; (H. 449, 2). 

22. ne . . . obsint : object clause of purpose. 

23. Mentes : designs. 

24. ne mihi noceant . . . providere : this the Roman people failed to do. 
Accordingly, five years afterward, Cicero was compelled to go into exile in 
consequence of his treatment of the conspirators. 

Page 137, line i. — mihi ipsi nihil noceri potest: / juy self cannot be 
injured at all, lit. in no way can injury be done to myself. H. 518, I ; LM. 
530; A. 372; G. 346, R. I ; B. 187, II, b ; (H. 384, 5). 

4. dignitas : authority, jnajesty, 

5. quam qui neglegunt : and those who disregard this, lit. which who dis- 
regard. The antecedent of qui is omitted. 

7. is : = talis. 

nullius: H. 513, 2; LM. 170; G. 317, 2; B. 57, 3; (H. 457, 2). 

10. vobis erit videndum : you xvill need to cortsider. 

12. obtulerint: subjunctive of characteristic 

13. Mihi quidem ipsi: but as for myself. 
ad vitae fructum : to the enjoyment of life. 

14. in honore vestro : among the honors you can bestow. Remember 
that the possessive is regularly used for the subjective genitive of personal 
pronouns, 

15. in gloria virtutis: in the fame won by jnerit. Cicero had already 
attained the very highest of all these honors, the consulship. 

17. ut tuear atque ornem.: that I may maintain and adorn. Cicero 



N 6S NOTES 

means that in future it will be his aim to maintain and illustrate the very 
principles which have controlled his conduct during his consulship. 
in conservanda re publica : in preserving the republic. 

19. mihi valeat ad gloriam: may redound to my glory. 

20. meminerim : explain mood and tense. 

21. gesserim : subjunctive in an indirect clause. 
23. lovem ilium : Jzipiter yonder. 

25. aeque ac priore nocte : zVz the same manner as last night. H. 657, 
I, N. ; LM. 760 ; A. 384, N. 2 ; G. 643 ; B. 341, i, c ; (H. 554, I, 2, N.). 

26. Id : this, referring to the idea expressed in the preceding imperative. 
Study carefully the force and construction of the various pronouns in this 

chapter. 

Fourth Oration against Catiline 
Exordium, i, 2 

Page 138, line i. Chafter i. — in me . . . converses : the eyes of all 
are turned to the consul, not only in anxious expectation of the part he is to 
take in this important debate, but also in deep solicitude for his personal 
safety. 

2. esse converses : are turned; converses is best treated as a predicate 
adjective. 

Page 139, line i. — si id depulsum sit: if that (your danger) should be 
warded off, by the execution of the conspirators now in custody. 

2. iucunda: delightful; gxa.t3i, welcome. 

4. voluntas : kind solicitude, not merely good-will, as the word generally 
means, since in that sense Cicero could hardly say earn deponite. 

6. salutis: H. 454; LM. 588 ; A. 350, ^ ; G. 376 ; B. 206 ; (H. 406, II). 

8. Mihi si . . . data est: if the consulship was given me on these terms ; 
what would be the literal rendering ? 

II. perferrem: / should bear to the uttermost. Note the intensive force 
of per. As usual in such cases, the simple verb feram, not the compound 
perferam, follows, as the verb idea is the emphatic one. 

13. dum modo . . . pariatur: a proviso ; cf. p. 92, 1. 6. i 

18. cui non forum: observe that the predicate umquam vacua mortis 
periculo atque insidiis is expressed only with the last of the several subjects. 

in quo . . . continetur : the Forum was the place where justice was 
administered. 



i 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE n 69 

20. campus: the Campus Martius, in which the consular elections were 
held. 

consularibus auspiciis : by the consular auspices. The auspices were 
always taken on the occasion of an election. 

22. summum auxilium : the highest refuge, because in the senate-house 
were heard the causes of all nations in alliance with Rome. 

24. haec sedes honoris: the curule chair, the official chair of all the higher 
magistrates ; see 91. 

25. periculo: H. 465; LM. 604; A. 402, a; G. 390, 3; B. 214, i; 
(H. 414, ni). 

multa tacui: Cicero had ascertained many facts in regard to the con- 
spiracy, perhaps implicating prominent citizens, which he had not deemed it 
wise to make public. 

26. multa . . . dolore sanavi : / have remedied many things zoith some 
pain to myself. 

in vestro timore : in your (time of) fear. While you were in a state of 
apprehension, I was bearing the burden of trouble. 
28. ut . . . eriperem : in apposition with exitum. 

Page 140, line i. — subeatur : let it be endured. Imperative subjunctive. 
The subject refers to fortuna. 

3. suum nomen: Cornelius ; see note on ex fatis Sibyllinis, p. 127, 1. 8. 

4. vatibus : i.e. haruspicibus ; see p. 132, 1. 20. 

8. laeter: potential subjunctive. 

9. ad salutem prope fatalem : ah?iost appointed by fate for the safety. 
Observe that Cicero here, as elsewhere, v&&% fatalis in its primary signification 
appointed ox destined by fate ; see p. 127, 1. 12. 

Point out instances of anaphora and chiasmus in this chapter, and note 
their effect. 

Who were the virgines Vestales, and what were their duties ? 

12. Chapter 2. — vobis : cf. si me consulis, suadeo, p. 93, 1. 6, and see H. 
426, 4 ; A. 367, c ; G. 346, N. 2 ; (H. 385, II, l). 

14. mihiparcere . . . desinite: Cicero begs the senate not to be deterred 
from adopting vigorous measures by any fear of the consequences to himself. 

16. pro 60 ac mereor : in proportion as I deserve, lit. in proportion to 
that (pro eo), viz. as I deserve (ac mereor) ; cf. aeque ac, p. 137, 1. 25. 

17. relaturos esse gratiam : will recompense. 

si quid obtigerit : if anything happens (fut. perf.), a euphemism. Cicero 
means that he is prepared to meet any fate, even death itself, if need be. 



N 70 NOTES 

18. aequo animo paratoque : ivith equanimity and readiness, lit. with an 
even and prepared mind. 

neque turpis mors forti viro, etc. : because to die bravely was, in the 
opinion of the Romans, an honor. 

19. neque immatura consular! : because he who attained the consulship 
had already reached the goal of a Roman's ambition. 

nec misera sapient! : because the wise taught that death was no evil, and 
must always be met with perfect calmness and composure. 

20. ille ferreus, qu! non movear : that man of ii-on who is not moved, 
i.e. so hard-hearted as not to be moved ; movear is subjunctive in a relative 
clause of result. 

fratr!s : his brother Quintus, who was at this time praetor designatus. He 
was subsequently legatus under Caesar in Gaul, where he distinguished him- 
self by his gallant defense of his winter quarters among the Nervii ; see 
Caesar, B. G. V. 38-52. 

22. horum omnium : Cicero's personal friends among the senators. Tears 
were not inconsistent with the Greek and Roman ideas of manly dignity. 

23. Neque non saepe : and often. Observe that the two negatives, used 
to continue the form of statements, cancel each other. H. 656 ; LM. 675 ; 

A. 326, <^; G. 449; B. 347, 2; (H. 553). 

24. uxor : Terentia, with whom Cicero is said to have lived happily for 
many years, though he finally divorced her. She was the mother of his two 
children, TuUia and Marcus. 

filia : his beloved daughter Tullia. 

parvulus filius : his little son Marcus, then two years old. 

25. tamquam obsidem : because parental affection would lead him to put 
forth all his strength to save the state. 

26. ille gener : C. Calpurnius Piso, to whom Tullia was betrothed. As 
he was not quaestor till 58 B.C., he was not at this time a senator, but was 
present as a spectator. 

27. in conspectu meo : perhaps at the door of the temple in which the 
senate met. 

Moveor . . . omnibus : note the emphatic position of both these words, 
/ ajn i?ioved by all these things. 

Page 141, line i. — in eam partem, uti : to the end that, lit. into this 
part, that. The clause with uti is an appositive of partem. 

2. quam . . . pereamus : H. 570, i ; LM. 871 ; A. 571, a ; G. 644, r. 3 ; 

B. 284, 4 ; (H. 502, 2). 

3. una peste : in one common destruction. 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N^I 

Narraiio, 2-5 

6. Non Ti. Gracchus, etc : take the clauses in the order in which they stand. 
iterum tribunus : he wished to be reelected for a second year, which was 

illegal. For the nominative, see H. 612, I ; LM. 957 ; A. 458 ; G. 206, R. 3 ; 
B. 328, 2; (H. 536,2, I). 

7. C. Gracchus : see note on quonda?n, p. 88, 1. 21. 

agrarios : the supporters of the agrarian laws, which provided for the dis- 
tribution of the public lands among the poorer classes. 

8. L. Saturninus : see p. 88, 1. 27 ; also note en C. Mario, p. 88, 1. 26. 
C. Memmium : a candidate for the consulship in 100 B.C. against Glaucia. 

He was murdered at the instigation of Glaucia and Saturninus. 

9. discrimen : peril. 

in vestrae . . . iudicium adducitur : is noiu brought to trial before your 
stern tribunal ; literal rendering ? 

10. tenentur ii, etc. : change to active in translating, we have in custody 
those, etc, 

vestram omnium caedem : cf. omnium vestrum ora in the first line of this 
speech. H. 446, 3 ; LM. 555 ; A. 302, e ; G. 321, r. 2 ; B. 243, 3, a ; (H. 
398, 3). 

12. tenentur : we have in our possession. 

13. servitia : for servi, abstract for concrete. 

15. ut nemo ne . . . quidem relinquatur : that no one may be left even 
to deplore ; the clause is in apposition with id consilium. On nemo ne qui- 
dem, see H. 656, 2 ; LM. 762 ; A. 327, i ; G. 445 ; B. 347, 2 ; (H. 553, 2). 

deplorandum : gerundive agreeing with nomen, not gerund. The accusa- 
tive of the gerund with a direct object is without classical authority. 

Study the constructions of the dative in this chapter. 

Distinguish between gratiam referre, gratiam habere, and gratias agere. 

18. Chapter 3. — rei : from retis. 

vos . . . vadLicayisiis : you have already pronoujiced judgme7it tipon theui 
in many decisions, i.e. by your previous decrees in regard to the conspiracy 
you are already committed to vigorous measures. These several decrees are 
specified in the clauses below, introduced by primum quod, deinde quod, 
tum quod, maxime quod, and finally an additional reason is brought in as an 
independent statement introduced by postremo. 

20. singularibus verbis : in remarkably strong tenns. 

25. qui honos : an honor which. 

habitus est nemini : has been conferred upon no one. 



N 72 NOTES 

Page 142, line i, — praemia . . . amplissima : observe the emphatic 
position of amplissima. It is not known in what these rewards consisted, 
probably in money. For the rewards offered by the senate for information 
concerning the conspiracy, see Sail. Cat. 30 : Ad hoc, si quis indicasset de 
coniiiratione quae contra rem publicam facta erat, praemiu^n servo liber tatem 
et sestertia centum, liber impunitatem eius rei et sestertia ducenta {deer ever e'). 
This last provision probably determined the reward of Volturcius. 

3. eius modi : predicate genitive. 

6. referre ad vos, tamquam integrum : to refer to you the whole question 
anew, lit. to refer to you as if untouched. Of course the case is not new, 
and this point is brought out by the use of tamquam ; integrum agrees with 
the object of referre, which consists of the two indirect questions following. 

7. de facto, de poena : the two points to be settled, the fact of the guilt 
or innocence of the prisoners, and the punishment to be inflicted. Note the 
emphatic position. 

8. praedicam: I zvill first state. Observe the force of prae. 

9. versari : was prevalent. 

nova quaedam misceri et concitari mala : that new measures were devised 
and evil passions aroused ; misceri is used to denote the disorder and con- 
fusion which usually attend periods of revolution and change. 

10. iam pridem videbam : note this idiom which has been frequently used 
in the preceding pages. 

11. haberi: was fostered. 

12. quidquid est: this general statement, however the case stands, is ex- 
plained and amplified in quocumque . . . sententiae. 

13. ante noctem : because the case required prompt action, and because 
no decree passed after sunset would be legal. 

14. delatum sit: has been reported. Observe the difference in meaning 
between defero, as here used, and refero, \. 6 above. Defero is to report or 
state the case, i.e. give information in regard to it, while refero is to refer the 
case to another's decision. 

15. huic adfines : concerned in this. H. 434; LM. 536; A. 384; G. 359; 
B. 192, i; (H. 391). 

16. Latius opinione : jnore widely than is ge^ierally supposed. H. 471 ; 
LM. 619; A. 406, a; G. 398, n. i; B. 217, 4; (H. 417, N. 5). 

18. serpens: participle. 

multas provincias : a rhetorical exaggeration. 

19. sustentando aut prolatando: by forbearance or delay. 

What was the nature of the custodia mentioned on p. 141, 1. 24 } Cf. Sail. 
Cat. 47. 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 73 

21. Chapter 4. — unam: i.e. sententiam, in partitive apposition with 
sententias ; so alteram below. 

D. Silani : qui primus sententiam rogatus est quod eo tempore consul desig- 
natus erat, says Sail. Cat. 51. 

22. haec : i.e. hanc urbem, spoken w ith comprehensive gesture. 
COnati sunt : why not subjunctive ? 

23. C. Caesaris : Gaius Julius Caesar, than praetor-elect, afterward dic- 
tator. His speech, as reported by Sallust, Cat. 51, should be read at this 
point. 

removet, amplectitur : rejects, but includes, i.e. in his recommendation. 
Observe the asyndeton. 

25. pro rerum magnitudine : iit accordance with the greatness of the crisis. 

in versatur : insists upon. 

28. punctum : duration of time. 

vita : ablative with f rui. 

Page 143, line 3. — recordatur : he remembers. Cicero assumes this. 
Such cases, however, were rare, and Cicero himself only mentions that of 
Ti. Gracchus with three or four analogous cases. 

4. esse COnstitutam. : has been ordained. 

7. laborum quietem : a rest from toils ; objective genitive. 

8. Itaque earn . . . inventa sunt: note the irony in this passage; these 
are Cicero's words, adopting Caesar's recommendation and carrying it out to 
its final issue to show how great severity it really involves. Bear in mind that 
Cicero himself favors the death penalty proposed by Silanus; hence he here 
artfully seeks to prove that imprisonment for life is after all the severer penalty 
of the two. 

9. sapientes : the zvise, i.e. those technically called philosophers, especially 
the Stoics, who professed to regard death with perfect indifference. 

inviti: H. 497; A. 290; G. 325, r. 6; B. 239; (H. 443). 

II. Vincula vero, et ea sempiterna: but imprisonment, and that for life. 

15. Municipiis dispertiri : that they (the prisoners) should be distributed 
among the free towns, i.e. to be held by them in confinement. 

1 6. Habere : to involve. 

17. ista res : that plan of yours. 

iniquitatem si . . . velis: because we have no right to impose such a 
burden upon them. 

18. si velis: H. 577, 2; LM. 937; A. 516, rt'; G. 596, i; B. 303, b\ 
(H. 511, i). But velis may be the indefinite second person. 

-, difficultatem si rogare : because they would probably refuse. 



N 74 NOTES 

21. Ego suscipiam : I will undertake it, i.e. the task of carrying out your 
decree. 

reperiam qui non putent . . . recusare: I shall find men who zuill not 
think it consistent with their dignity to refuse ; dignitatis, predicate genitive 
after esse. 

23. Adiungit gravem poenam : observe that Cicero is giving a running 
commentary upon the proposition of Caesar. The several items contained in 
that proposition are stated separately, and each one is immediately followed 
by Cicero's comments upon it. Note the emphatic position of Adiungit, (and 
more than that) he adds, etc.; that is, he proposes not only to punish the 
guilty conspirators, but also the innocent municipes. 

24. eorum vincula : to what does eorum refer ? 

ruperit : subjunctive in implied indirect discourse, Caesar's thought. 

25. dignas scelere: cf. odio digni, p. 133, 1. 23. 

26. per senatum, per populum : through the agency of the senate (by 
a senatus consultum) ; through the agency of the people (by a lex or a 
plebiscituni) . 

30. multos una . . . ademisset : he %vould have removed along with life 
many sufferings of mind and body and all the penalties for crime. Caesar 
had said in his speech, as reported by Sail. Cat. 5 1 : De poena possum 
equidem dicere, . . . mortem aerumnarum requiem, non cruciatum esse; eam 
cuncta mortalium mala dissolvere, ultra neque curae neque gaudio locum esse. 
Yet Caesar vv^as Pontifex Maximus of the Roman religion ! 

31. Itaque ut, etc. Cicero is still discussing the subject from Caesar's 
point of view. 

32. in vita : in life, i.e. during this life, contrasted with apud inferos. 

Page 144, line i. — eius modi quaedam supplicia : some such punishments, 
i.e. such as to answer the purpose ut aliqua . . . esset posita. 

2. voluerunt: assumed ; lit. wished, insisted upon it. 

videlicet: of course. 

his remotis : ablative absolute, denoting condition. 

What punishments for crime were employed by the Romans? See Poena 
in a dictionary of antiquities. 

4. Chapter 5, — mea quid intersit: what is for my interest, viz. to favor 
Caesar's measure. H. 449, i ; LM. 579 ; A. 355, a; G. 381 ; B. 211, I, a', 
(H.408, I). 

6. quae popularis habetur : which is thought to be in the interest of the 
people. Caesar belonged to the people's party. 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 75 

7. hoc auctore et COgnitore : with him as the author and advocate. 

8. illam alteram : that other opinion, that of Silanus. 

9. nescio an . . . contrahatur : / am inclined to think more trouble may 
be brought upon me. H. 650, 4; LM. 814 ; A. 331, N.; G. 457, 2; B. 300, 5 ; 
(H. 529, 3, N. 2). 

10. meorum . . . rationes : the consideration of my dangers. 

11. vincat: let outweigh. 

12. maiorum eius: the Julian gens, to which Caesar belonged, was one of 
the oldest and most famous in Rome. In the Aeneid it is traced back to 
lulus, the son of Aeneas. 

13. Intellectum est: it zuas perceived, i.e. as he spoke. 

15. saluti populi consulentem : these words are added to define the term 
vere popularem. The learner must not fail to notice the different senses in 
which papillaris is used. Coming as it does horn populus, its primary signifi- 
cation is belonging to, or relating to, the people. With this general meaning it 
has three principal applications: I. Belonging to the party of the people, a 
political application ; 2. Devoted to the interests of the people ; 3. Having 
the favor of the people, popular in the usual sense of the term. Caesar 
belonged politically to the party of the people ; the term popularis was, 
therefore, applicable to him in the first sense, and Cicero here pays him the 
flattering compliment of applying it to him in the second sense. 

16. non neminem: so?ne one or more. Some critics think it probable that 
Cicero here referred especially to Q. Metellus Nepos, tribune-elect, whose veto 
prevented him from presenting the usual report at the close of his term of 
office as consul. On non neminem, see H. 656, i ; LM. 675 ; A. 326, a ; 
G. 449, 4; (H. 553, I). 

17. de capita: questions which thus involved the life or civil status of a 
Romah citizen could be tried only in the Comitia Centuriata. The senate 
therefore had no legal right to condemn the conspirators to death. 

18. Is: referring to non neminem. 

nudius tertius : also written as one word, = nunc dies tertius, the day before 
yesterday. 

19. mihi: in my honor, dative of reference. 

20. lam : noiv, i.e. in view of these facts, marking a connection of thought, 
not mere time. 

hoc: this, explained by the indirect question quid . . . indicant. 

21. qui: he who. The omitted antecedent of qui is the subject of iudica- 
rit. The meaning of this sentence is that every one clearly sees what judgment 
has been given in the case by those who have favored the decrees already 
passed in the senate. 



N ']6 NOTES 

quaesitori gratulationem : a thanksgiving in honor of the iiivestigating 
officer, referring to Cicero, who conducted in person the investigation in the 
senate two days before. Note that gratulationem here = supplicationem 
in 1. 19 above, but that strictly supplicatio has primary reference to the gods, 
as in supplicatio dis ijfunortalibus, p. 130, 1. 10, whiXo. grattilatio has reference 
to the man in v^'hose honor the thanksgiving is decreed. In their secondary 
uses the tw^o vi^ords are synonymous. 

24. At vero C. Caesar : in contrast v\^ith the senator just mentioned. 

legem Semproniam : i.e. the law of C. Sempronius Gracchus, — ne de capite 
civium Ro manor w?i iniussu populi iudicaretur. Caesar, in opposing the 
sentence of capital punishment, had appealed to certain statutes, which pro- 
vided that the punishment of death should not be inflicted upon a Roman 
citizen without the vote of the people. To this Cicero replies that the enemies 
of the state have forfeited their citizenship, and, therefore, are not protected 
by this law. 

26. civem : predicate accusative. 

ipsum latorem . . . dependisse : C. Gracchus, the very author of this law, 
was put to death as a public enemy, without trial before the people. Hence 
CatiUne and other public enemies may be treated in the same way. This 
assumption, that men who had become hostes patriae were no longer citizens, 
was a weak point in Cicero's position and later led to his exile. 

27. poenas rei publicae dependisse: paid the peiialty to the state. 

28. Idem : he also, i.e. Caesar. 

largitorem et prodigum: though lavish and prodigal Such lavish ex- 
penditure of money would tend to make a man popular in certain quarters. 

Page 145, line 2. — cogitarit : causal, 
etiam: still. 

3. popularem: a friend of the people. 

homo mitissimus : although a very kindly man, in apposition with the 
subject implied in dubitat, referring to Caesar. 

4. aeternis : perpetual, i.e. for life. 

5. huius supplicio levando se iactare : to attract attention (lit. to display 
himself) by mitigating this ma7i^ s punish7?tent. 

6. in pernicie : while ruining. 

Make a careful study of the various constructions with interest. 
Distinguish between 7ion nemo and nemo non. 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N /; 

Proposition 6 

10. Chapter 6. — hoc : this course, the one just mentioned, as recommended 
by Caesar. 

statueritis, dederitis : future perfect in both clauses to mark the completion 
of the action, though the English idiom requires the future. 

11. ad contionem: for the assembly, i.e. the assembly of the people, to 
which he will communicate the decision of the senate. Caesar, the people's 
favorite, could readily obtain their approval of the bill of which he was him- 
self the mover. The coniio was an informal assembly convened to listen to 
addresses and receive communications, but \^ith no power to transact public 
business. The assembly of the people for the transaction of business was called 
comitia ; see 140. 

13. populo Romano: dative uf reference. 

14. obtinebo : / shall show, (lit. hold against) earn (i.e. sententiani) multo 
leniorem fuisse. 



Cojijirmatio, 6-9 

15. in tanti sceleris immanitate punienda: in punishing a crime of so 

great enormity. 

1 7. ita mihi . . . perf rui liceat, ut ego moveor : as I hope to enjoy . . . 
I a?n actuated, lit. so may it be permitted me to enjoy ... as I am actuated, 
i.e. only in case I am actuated. It is a form of emphatic assertion and 
asseveration. H. 558, i; LM. 711; A. 441; G. 261 ; B. 279; (H. 
484, I). 

re publica: H. 477, I; LM. 646; A. 410; G. 407; B. 218, i; (H. 421, T). 

21. lucem . . . atque arcem: in Pro Sulla, 33, Cicero expands this idea: 
Urbem hanc deniqiie, sedem omnium nostrum, arcem regum ac ttationum ex- 
terarum, lujnen gentitcm, domicilium imperii, quinque homimwi anientium ac 
perditorum poena redemi. 

22. subito : adverb. 

23. cerno animo : / see in imagination ; cerno denotes a clearer percep- 
tion than video ; animo, ablative of means. 

insepultos : this word renders the picture peculiarly shocking, when we 
consider the importance which the ancients attached to the rite of burial, as 
essential to the peace of the soul in the lower world. 

24. mihi ante oculos : cf. Caesar, ^. 6". /, 31, Caesari ad pedes proiecerunt ; 
mihi, dative of reference. 

aspectus Cethegi et furor : the ferocious appearance of Cethegus, hendiadys. 



N 7^ NOTES 

Page 146, line i, — bacchantis: 7'evelling, agreeing with Cethegi. 

2. regnantem : on the throne, more vivid than regnare. Cicero purposely 
selects an offensive term to give effect to his picture. So purpuratum, sug- 
gestive of oriental despotism. 

ex fatis: i.e. ex fatis Sibyllinis. 

3. purpuratum . . . Gabinium: that Gabinius is his grand vizier, lit. 
clad in purple, as usual with the ministers and courtiers of an oriental 
monarch. 

5. familias: H. 79, 2; LM. 137; A. 43, b; G. 29, r. i; B. 21, 2,a; 

(H.49, 0. 

7. vehementer misera : separated for emphasis. 

8. me severum praebeo : I steel myself to be severe. 

9. liberis interfectis, etc.: note that these ablatives absolute denote 
condition. 

11. de servo non sumpserit: zvould not infiid upon the slave, lit. take 
from, with the idea of taking satisfaction from. Note that to inflict punish- 
ment is suppliciu7n su?nere, ta suffer punishment is stipplicium dare. 

quam acerbissimum : H. 159, 2; LM. 679; A. 291, c, G. 303, r. i; 
B. 240, 3; (H. 170, 2). 

12. an: equivalent to an potius, or rather. 

13. Mihi: dependent upon videattir, understood. 
importunus : unfeeling. 

qui non lenierit : if he would not assuage ; qui = si is. H. 593, i ; 
LM. 831; A. 519; G. 593, i; B. 312, 2; (H. 507, 2). 

In this language, adopted for present effect, Cicero does great injustice to 
his own philosophy, but he is here acting the part of an advocate, not of a 
philosopher. 

15. Sic nos : nos is subject of habebimur, 1. 21. 

in his hominibus : in the case of these men, i.e. the conspirators. 

18. id egerunt, ut conlocarent: attempted to place, lit. pursued this, viz. 
that they might place; ut conlocarent is in apposition with id. 

19. investigiis: iti the ruins. 

22. nobis fama subeunda est : we must endure the infamy ; fama here = 
infamia. 

23. Nisi vero : H. 575, 8; LM. 928; A. 525, b; G. 591, R. 4 ; B. 306, 5 ; 
(H. 507, N. I). 

L. Caesar: consul during the preceding year. His sister Julia had mar- 
ried Lentulus for her second husband. 

24. rei publicae: H. 451, 3; LM. 574; A. 349, b-, G. 375; B. 204, \,a\ 
(H. 399, II). 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 79 

What is the difference in meaning between amans rem publica7n and amans 
rei publicae? 

25. sororis: of his sisie7',^vXv3.. 

virum : the husba'nd, Lentulus the conspirator. 

26. cum avum . . . dixit : Lucius Caesar had mentioned these instances 
merely to show that it was by no means an unprecedented thing to punish the 
enemies of the state with death. 

27. avum suum : M. Fulvius Flaccus, his grandfather on his mother's side, 
is meant. He is mentioned in the first oration as M. Fulvius cojisularis. 
He was a partisan of C. Gracchus, and during the excitement caused by the 
radical measures of the reformer, he sent his son to confer with the govern- 
ment on the subject of a compromise. The consul, however, threw the son 
into prison, where he was subsequently executed, and the father lost his life in 
the final contest between Gracchus and the consul. 

consulis: L. Opimius, consul 121 B.C. 

filium eius : why not sutim instead of eius ? To whom would suum refer ? 

28. legatum a patre missum : though sent by his father as an ambassador, 
i.e. to ask terms of settlement from the consul. The imprisonment and exe- 
cution of this youth must be regarded as cruel and inexcusable, but observe 
that Cicero is guilty of exaggeration when he calls him an ambassador. 

29. Quorum quod simile factum: what. act of theirs was similar ? i.e. to 
this of the conspirators. Quorum depends upon factum, which is here a noun. 
What is the difference between quid z.nik quod m questions ? 

30. largitionis voluntas : a spirit of bribery, lit. the desire of giving, i.e. 
of giving for the purpose of securing popularity, referring especially to the 
monthly distribution of grain at a low price among the poorer classes in 
accordance with the lex frumentaria of C. Gracchus, and to his agrarian legis- 
lation. 

31. versata est : was rife. 

32. avus Lentuli: see note on imago avi tui, p. 128, 1. 5. 

Page 147, line i. — est persecutus : He was one of the party under the 
consul Opimius which made the attack upon C. Gracchus, though at the time 
he must have been over eighty years old. 

Ille: he, the grandfather, in contrast with hie just below. 

2. ne quid . . . deminueretur : that the highest public welfare might suffer 
no detriment, lit. that nothing might be taken away, etc. 

4. nos : i.e. the consuls and senators. 

trucidandos: PL 622; LM. 994; A. 500, 4; G. 430; B. 337, 7, b, 2; (H. 
544, N. 2). 



N 80 NOTES 

5. urbem inflammandam Cassio : Sallust, Cat. 43, says that Statilius and 
Gabinius were to set fire to the city. 

7. Vereamini : object of censeo, which is ironical, I advise you to fear, ht. 
I advise you may fear. 

ne videamini : H. 567, i; LM. 897; A. 564; G. 550; B. 296, 2; (H. 
498, III). 

9. remissione : not remission, but mitigation. 

Study carefully all the uses of the gerundive in this chapter. 

12. Chapter 7. — quae exaudio: which come to my ears ; exaudio is to 
hear from a distance, to overhear. The reference in ea quae is probably to 
remarks made by senators among themselves in an undertone. 

14. ut habeam : cf. the two clauses with ne at the close of Chapter 6, just 
above. 

17. cum, turn : not only, but also. 

18. maiore: construe with voluntate. 

ad summum . . . retinendum : for maiiitaining the highest welfare of the 
empire. 

22. huius templi : what temple ? 

24. sentirent unum atque idem: entertained one ajtd the same sentiment. 
The subjunctive is used in a relative clause of characteristic. 

26. soli: for the case, compare tribumis, p. 141, 1, 6. 

Hosce homines : those referred to in eos qui, in the preceding sen- 
tence. 

Page 148, line i. — Ceteri: note the emphatic position and render but 
as to the rest, etc. 

3. qui vobis ita . . . concedunt ut . . . certent : who yield to you pre- 
cedence in rank and counsel only to vie with you in affection, etc., lit. so yield 
as to vie. 

5. ex . . . dissensione huius ordinis revocatos : restored after (\\\.. o\A oi) 
a quarrel of many years with this body. Construe huius ordinis with dissen- 
sione. The quarrel arose over the selection of iudices for the courts of jus- 
tice. In the year 122 B.C. the Sempronian law transferred the judicial power 
from the senate to the knights. Sulla restored this power to the senate, but 
the Aurelian law, 70 B.C., conferred the judicial power jointly upon the senate, 
the knights, and the tribuni aerarii. The reconciliation, partially effected by 
this compromise, was completed by the presence of a common foe in this 
reckless conspiracy, but it was of short duration. 

6. societatem concordiamque : hendiadys; how rendered ? 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE n8i 

8. Quam si : and if this. 

si perpetuam tenuerimus : if we shall retain forever, lit. perpetual. 
With what does perpetuam agree ? 

12. tribunes aerarios: trihmes of the treasury. What the duties of these 
men were is not definitely known, though they seem to have been originally 
financial officers of the tribes; they may have superintended the collection of 
the tribute. They had been recently raised by the Aurelian law to the rank 
of a distinct order in the state. 

13. scribas : the public clerks. These were employed as registrars and 
secretaries in the various departments of the public service. As a class, they 
formed a distinct order. 

casu : by chance. The chance consisted simply in the fact that it happened 
to be the fifth of December (the Nones), the day on which the quaestors and 
their clerks drew lots for their provinces and their clerkships and entered 
upon their duties. 

14. aerarium : the treasury. This was in the temple of Saturn, in sight 
from the temple of Concord, in which the senate was assembled. 

frequentasset : had brought in great numbers. 

15. ingenuorum: of freebom citizens. 

Three laws of C. Gracchus are referred to in the text and notes of Chapters 
5-7, the lex de capite civium Romanorum, the lex frumentaria, and the lex 
iudiciaria. State the object of each of these laws. 

20. Chapter 8. — Operae pretium est cognoscere : it is worth while to 
observe; cf. est tanti, p. 98, 1. 12. 

21. studia: the zeal, plural because in connection with the plural homi- 
num. 

fortunam huius civitatis : the privilege of citizenship in this state, ht. of 
this citizenship. 

23. summo nati loco: bom in the highest rank. H. 485, 2; LM. 626; 
A. 429, i; G. 385, N. I; B. 228, I, b; (H. 425, 2). 

24. quid commemoro : how does this differ from quid commemorem, p. 148, 

1.3? 

28. Servus est nemo : there is no slave. Servus is emphatic in contrast 
with hosce homines above. Even the slaves, who have no fortunes, no politi- 
cal rights, no freedom, now evince true devotion to country; nemo is here 
used as an adjective, as often with words denoting persons. 

qui modo ... sit servitutis : provided only he be in a tolerable condition 
of servitude. H. 587; LM. 920; A. 535, d; G. 627, r. i; B. 310, II; (H. 
513,1). 



N 82 NOTES 

Page 149, line i. — quantum audet: as much as he dares, intimating that 
his master's relation to the conspiracy may be such as to render it somewhat 
perilous for him to show his good-will to the state. 

3. si quern : the real conclusion, I will say this, est id quidem, etc. is 
omitted. 

hoc : explained by the clause lenonem Lentuli . . . imperitorum, in ap- 
position with it. 

4. concursare circum tabernas : is rushing aj-ound among the shops. Note 
the force of each part of the verb concursare. 

tabernas : the shops around the forum, occupied by artisans and small 
traders. 

7. fortuna miseri : wretched in their condition, ablative of specification. 
voluntate perditi: abandoned in feeling, i.e. in their feelings toward the 

state. 

8. qui non velint: as not to wish, a relative clause of result. 

Page 150, line 3. — otii: cf. amantissimos rei publicae, p. 124, 1. 24. 
Omne instrumentum : every means, i.e. of gaining a livelihood. 

5. quorum: i.e. eorum qui in tabernis sunt. 

6. quid tandem fuit, etc. : what, pray, would have beeji the result, if they had 
been burned? lit. they having been burned. Note that the ablative absolute 
incensis {tabernis) is the protasis of fuit. Of what then is si . . . solet the 
protasis? 

Look up the question of slavery in Cicero's time. 

8. Chapter 9. — praesidia: referring to the readiness with which all 
classes of citizens united for the defense of the state. 

10. atque ex media morte: and from the midst of death, referring to the 
attempt to assassinate him in his own house. Note the emphasis implied i:i 
atque. For media, see H. 497, 4; LM. 565 ; A. 293; G. 291, r. 2; B. 241, 
i; (H. 440,2, N. I). 

13. Obsessa facibus et telis : beset by the firebrands and weapons. These 
words commence a beautiful personification of the fatherland. Translate as 
nearly as may be in the Latin order, 

15. vitam : the lives. Observe the use of the singular where our idiom re- 
quires the plural. So vita and anima in the next sentence. 

arcem et Capitolium : on the Capitoline Hill are two elevations or sum- 
mits, one on the north called arx and one on the south called Capitolium, 
on which stood the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. 

16. aras Penatium : the Penates were household gods, the special deities 

I 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N83 

of the family, worshiped in the atrium, a large room which was the center of 
the family life. The state, too, had its Penates, fabled to have been brought 
from Troy by Aeneas. They were worshiped in their temple on the Velia. 

ilium ignem Vestae sempiternum : yonder perpetical fire of Vesta, i.e. 
the sacred fire kept burning day and night in the temple of Vesta. 

18. Praeterea de vestra vita . . . iudicandum est : Cicero would im- 
press upon the senate the vast importance of the decision about to be made. 
Everything which a Roman holds dear depends upon it. 

20. focis : the focus, hearth, was a square platform of stone or brick, 
raised a few inches above the level of the floor. 

22. sui : cf. obliti salutis meae, p. 139, 1. 6. 

quae facultas : an advantage zvhich. 

24. id quod : a state of things which ; id is in apposition with the general 
idea contained in populum Romanum unum atque idem sentientem. 

in civili causa : in the case of a political question, lit. in a civil cause, as 
opposed to a foreign war. 

26. Cogitate . . . delerit : this is a good illustration of the vigor and pre- 
cision which often characterize an abridged Latin sentence. The full form 
would be as follows : Cogitate qiiantis laboribus imperium fundatuni sit quod 
una nox paene delevit. By the use of the participle for the verb fundatum 
sit, the relative quod became unnecessary and was accordingly omitted ; and 
the verb delevit, being thus brought into an indirect question after quantis, 
was changed to the subjunctive delerit for deleverit. Render according to the 
full form. 

28. una nox : in his oration for Flaccus Cicero refers to this night as fol- 
lows : O nox ilia, quae paene aeternas htcic urbi tenebras attulisti, cum Galli 
ad bellum, Catilina ad urbem, coniurati ad fei'rum et fiammam vocabantur. 
The night referred to was the night of the second of December, when the am- 
bassadors of the Allobroges were captured at the Mulvian bridge. 

29. Id ne umquam . . . possit : that it may never hereafter be possible 
that this should be, Jtot to say accomplished, but even thought of. . 

Page 151, Hne 3. — excitarem : note that locutus sum, a perfect definite, 
is here followed by a secondary tense, as often. 

4. princeps : foremost. 

officio consulari: its duty as that of the consul. Why is the ablative 
used ? 

Make a study of the structure and parts of a Roman house, with special 
reference to the atrium; see Harkness' Easy Latin Method, pp. 109, 112, 
113, or a dictionary of antiquities. 



N 84 NOTES 



Peroratio, lO-i: 



1 



6. Chapter 10. — ante quam ad sententiam redeo : before I resume ask- 
ing your opinions, lit. return to the opinion ; sententiam = sententiam 
roganda)n. The consul, as presiding officer, called in succession upon the 
senators for the expression of their opinion. Several had already been called 
upon when Cicero pronounced the present oration. He is now about to close, 
and will then resume his duties as presiding officer ; hence ad sententiam 
redeo. 

12. me factorum: H. 457; LM. 585 ; A. 354,^; G. 377; B. 209,1; 
(H. 410, IV). 

14. quam illi minitantur : with which they threaten me, lit. which they 
threaten. If the person threatened were expressed, what case would be 
used ? 

15. vitae tantam laudem: so great glory during life, lit. of life, in con- 
trast with mors. 

quanta vos me honestastis : as that with which you have honored me ; 
quanta, ablative agreeing with laude understood. 

16. nemo : i.e. no one else. 

18. Scipio : i.e. P. CorneHus Scipio Africanus Major, who brought the sec- 
ond Punic war to a close by a signal victory over Hannibal at Zama, 202 B.C. 

20. alter Africanus : the second Africanus. This was P. Cornelius Scipio 
Aemilianus Africanus Minor, who brought the Third Punic War to a close by 
the destruction of Carthage, 146 B.C., and took Numantia in Spain, 133 B.C. 
He was the son of L. Aemilius Paulus, mentioned just below, and the grand- 
son by adoption of the elder Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal. 

22. Paulus ille : L. Aemilius Paulus, who conquered Perses, king of Mace- 
donia, at Pydna, 168 B.C. 

cuius currum . . . honestavit : in the triumphal procession of Paulus the 
captive king was led before the conqueror's chariot. 

23. Perses : the form Perseus is used in Livy. For declension, see H. 81 ; 
LM. 141 ; A. 44 ; G. 65 ; B. 22 ; (H. 50). 

sit aeterna gloria Marius : let Marius be held in eternal glory ; gloria is 
predicate ablative of quality. 

24. Marius, qui bis, etc. : Gaius Marius, who conquered the Teutones 
102 B.C. and the Cimbri loi B.C. 

25. Pompeius : Gnaeus Pompey ; see p. 136, 1. 14, quorum alter fines ves- 
tri i?nperii noti terrae, sed caeli regionibus terminaret. 

cuius res gestae . . . continentur : i.e. the fame of whose deeds fills the 
world. 



FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE N 85 

26. isdem quibus . . . regionibus ac terminis: by the same boundaries 
and limits as. 

Page 152, line 2. — nostrae gloriae : dative of possession. 

nisi forte: unless perchance, in irony; cf. nisi vera, p. 146, 1. 23. 

maius : a greater thing, i.e. a greater and more important achievement. 

3. ut illi qui absunt habeant, etc. : i.e. even those vfho are absent mak- 
ing conquests and opening provinces, like Pompey, need a home to which 
they may return in triumph. 

4. habeant quo : may have a country to which, lit. may have vv^hither, 
victores : as victors, in apposition with the implied subject of revertantur. 

Pompey himself declared that he would have had no place to celebrate his 
triumph over the pirates and Mithridates, had not Cicero succeeded in crushing 
Catiline's conspiracy. 

5. Quamquam : and yet, i.e. notwithstanding the priceless value of a vic- 
tory over domestic foes. 

uno loco : in one respect, ablative of specification. 

7. beneficio obligates : placed under obligation by the favor. 

8. qui autem, etc. : in translating (not in studying) begin with autem, 
followed by the antecedent clause, eos cum . . . reppuleris. 

ex numero civium : out of the number (body) of citizens, in contrast with 
hostes patriae ; i.e. they have ceased to be citizens, and have become 
enemies of their country. 

9. cum reppuleris: when, or although you (indefinite you = any one) may 
have repulsed, etc. 

possis : potential subjunctive. 

1 1 . mihi susceptum esse : that I have undertaken. What is the reason 
for the dative mihi ? 

12. Id: //^2J, subject of posse. 

17. tanta quae possit: so great as to be able. 

coniunctionem vestram . . . Romanorum: your union with the Roman 
knights. Notice the idiom. 

i8. conspirationem : unanijuity. 

Was Cicero's claim to be classed with Rome's greatest men well founded ? 
As an orator how would he compare with our Webster or Clay ? 

20. Chapter II. — pro imperio . . . insignibus : in place of a command, 
etc. Each consul at the expiration of his term of office was usually appointed 
proconsul, or governor, of a province, with the command (pro imperio) of an 
army (pro exercitu) in the province. The rich province of Macedonia fell 



n86 notes 

to the lot of Cicero, but he transferred this to his colleague Antonius, to 
secure his cooperation, and received in return the province of Cisalpine Gaul, 
which he afterward resigned. 

21. pro triumpho : i.e. the triumph which he might have secured as pro- 
consul of Macedonia. 

23. pro clientelis hospitiisque : in place of the dientships and guest- 
friendships. As proconsul, Cicero would have had an opportunity of estab- 
lishing friendly relations with prominent citizens in his province. Even 
towns and cities often made the proconsul their patron. For the relation 
between client and patron, see 77. 

24. quae : relations which ; quae, though referring grammatically to 
clientelis hospitiisque, refers logically to the connections which he had 
actually made, and not to those which he might have made as proconsul. 
Thus Cicero was patron of the Sicilians, and, as such, conducted in their 
behalf the important prosecution against Verres. The efforts which he made 
to retain these relations show how highly he prizes them, though for his coun- 
try's sake he cheerfully waived the privilege of forming new ones. 

urbanis opibus : by my influetice in the city. 

25. igitur: resuming the thought like our then, or I say. 

pro meis . . . studiis: iti return for my zealous efforts in your behalf 

Page 153, hne 4. — cui erit : who will have. 

6. suo solius periculo : at his peril alone. H. 446, 3; LM. 555; A. 302, ^; 
G. 321, R. 2 ; B. 243, 3; (H. 398, 3). 

conservarit : why is this verb in the subjunctive ? 

8. fanis : fanu)?i is a consecrated place, a shrine, a sanctuary. 

II. ut instituistis : as you have begun to do, in the opinions already 
expressed by senators during this spirited debate. 

Habetis eum consulem qui : you have as your consul one who. 

13. per se ipsum praestare : to carry into effect by his own efforts. 

At the close of this oration Cicero resumed his duties as presiding officer, 
and Marcus Porcius Cato, on being asked his opinion, declared that the great 
and pressing duty of the senate was to provide for the safety of the republic, 
and that that safety required the prompt execution of the prisoners. For the 
speech itself, see Sail. Cat, 52, who says it closed as follows: — 

Ego ita censeo : cum nefario consilio sceleratorum civiutn res publica in 
maxima pericula venerit, iique . . . convicti confessique sint, caedem, incendia 
aliaque se foeda atque crudelia facinora in cives patriamque paravisse, de 
confessis, sicuti de manifestis rerttm capitalium, more maiorum suppliciu?n 
sumendu??i. 



ORATION FOR THE MANlLlAN LAW N 87 

After further debate the senate condemned the five conspirators to death, 
and the consul carried out the decree the same day. 

What was the nature of the relation htiw ten pair onus and cliens at Rome? 
Cicero was a great orator; was he also a great statesman ? 

Oration for the Manilian Law 

Exordium, I 

Page 156, line i. Chapter i. — frequens conspectus vester: the sight 
of your crowded assejiibly. This assembly was a contio, a meeting of the 
people called together by a magistrate for discussion, not for action ; see 139. 

2. hie locus: this place, i.e. the Rostra, or platform in the Forum from 
which the orator addressed the people. It was called Rostra (beaks) because 
it was adorned with the beaks of ships captured from the enemy. 

autem: and though; the influence of quamquam still continues. 

ad agendum : \.e, vobiscwn, for treating with yo7i. Only magistrates had 
the right of submitting questions to the vote of the people {ius agendi ctim 
populo), but private citizens might address them by permission from the pre- 
siding magistrate. 

amplissimus : the most dignified, as belonging to magistrates. 

3. ornatissimus : most honorable, as granted to favored citizens by the 
magistrates. 

4. hoc aditu laudis : from this avenue to fame, i.e. the Rostra. 

Optimo cuique : to all the best men. H. 515, 2; LM. 1069; A. 313, b'y 
G. 318, 2; B. 252, 5; (H.458, 0. 

5. vitae meae rationes: my plans of life. 

ab ineunte aetata : from early manhood, i.e. from the time when he 
assumed the toga virilis. 

10. temporibus : exigencies, referring to their suits in court. 

Ita neque . . . umquam fuit : and even thus . . . has never been ; neque 
umquam = et nuuiquatn. Ita refers to the course which Cicero has pur- 
sued. He tells them that they have lost nothing thereby, as others have ever 
been ready to advocate their cause. 

12. periculis: lawsuits. 

caste integreque : honestly and incorruptibly, with an indirect allusion per- 
haps to the Cincian law (204 B.C.), which forbade an advocate to receive fees 
from his client. 

13. f ructum amplissimum : a most ample rezvard,'\.Q. the praetorship to 
which he had just been elected. 



N 88 NOTES 

14. dilationem comitiorum : the adjournment of the comitia. This was the 
comitia ceiitziJ'iata, the assembly of the people in the Campus Martius for the 
election of the higher magistrates. In times of great public excitement the comi- 
tia were sometimes adjourned to prevent or delay action. The interposition of 
a tribune, an unfavorable omen, or any informality in the proceedings y^zs, at 
any time a sufficient reason for adjournment. During the recent election the 
comitia for some unknown cause had been twice adjourned. In times of 
popular excitement such adjournments M^ere not very rare. 

Page 157, line i. praetor primus: not first in rank, as no such distinc- 
tion was recognized, but the one first elected. At this time eight praetors 
were chosen. 

centuriis cunctis: by all the centuries, i.e. of the comitia centuriata. For 
an account of the organization and powers of this assembly, see 133-135. 

3. quid praescriberetis : i.e. to follow Cicero's example. 

4. quantum VOS . . . VOluistis : as you have wished that there should be by 
conferring honors upon 7ne ; referring to the quaestorship, aedileship, and prae- 
torship with which he had been honored. 

6. ad agendum : to discuss public questions. 

7. ex forensi USU : from practice at the bar, lit. forensic, in the Forum. 
The courts were usually held in or near the Forum. 

12. ei quoque rei: for this also, i.e. for oratorical success as well as for 
other qualifications for office. 

15. illud: explained by quod in hac . . . nemini possit. 

17. in qua . . . possit: in which no one can be at a loss for something 
to say. 

18. virtute: worth, merits, 
20. mihi : why dative ? 

COpia, modus: abundance of material, proper limit. 

What were the main points in the career of Pompey previous to the passage 
of the Manilian law ? 

Narratio et partitio^ 2 

22. Chapter 2. — inde undo : at the point from which. 

23. ducitur: is derived. 

24. vectigalibus : tributaries ; construe with infertur. 

25. Mithridate et Tigrane : see Introduction, p. 154. 

1 Note that here partitio represents \he prop sit io in its three divisions, intro- 
duced hy primu7n, delude, and turn, p. 158, 11. 16, 17; see 68, 2. 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW N 89 

alter relictus : Mithridates, who was utterly defeated by Lucullus at Cabira 
in Pontus. In his flight it is said that he would have been taken prisoner, 
had not the Roman army, occupied with the rich spoils of Pontus, allowed 
him to make his escape. He finally fled to Armenia, and placed himself 
under the protection of Tigranes, his son-in-law, where he has since been 
left (relictus) undisturbed. 

alter lacessitus : Tigranes, who had been greatly exasperated (lacessitus)by 
the loss of his capital and by the demand to surrender Mithridates to Lucullus. 

Page 158, Hne i. occasionem . . . oblatam esse: the disaffection in the 
Roman army, the recall of Lucullus, and the inefficiency of Glabrio, his suc- 
cessor, had furnished them such an opportunity. 

Asiam : the Roman province in Asia, embracing at this time Phrygia, 
Mysia, Caria, and Lydia. 

2. Equitibus Romanis : the Roman knights were the capitalists of Rome, 
and formed a distinct order (^ordo equester'), an aristocracy of wealth. They 
monopolized all lucrative enterprises and all commercial pursuits. Individ- 
ually, or in companies, they contracted to pay into the treasury fixed sums for the 
privilege of collecting the public revenues of the provinces. Large additional 
amounts were collected and retained as the profits of the enterprise; see 79. 

3. magnae res : large fortujies. 

4. in vestris vectigalibus . . . occupatae: invested in farming your 
revenues. 

5. pro necessitudine : on account of the connection. By birth, Cicero 
belonged to the equestrian order. 

mihi : dative of possessor. 

7. Bithyniae : Bithynia, a country south of the Euxine Sea, was bequeathed 
to the Roman people by King Nicomedes III, in the year 74 B.C. 

vicos exustOS esse, etc. : the import of the letters ; dependent upon a verb 
of saying implied in adfenintur litterae. H. 642, i ; LM. 1021 ; A. 580, a ; 
G. 649, N. 2 ; B. 314, 2 ; (H. 523, I, N.). 

8. regnum Ariobarzanis : Cappadocia, south of Pontus. 

10. L. Lucullum : see Introduction, p. 155. 

11. huic qui successerit: i.e. his successor in command, M'. Acilius Gla- 
brio, consul the preceding year. 

12. unum: i.e. Pompey. By speaking in this way, Cicero intimates that 
Pompey does not need to be named. 

13. imperatorem : as commander ; predicate accusative. 

14. praeterea neminem : )e.j?ietui; practically an emphatic repetition of 
the preceding statement. 



N 90 NOTES 

Confirmatio, 2-17 

18. Genus est belli eius modi, quod : the character of the war is of such a 
nature that. 

eius modi : predicate genitive. 

quod . . . debeat: relative clause of result. After eius modi a result 
clause with ut or a relative is common. It is to be noted that, when the rela- 
tive is used, it agrees in gender not with modi but with the noun on which 
modi depends, here genus. 

19. ad persequendi studium : to zeal in prosecuting it. 

20. in quo : in this war. Note the anaphora, agitur, agitur, aguntur, 
aguntur, for emphasis. 

a maioribus : construe with tradita est. 

21. ^Ximm.3i: greatest of all. 

25. quibus amissis : and if these are lost, ablative absolute denoting con- 
dition. 

pacis ornamenta: the ornaments of peace, i.e. whatever is requisite in time 
of peace, the comforts and luxuries of life. 

subsidia belli : the sinews of war, i.e. means of prosecuting war. 

26. requiretis : you will seek in vain for. 

multorum civium : especially the farmers of the revenue. 

a VObis : instead of the dative, to distinguish the agent from the indirect 
object quibus. H. 431, i ; LM. 991 ; A. 374, «, N. i ; G. 355, R. ; B. 189, 
\,a; (H. 388, N.). 

Fix in mind the main facts in the life of Mithridates. 



The Character of the War 

Page 159, line 3. Chapter 3. — macula : referring to the great massacre 
of Roman citizens in Asia in the early part of the Mithridatic war. It is 
explained by the clause quod is qui uno die . . . denotavit ; see Introduc- 
tion, p. 155. 

Mithridatico bello superiore : this was the first Mithridatic war, 88 B.C. 
Observe that no account is taken of the war waged by Murena, 82 B.C. ; see 
Introduction, p. 155. 

penitus iam insedit : has already become deep-seated. 

5. quod is qui: that he who, i.e. Mithridates. 

6. una significatione litterarum : by the import of a single letter. The 
messenger bore a written order from King Mithridates to all his satraps and 
governors in Asia Minor, to put to death on a certain day all persons of Roman 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW NQI 

or Italian descent found in their dominions. Eighty thousand Hves are said 
to have been sacrificed on that memorable day. 

8. poenam suscepit : a rare idiom. We should expect poenain dedit. 

sed . . . regnat : but from that time he has continued to reign for 
hoenty-three years already. H. 533 ; LM. 732 ; A. 466 ; G. 230; B. 259, 4 ; 
(H. 467, 2). 

10. latebris : in the remote hiding-places. 

11. in vestris vectigalibus : construe with versari. 

12. in Asiae luce: in the full light of Asia ; i.e. in our province of Asia, 
where he can find no hiding-place, but is exposed to the eyes of all. In luce 
versari is, of course, in contrast with latebris occultare. Mithridates, taking 
advantage of the recall of Lucullus, had speedily recovered his lost possessions, 
and was even threatening the allies and tributaries of the Roman people. 

15. triumphavit : celebrated a trimnph. 

L. Sulla; L. Cornelius Sulla, afterward the famous dictator, commanded 
in what is called the first ^Nlithridatic war, 88 to 84 B.C. 

L. Murena : L. Licinius INIurena commanded in the second Mithridatic 
war, 83 to 81 B.C. ; see Introduction, p. 155. 

17. pulsus superatusque : concessive, though defeated and overthrown. 

18. quod egerunt . . . quod reliquerunt : for what they did . . . for what 
they left undone. Note the idiomatic use of quod ^propter id quod. 

20. Sullam . . . res publica . . . revocavit: Sulla was in haste to return 
to Rome to reestablish his authority, as his eld rivals of the Marian party 
were masters of the city. He left his legatus L. Murena in command in Asia. 

From the map fix in mind the location of the various districts of Asia 
mentioned in this chapter. 

22. Chapter 4. — reliquum tempus : after the recall of Murena. 
non ad oblivionem veteris belli : not in allowing the for7ner war to be 
forgotten, i.e. by abstaining from all acts of hostility. 

Page 160, line 2. quibuscumque ex gentibus potuisset: from zvhatever 
races he could. Why is this verb in the subjunctive? 

3. et simularet : and all the while was pretending. Observe the force of 
the imperfect, denoting the continuance of the action. 

Bosporanis : the Bosporani, a people dw^elling on the Cimmerian Bosporus, 
between the Black Sea and the Azof, in the modern Crimea. 

5. ad eos duces : i.e. to Sertorius and his associates, then commanding in 
Spain in the interest of the Marian faction. Sertorius sent to the king Roman 
officers to drill his troops and the king agreed to send a fleet to aid Sertorius. 



N 92 NOTES 

6. duobus in locis : i.e. in Spain and in Asia. 

disiunctissimis maximeque diversis : i.e. in the East and in the West. 

7. a binis copiis: by two armies (forces). Why not duabus instead of 
binis ? H. 164, 3; LM. 1081; A. 137, (5; G.97,r. 3; B.81, 4; (H. 174, 2, 3). 

8. ancipiti : in two places. 

de imperio : for the very existence of the empire. 

10. alterius partis . . . Hispaniensis : the danger from one quarter, 
namely frojn Sertorius and Spaifi. 

12. Pompei: the statement here is too favorable to Pompey. During four 
years of war he had been twice defeated by Sertorius, but the assassination of 
the latter by Perpenna enabled Pompey to bring the war to a close. 

15. felicitati: indirect object of tribuenda esse. 

haec extrema : these last events, i.e. his recent reverses. Triarius, the legatus 
of Lucullus, had been defeated with the loss of 7000 men, but this was when 
Lucullus was absent. 

16. f ortunae : to his misfortune. 

17. alio loco: see Chapter 8 of this oration. 

18. ei : H. 427 ; LM. 534 ; A. 381 ; G. 345 ; B. 188, 2, d; (H. 385, II, 2). 
20. quoniam is est exorsus orationis meae : since this (the dignity and 

glory of Rome) is the first topic in my discussion, i.e. of the general division 
on the nature of the war ; is is attracted to agree with the predicate noun 
exorsus. H. 396, 2 ; A. 296, a; G. 211, R. 5 ; B. 246, 5 ; (H. 445, 4). 

Study the career of Sertorius and its political significance in the history of 
the time. 

24. Chapters. — iniuriosius: rather badly. H. 498; LM. 678 ; A. 291, 
a; G. 297, 2; B. 240, i; (H. 444, i). The reference is perhaps to wars 
with the Illyrian pirates. In another passage Cicero says, Quot bella maiores 
nostros et quanta suscepisse arbitramini, quod cives Romani iniuria adfecti, 
quod navicularii retenti, quod viercatores spoliati dicer entur? 

tot milibus : how many are said to have been killed ? 

26. quo animo : ablative of characteristic. 

Legati . . . appellati superbius: this seems a very mild statement of 
the offense. The. Roman ambassadors at Corinth, according to Polybius, 
attempted to address the meeting of the Achoean League, but were insulted 
and driven from the assembly. The war which followed resulted in the 
destruction of Corinth and the complete conquest of Greece by the Romans, 
in the year 146 B.C. This war, however, is a good illustration of the eager- 
ness with which the Romans seized upon any and every pretext for extending 
the boundaries of their empire. 



i 



ORATION FOR THE MANILTAN LAW N 93 

27. Corinthum : the celebrated city of Corinth in Greece. Corinthum is 
the subject of exstinctum esse, though the participle agrees with the 
appositive lumen. 

28. eum regem : Mithridates. 

Page 161, line i. — legatum consularem: this was Manius Aquillius, 
consul loi B.C., sent into Asia, 90 B.C., to restore the kings Ariobarzanes of 
Cappadocia and Nicomedes of Bithynia, who had been dethroned by Mithri- 
dates. Aquillius had urged the king of Bithynia to invade Pontus, and later 
had actually led an army against Mithridates. He had therefore forfeited 
all rights as an ambassador, and when he was captured, in 88 B.C., he was 
put to death by having molten gold poured down his throat. ^ 

2. excruciatum necavit : tortured and put to death. H. 639 ; (H. 

549, 5)- 

3. libertatem imminutam, ereptam vitam, ius violatum, legatum inter- 
fectum : in these four phrases we have a common idiom in which the 
participle in agreement with a noun contains the main idea, and should be 
translated accordingly, — an encroachment upon the liberty, the taking of life, 
the infringemetit of the right, the murder of an ambassador. Cf. post urbeni 
conditam, since the founding of the city. H. 636, 4; LM. 1013 ; A. 497 ; 
G. 664, R. 2 ; B. 337, 5 ; (H. 549, 5, N. 2). 

5. persecuti sunt : avenged. 

6. ut illis pulcherrimum fuit : as it was most honorable for them, 
10. quod salus . . . vocatur : this clause is the object of ferre. 
summum . . . vocatur: is brought into a most dangerous crisis, hen- 

diadys. 

12. socius . . . atque amicus: an honorary title conferred by a decree 
of the senate. 

13. duo reges: who ? 

15. cuncta Asia : in all Asia ; here used like tola Asia, without the prepo- 
sition in. H. 485, 2 ; LM. 626 ; A. 429, 2 ; G. 388 ; B. 228, I, b ; (H. 425, 

16. imperatorem certum : a particular commander. 
18. alium: Manius AciHus Glabrio. 

sine summo periculo : such a demand would give great offense to the 
commander already in the province. 

20. unum virum : Pompey. 

21. propter: near, i.e. in their vicinity. Pompey had just achieved signal 
success in the war against the pirates, and was still in Asia at the head of a 
large and victorious army. 



N 94 NOTES 

quo : for which reason, ablative of cause. 

carent aegrius : they feel the need of him more keenly. 

22. maritimum bellum : the war against the pirates. 

26. dignos, quorum salutem . . . commendetis : worthy of having their 
safety intrusted to such a man, lit. worthy whose safety you would intrust, i.e. 
so worthy that you would, etc. H. 591, 7 ; LM. 837 ; A. 535,/; G. 631, i ; 
B. 282, 3; (H. 503, II, 2). 

27. hoc : on this account, explained by quod ceteros . . . differant. 
ceteros eius modi homines mittimus : the other men who?n we send are of 

such a character, lit. we send the other men of such a character. In Chap- 
ters 22 and 23, Cicero contrasts the character of Pompey with that of the 
other Roman commanders. 

29. ipsorum: their oxvn, in emphatic contrast with the idea in hostili 
below. 

adventus : plural because of its connection with the plural ipsorum. 

30. non multum, etc. : provincial governors of the tj^pe of Verres were 
all too common. Lucullus was an honorable exception. 

31. antea : Pompey's military life began in the Social war, when he was 
but seventeen years of age. Later he fought against the Marian party in 
Italy and Africa, and enjoyed the honor of a triumph when he was twenty- 
five, though he was only an eques and had held no public office. He after- 
ward carried on the war with Sertorius, and then was sent against the 
pirates. 

What were the powers and duties of a Roman provincial governor ? 

Page 162, line 3. Chapter 6. — propter socios : in behalf of their allies 
in Gre-ece and Asia Minor, the Romans waged war against the /Etolians and 
Antiochus, king of Syria, from 192 to 190 B.C. The Roman arms were 
crowned with success. The war with Philip V, king of Macedonia, was 
undertaken 200 B.C. in behalf of the Athenians, and ended in the humiliation 
of Philip, 197 B.C. The first Punic war, from 264 to 241 B.C., was undertaken 
in the interest of the town of Messana in Sicily ; the second, from 218 to 
202 B.C., grew out of the capture of Saguntum in Spain ; and the third, from 
150 to 146 B.C., was undertaken in support of the Numidian king Masinissa. | 
It resulted in the destruction of Carthage. In almost every case the protec- 
tion of the allies was a mere pretext. Rome's real purpose was conquest. 

5. quanto vos studio convenit : with hoxv great eagerness ought you. 

7. cum de . . . agatur : since your most important revenues are at stake, 
lit. since it is acted in regard to, etc. ; agatur is impersonal. How would 
this clause read if expressed personally ? 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW N 95 

9. tanta sunt : are so inconsiderable, lit. so great, i.e. only so great. 

iis: H. 476, i; LM. 645; A. 431, a; G. 401, N. 6; B. 219, i; (H. 421, III). 

II. ubertate agrorum, magnitudine pastionis, multitudine, etc.: Cicero 
here refers to the three chief sources of revenue : the tithes {decuviae') for 
the use of the public lands under cultivation ; the rents {scripttira) for the 
use of the public pastures; and the duties { p'ortoriuni) on imports and 
exports. Cf. ex portu, ex decumis, ex scriptura below (1. 22). 

13. omnibus terris : all other lands, lit. all lands. Why dative ? 

14. belli utilitatem : what is useful in war. 

23. scriptura : so called from the record (writing) kept of all cattle 
pastured upon the public lands. 

26. qui nobis . . . pensitant : who pay us tribute, and accordingly have 
a right to expect protection from us. 

27. qui exercent atque exigunt : i.e. the farmers of the revenues and 
those who have taken contracts under them or are in their employ. 

28. adsint : why subjunctive ? 



Page 163, line i. — familias maximas: the very numerous bodies of 
servants; object of habere. 

in saltibus : in the pasture grounds. 

2. custodiis : coast-guards, to prevent the smuggling of goods into or out 
of the country without payment of portoria. 

3. illis rebus : i.e. the revenues. Case and reason for it ? 

4. qui vobis fructui sunt : who secure the enjoyment for you, i.e. both 
those who pay the revenue and those who farm it. H. 433; LM. 548; A. 
382,1; G.356; B. 191, 2; (H. 390). 

conservaritis : future perfect in a condition. H. 540 and 2; LM. 933; 
A. 516, <r; G. 244, 2; B. 264, 302, I; (H. 473, 2). 
How extensive was the Roman province of Asia ? 



7. Chapter 7. — illud quod : that which, explained by quod ad multorum 
. . . pertinet. 

8. extremum : as the last topic. Observe the four topics embraced under 
the general division of the character of the war {genus belli'), as presented in 
the latter part of Chapter 2: i. Agitur gloria ; 2. Agitur salus ; 3. Aguntur 
vectigalia ; 4. Aguntur bona. Cicero, having completed the discussion of the 
first three points, now takes up the last. 

cum essem dicturus: H. 541, 2, n. i; LM. 749; A. 498, a\ G. 247, r. 2; 
B. 269, 3; (H. 496, N. 2). 



N 96 NOTES 

9. quod pertinet : that it (the war) pertains. The clause with quod thus 
interpreted is in apposition with illud, but quod may be a relative, subject 
of pertinet, with illud as its antecedent. 

10. quorum habenda est ratio : whose interests ought to be regarded, 
pro vestra sapientia : according to your best judgment. 

11. diligenter: note the emphatic position. 

et publicani : the et finds its correlative in deinde in the next paragraph. 
Omit in translating, or render in the first place. This is an instance of 
anacoluthon. 

12. suas rationes et COpias : their business and their capital. 

13. perse: of themselves. 

14. nervos esse rei publicae: are the sinews of the republic ; cf. the Eng- 
lish sinews of war. 

18. ex ceteris ordinibus: of the other classes, i.e. of all classes except the 
publicani just mentioned. Here ordinibus seems not to be used in its tech- 
nical sense to denote the three orders in the state, the senate, the knights, 
and the people, but in a more general sense to denote the various classes and 
professions. 

19. partim ipsi, partim eorum: some in person, others. Gellius (x, 13) 
explains this idiom as follows : "Partim hominum venerunt " plerumque dici- 
tur, quod significat " pars hominum venit,''^ id est, " guidajn homijies^\' eorum 
is partitive genitive with partim. 

20. pecunias conlocatas habent : have money invested, not have invested 
money. This idiom, however, is the origin of the use of have {habeo') as an 
auxiliary in modern languages. 

21. humanitatis : predicate genitive. 

22. magnum . . . civium: this large number of citizens. 

23. a re publica: froin that of the republic. H. 445, i; (H. 398, I, N. l). 

24. primum: in the first place, correlative with Deinde below. 

illud parvi refert, etc. : this argument amounts to little, that, after we have 
sacrificed the farmers of the taxes, we may recover our reve7tues by a victory ; 
illud is explained by the infinitive clause nos . . . recuperare; parvi is genitive 
of value. H. 449, 3; LM. 581; A. 355, n. 2; G. 381; B. 311, i, rt-; (408,111). 

26. redimendi facultas : the meaiis of contracting for the?n. 

Page 164, line i. — initio belli Asiatici : in the beginning of the Asiatic 
war, i.e. of the Mithridatic war, 88 B.C. 

3. solutione impedita, etc. : credit fell in consequence of a suspension of 
payment. Capitalists in Rome were so involved in the heavy losses sustained 
in Asia that they could not meet their payments. 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW N 97 

5. ut non trahant: without drawing, lit. so as not to draw. H. 570; 
LM. 902; A. 537; G. 552, 2; B. 284; (H. 500, II). 

7. id quod ipsi videtis : as you yourselves see ; id represents the statement 
that follows, haec fides . . . concidant. 

8. haec ratio pecuniarum : this system of finance. 

9. in foro : the tabemae of the bankers and money-changers were in or 
around the Forum. 

10. ilia: //z^ /aZ/dT, referring to pecuniis Asiaticis. 

ut haec non . . . concidant : without causing the former to totter and fall 
with them, lit. by the same shock. 

11. videte num dubitandum vobis sit: see whether you ought to hesi- 
tate. 

13. gloria, salus, vectigalia, fortunae : recapitulation of the four topics 
comprised under The Character of the War. 

14. coniunctae cum re publica : joined with the public weal. 

15. def endantur : explain the subjunctive. 

What was the Roman method of levying and collecting the revenue ? 
What evils grew out of it ? 

The Magnitude and hjiportance of the War 

19. Chapter 8. — maxime laborandum est : / must take special care. 

20. vobis contemnenda : tinworthy of your attentio?i, lit. deserving to be 
despised by you. 

23. dico : note that here begins a long passage of indirect discourse, end- 
ing with esse gesta, p. 165, 1. 14. 

eius adventu : when he arrived, i.e. in 74 B.C. 

24. ornatas fuisse, obsessam esse : direct discourse would be ornatae 
erant, obsidebatur. 

Mithridati: Mithridates forms the genitive in is or i. 

26. Cyzicenorum : Cyzicus was an important commercial city on an island 
in the Propontis. Bridges connected it with the mainland. It was besieged 
by Mithridates in 74 B.C. 

27. quam L. Lucullus liberavit: but Lucius Lucullus delivered it. H. 
643, 4; LM. 1028; A. 593, a\ G. 628, R. «; B. 314, 3; (H. 524, 2). Com- 
pare the use of the indicative in erant (1. 8) and obtrectant (1. 16). 

Page 165, line 2. — classem magnam . . . depressam : in 73 b.c. 
Mithridates sent a fleet against Italy under officers sent over by Sertorius. It 
was attacked and destroyed by Lucullus near Lemnos. 



N 98 NOTES 

3. ducibus Sertorianis : it will be remembered that Sertorius, then com- 
manding in Spain in the interest of the Marian faction, was in correspondence 
with Mithridates. 

studio : by party strife. 

6. legionibus: dative. 

7. ex omni aditu: at every avenue of approach. 

Sinopen atque Amisum: cities on the south shore of the Euxine. Sinope 
was the birthplace and capital of Mithridates. 

8. quibus in oppidis : cities in which. 

10. permultas : note the emphatic position. 

uno aditu : by his mere approach, lit. by his approach only, i.e. without any 
actual attack. As a matter of fact, they made a stout resistance. In his 
desire to glorify Lucullus, Cicero perverts history. 

11. alios reges: Machares, his son, king of the (Cimmerian) Bosporus, 
and Tigranes, his son-in-law, king of Armenia. 

13. sal vis sociis atque integris vectigalibus : without injurijig the allies 
or impairing the revenues. The booty paid all the expenses of the campaigns. 

14. laudis : partitive genitive with satis, 
atque ita : and so bestowed. 

15. hoc: i.e. a nuUo . . . esse laudatum. 

istorum: this refers especially to Catulus and Hortensius, who were the 
chief opponents of the law giving the command to Pompey. 

Rewrite the indirect discourse after dico (p. 164, 1. 23) in the direct form. 

19. Chapter 9. — reliquum bellum : what reynains of the war. 

22. Medea : Medea, daughter of Aeetes, king of Colchis, is said to have 
eloped with Jason, the leader of the Argonautic expedition, and to have 
resorted to the expedient described in the text when pursued by her father. 
Colchis, though not strictly a part of Pontus, is here included under the- 
general name ; hence ex eodem Ponto. 

ilia: that fainous. H. 507, 4; LM. 1055; A. 297, <^; G. 307, 2; B. 246, 3; 
(H. 450, 4). 
quam praedicant : who, as they say. 

23. fratris : Absyrtus. 

qua se parens persequeretur : where her father was likely to follow her ; 
informal indirect discourse. The clause would take the subjunctive, even if 
not dependent on praedicant ; the thought is referred to Medea, not. to the 
subject of praedicant. This accounts for the use of se instead of earn. 
H. 649, I ; LM. 10 9 ; A. 592, 3 ; G. 628 ; B. 323 ; (H. 528, l). 

24. eorum collectio dispersa : the collection ofthejn thus scattered. 



II 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW N 99 

26. maximam vim omnem : the wJiole of the very large amount, object 
of reliquit. Note the position of omnem. 

Page 166, line 2. — bello superiore : what war is meant? See p. 159, 1. 3. 

6. ilium, hos: the former (Aeetes), the latter (the Roman soldiers). 

9. rebus suis: H. 426, i; LM. 530; A. 367; G. 346, r. 2; B. 187, II, a; 

(H.385). 

13. plures gentes : among these were the Medes and Arabians, lying to 
the south of Armenia, and the Albanians and Iberians to the north, between 
the Black and Caspian seas. 

17. neque lacessendas . . . tentandas: should either he provoked by attack 
or disturbed. H. 656, 2; G. 445; B. 347, 2; (H. 553, 2). 

19. gravis atque vehemens opinio : deep and strong conviction. 

20. gentium barbararum : in Asia. 

21. fani : Mommsen, the historian, thinks that Cicero refers to the rich and 
magnificent temple of the Persian goddess Nanaea in Elymais. 

24. novo quodam terrore : fears are now excited on a religious subject, 
and these naturally arouse fanaticism. 

25. urbem: a city, Tigranocerta, the Armenian capital. 

27. desiderio suorum : by the desire to see their frie^ids ; see note on 
desiderio sui, p. 108, 1. 4. 

28. fuit enim illud extremum : for the result (last thing) zuas ; illud 
merely represents the clause ut ex iis locis . . . quaereretur. 

31. et eorum: et, correlative with the et before suam, both . . . and, 
connects confirmarat and iuvabatur; construe eorum with auxiliis. 

Page 167, line i. — fere : almost invariably. 
2. ut . . . adliciant : in apposition with hoc. 

4. ut . . . videatur : the result of qui aut reges sunt . . . regno, 
nomen regale: the name of king. 

5. tantum quantum numquam : 77iore than ever, lit. as much as never. 

6. incolumis : i.e. before his defeat. 

7. eo quod: 7vith that which, explained by ut illam . . . attingeret. 

9. in exercitum . . . fecit : in the year 68 B.C., while LucuUus was occu- 
pied in Mesopotamia, Mithridates, who had returned to Pontus, defeated the 
Roman forces under M. Fabius, and in the following year under C. Triarius. 

II. poetae qui . . . scribunt: Cn. Naevius, who wrote a poem on the first 
Punic war, and Q. Ennius, who wrote the Annals, a metrical history of Rome, 
are doubtless meant. 

2. calamitatem : the defeat of Triarius. 



\ 



N lOO NOTES 

13. imperatoris : i.e. Lucullus. 

14. ex sermone rumor : the comr7ion talk, lit. rumor from conversation. 

15. offensione : disaster. 

16. incommodis: H. 424, 3; A. 367, b; G. 346, n. 4; B. 187, II, a; 
(H. 385, N. 3). 

potuisset : potential subjunctive, in the apodosis of a conditional con- 
struction contrary to fact, with the condition implied. Ordinarily the indica- 
tive o{ possum would be used in such a case. H. 583, I ; LM. 940; A. 517, c, 
G. 597, R. 3; B. 304, 3, a; (H. 511, I, N. 3). 

17. modum statuendum : that a li?nit should be set. 

18. vetere exemplo : ablative of cause; the true reasons for the recall of 
Lucullus, the disaffection of his army and the intrigues of his enemies, are 
purposely omitted. 

stipendiis confecti erant : had been nwrn out by their campaigns. 

19. Glabrioni: M'. Acilius Glabrio; see Introduction, p. 155. 

20. ea : them, referring to Multa, but explained by quantum illud . . . 
putetis. 

COniectura : by inference, i.e. from what I have said, see by inference what 
I have purposely omitted. 

21. quod coniungant . . . renovent . . . suscipiant . . . accipiat: re- 
capitulation, showing the greatness and importance of the war. 

coniungant : wage conjointly. 

23. integrae gentes : fresh races, i.e. those not previously engaged. 
novus imperator : i.e. Glabrio. 

Give the story of Medea and Jason. Find out definitely the reasons for the 
recall of Lucullus. 



' The Choice of a Commander 

Page 168, line 2. Chapter 10. — dicendum esse videatur: equal to 
dicendtnn sit, a somewhat favorite pleonasm with Cicero. 

3. Utinam . . . haberetis: H. 558, i; LM. 712; A. 441; G. 260, 261; 
B. 279, 2 ; (H. 483, I and 2). 

innocentium : not innocent, but honest, incorruptible. 

5. quemnam . . . putaretis: indirect question in apposition with 
deliberatio. 

8. antiquitatis memoriam : the records of antiquity, i.e. the glory of the 
ancients. In this passage Cicero puts Pompey above Alexander, Hannibal, 
and other famous ge^nerals. We must remember that this is simply " cam- 
paign talk." 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW N lOI 

9. cuiusquam: in a question implying a negative. H. 513; LM. 1071 ; 
A. 312; G. 317; B. 252, 4; (II. 457). 

10. sic : explained by the following infinitive clause. 

in summo imperatore : in a commander of the first rank. 

12. virtutem: generalship, i.e. the natural endowments needed to give 
success in war. Generals, like poets, are "born, not made." 

13. Quisigitur: who then? This question introduces the discussion of the 
first of the four topics just mentioned, scientiam rei militaris. 

scientior : i.e. rei militaris. 

14. bello . . . hostibus : ablative absolute, denoting an attendant cir- 
cumstance. 

15. ad patris exercitum: Pompey commenced his military career under 
his father, Cn. Pompeius Strabo, in the Social war, 89 B.C. He was then 
seventeen years of age. 

17. summi imperatoris : i.e. of his father, then serving against Cinna in 
the Civil war. 

18. ipse imperator: at the age of twenty-three Pompey raised three 
legions of volunteers in Picenum, and at the head of this force proffered his 
services to Sulla, who saluted him with the title of Imperator. 

19. hoste, inimico : distinguish between these synonyms. 

21. conf ecit : has subdued. 

ad scientiam est erudita : has been trained to the knoivledge. 

22. suis imperiis : by his experience in cominand, Plutarch {Pomp. 22) 
tells us that when Pompey appeared before the censors in 70 B.C., leading the 
horse which he, in the capacity of a knight, had received from the state, and 
was asked the usual question, whether he had served the number of cam- 
paigns required by law, he proudly replied, " I have served them all, and that 
too under my own supreme command." 

24. triumphis : Pompey had already twice enjoyed the honor of a triumph, 
in the year 81 B.C., at the age of twenty-five, for his victories in Africa, and 
ten years later, for his victories in Spain. 

26. Civile : as noted above, Pompey had taken part in the Social war in 
his father's army, and had held a command under Sulla. He subsequently 
conquered Carbo, a partisan of Marius, in Sicily. 

Africanum : in the year 82 B.C. Pompey crossed into Africa and subdued 
the Marian forces, which were in alliance with Hiarbas, king of Numidia. 

Transalpinum : in 76 b.c. Pompey, while on his way to Spain, conquered 
several Gallic tribes who opposed his march. 

Hispaniense : the war in Spain against Sertorius ; see note on Pompei, 
p. 160, line 12. 



N 102 NOTES 

mixtum ex . . . nationibus : explanatory of Hispaniense bellum. On 

the side of Sertorius were Romans, Spaniards of various tribes, and troops 
sent by Mithridates. 

27. servile : the war against Spartacus and his bands of gladiators and 
slaves. Pompey on his way back from Spain fell in with a detachment of 
several thousand fugitives from the defeated army of Spartacus and slaugh- 
tered ihem without mercy. 

navale : the war against the pirates, also called maritimuin bellum, p. 161, 
1. 22 ; see note on that passage. 

30. in usu , . . militari : in the range of military experience, lit. placed in. 

What is the force of the different tenses of the subjunctive in wishes ? 
What entitled a Roman general to a triumph ? 

Page 169, line i. Chapter ii. — lam vero : but fiirther, moreover, v&t^ 
especially in transitions to more important subjects. 

virtuti : generalship. Virtus, in the discussion of this topic, with the leading 
idea of valor, is used in a very comprehensive sense, embracing the natural endow- 
ments which are essential in a great commander, the military gift, ability in war. 

3. cuiquam inauditum : dative of agent. 

Neque enim . . . solae virtutes : for those are not the only qualifications. 
The others are mentioned in Chapter 13. 

4. quae vulgo existimantur : which are usually so regarded. 

7. quae tanta sunt, quanta non fuerunt : and these qualities are greater 
than they have been, lit. as great as they have not been. 

9. Italia: i.e. in the Civil war. The wars mentioned above are here 
enumerated again in the same order and more fully explained. 

13. oppressa : when overrun. 

eorum ipsorum sanguine : with th^ blood of those very enemies. Out of a 
force of 20,000, according to Plutarch, only 3000 survived the battle. 

16. Hispania : as a matter of fact, Pompey had little success in Spain until 
the death of Sertorius. He was saved from complete defeat several times 
only by the timely help of his lieutenant Metellus Pius. 

17. iterum et saepius : again and again. 

18. taetro : disgraceful, because waged against gladiators and slaves. 

19. absente : i.e. in Spain. 
quod bellum : and this war. 

21. adventu . . . sepultum: this is extravagant and undeserved praise. 
Pompey, arriving from Spain just after Spartacus and his whole army had been 
defeated by Marcus Crassus, gained an easy victory over 5000 fugitives who 
had escaped from the battlefield. 



I 



I 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW N IO3 

nunc : pointing to the more recent events in the war with the pirates, in 
contrast with the earlier and less important exploits referred to just before. 

23. maria omnia: i.e. the different seas composing the Mediterranean, or 
connected with it, as the Adriatic, the Aegean, etc., the scene of the war 
against the pirates. 

cum universa, tum : not only in their zvhole extent, hut also. 

24. Quis: H. 511, i; LM. 286; A. 148, N. ; G. 106, r. ; B. 90, 2, c\ 
(H.454, I). 

27. servitutis : captives were usually sold as slaves. 

28. hieme : in zvinter, when there was less danger from pirates, but more 
from storm and shipwreck. 

referto mari : ablative absolute. 

praedonum: H. 453, 5; LM. 573; A. 349, a-, G. 374, n. i; B. 204, i; 
(H. 399, T, 3)- 

Page 170, line i. — tam vetus : the war against the pirates extended over 
a period of more than twenty years. 

tam late divisum : so widely extended. 

2. arbitraretur : H. 554, 3; 557; LM. 720; A. 444; G. 259; (H. 485, 
N. i; 486,11). 

6. Cui praesidio fuistis : whom have you protected ? Note the common 
construction of two datives with the same verb. 

7. Quam multas captas urbes : the number is said by Plutarch to have 
reached four hundred. The pirates had at one time one thousand vessels 
under their command. 

Give an account of Pompey's war with the pirates. 

10. Chapter 12. — Fuit: how does this differ from erat? 

11. populi: H. 435, 4; LM. 573; A. 385, c; G. 359, R. i; B. 204, 2; 

(H.39T,II,4). 

a domo : H. 462, 2 and 4 ; LM. 608, 606 ; A. 428, a ; G. 390, 2, N. 4 ; 
B. 229, 2; (H. 412, II, I and 3). 

12. propugnaculis imperii: with the bulwarks of their power, i.e. -with. 
their army and navy. 

sua : their own, referring to populi Romani. 

13. Sociis ego nostris: note the emphasis here. 

14. dicam: subjunctive in a deliberative question. 

Brundisio : a town on the eastern coast of Italy, the usual port of embarka- 
tion for the East ; now Brindisi. 

15. hieme summa: i7i midwinter. 



N 104 NOTES 

transmiserint : subjunctive in a clause involving the idea of cause. 

16. captos : infinitive without esse. The subject is the omitted antece- 
dent of Qui. 

legati : a scholiast on this passage says, Legatum quendam oppressum a 
pij-atis p?^etio uxor liberavit, but we have no other authority for this statement. 
Very likely the plural (legati) is merely rhetorical, as also in liberos, 1. 25 below. 

18. duodecim secures : two praetors, lit. twelve axes, the symbols of office, 
by metonymy for the officers. In the provinces each praetor was attended by 
six lictors with the fasces. Plutarch mentions these praetors under the names 
of Sextilius and Vellinus. 

19. Cnidum : a city in Caria. 

Colophonem : a city in Lydia, northeast of Ephesus. 

Samum : a city on the island of Samos, off the coast of Asia Minor. 

22. vitam . . . ducitis : you derive life and breath, i.e. the grain with 
which to support life. Sicily, Sardinia, and Africa were the countries from 
which Rome received her chief supplies of grain. 

23. Caietae : a town and harbor on the coast of Latium, now Gaeta, Italy's 
most important naval station. 

Celeberrimum : very much frequented. 

24. inspectante praetore : it is not known who this praetor was. 

25. Miseno : a town and harbor on the coast of Campania. 

eius ipsius liberos, qui : the child of that very one who. Plutarch says that 
a daughter of Antonius was carried off by the pirates. This is undoubtedly 
the case to which Cicero refers, as liberos may be used rhetorically for a single 
child. The Antonius referred to was probably M. Antonius, the orator, who 
triumphed over the pirates in 102 B.C. 

27. Ostiense : of ox at Ostia, the port of Rome at the mouth of the Tiber. 
The pirates are said even to have burned the ships in the harbor of Ostia. 

Page 171, line i. — cum . . . classis ea . . . oppressa est: cf. this use 
of the indicative with the subjunctive noted above, transmiserint, p. 170, 1. 15. 

cui consul praepositus esset : relative clause of characteristic. Who the 
consul was is not known. 

3. tantamne : note the emphatic position of tantam. 

6. ii: the antecedent of qui and in apposition with vos. Cf. the common 
use of is as antecedent of a relative, e.g. tu es is qui me laudasti. 

7. Oceani ostium: the Straits of Gibraltar. The phrase is used to har- 
monize with ostium Tiberinum. 

9. a me : rare use of the ablative of agent with the participle in -dus instead 
of the dative. 



I 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW N IO5 

11. tarn brevi tempore: about ninety days. Pompey divided the Medi- 
terranean into districts and assigned them to his legati. This explains why he 
was able to accomplish so much in so short a time. 

12. quam celeriter: tarn brevi tempore, quam celeriter is equivalent to 
tarn celeriter quam ; celeriter practically repeats the idea in brevi tempore. 

tanti belli impetus : so vast a military expedition, lit. the onset (impetuous 
movement) of so great a war, a bold and poetic figure, difficult to reproduce 
in English. 

13. nondum tempestivo . . . mari: i.e. very early in the spring ; ablative 
absolute. 

15. frumentaria subsidia : granaries. 

17. duabus Hispaniis : i.e. Hispania citerior and Hispania ulterior, sepa- 
rated by the river Iberus (Ebro). 

19. Illyrici maris : i.e. the part of the Adriatic bordering upon Illyria. 
Achaiam : Achaia here denotes the Peloponnesus, though it afterward came 

to denote the Roman province of Greece. 

20. Italiae duo maria : the Adriatic on the east, and the Tuscan on the 
west. 

21. adornavit: supplied. 
ut: after. 

22. undequinquagesimo die : according to Plutarch, the earlier operations 
of the war, prior to embarkation from Brundisium, occupied forty days, mak- 
ing in all about ninety days. 

23. Ciliciam : Cilicia, upon the northeastern coast of the Mediterranean, 
was the stronghold of the pirates. 

24. partim, partim : either, or. 

25. Cretensibus : indirect object of ademit and imperavit. The Cretans, 
after the subjugation of the island was substantially effected by Q. Metellus, 
proposed to surrender to Pompey, then in Pamphylia, in the hope of obtain- 
ing easier terms. Pompey accepted the offer, and sent envoys to Metellus to 
inform him of the fact. But Metellus, who had been charged with the prose- 
cution of this war, disregarding the command of Pompey, compelled the 
whole island to surrender to himself. 

26. Pamphyliam : in Asia Minor, on the north coast of the Mediterra- 
nean. The distance from Crete to Pamphylia is not great, but Cicero wishes 
it to seem so, that Pompey's fame may be emphasized. 

27. obsidesque : here our idiom requires that que after the negative (non) 
should be rendered but. 

Study on a map the location of the cities and countries mentioned in this 
chapter. 



N I 06 NOTES 

Page 172, line i. Chapter 13. — Est haec: such is his, lit. there is this, 
referring to the description just given. 
imperatoris : as a commander. 
2. quas paulo ante : see note on neque enim . . . solae virtuies, p. 169, 1. 3. 

5. artes eximiae : excellent qualities. 
huius : construe with virtutis. 

6. innocentia : uprightjtess ; especially, in this instance, freedom from ava- 
rice. For the exact sense in M'hich this and the accompanying ablatives are 
here used, see the discussion which follows. The treatment of innocentia 
occupies the remainder of this chapter ; temperantia, self-control, is treated 
in the first paragraph of the next chapter ; facilitas, affability, ingenium, 
native talent, ability, ^diQS, good faith, trustworthiness, and humanitas, kind- 
ness, in the last paragraph of that chapter. 

9. quae: these. Why neuter? 

10. summa : of the highest order. 

11. ex aliorum contentione: by a comparison zvith others, i.e. by com- 
paring them with the qualities found in other men. 

ipsa per sese : by themselves. 

1 2. cognosci atque intellegi : cognosco means to perceive, learn by the senses 
or from external sources ; intellego, to understand, comprehend by the mind. 

13. ullo in numero putare : to regard in any sense as a comniander, lit. in 
any number. 

14. centuriatus veneant atque venierint : ceiiturionships are for sale and 
actually have been sold. Note the force of atque. 

15. Quid hunc hominem . . . cogitare: what high or noble sentiment can 
we think this man has ? COgitare depends upon putare understood from the 
preceding sentence. 

17. cupiditatem provinciae: a desire to retain his province, \\t. a desire 
for his province. Money was sometimes given to influential magistrates to 
secure their cooperation in preventing the recall of generals. 

18. inquaestu: at interest. 

19. facit ut agnoscere videamini : makes it clear that you recognize. 

21. nisi qui voluerit: unless he shall choose, lit. if not he who shall have 
chosen. 

23. quocumque ventutn sit : H. 652, i ; LM. 793 ; A. 593 ; G. 663, i ; 
B. 324, I ; (H. 529, II). 

24. f erant : carry with them, cause. 

Itinera quae ... in Italia : i.e. in the various Italian wars. 

25. civium Romanorum : the Italians had received full citizenship in 89 
B.C. after the Social war. 



I 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW N 10/ 

27. existimetis : indirect question, but the verb is a deliberative subjunc- 
tive, and the mood in the direct form would be the same. 

28. plures : construe with urbes and civitates. 

29. hibernis : by their winter quarters, i.e. by the soldiers in winter quarters. 

Page 173, line 2. — ipse: H. 509, i ; LM. 1061 ; A. 298,/; G. 311, 2; 
B. 249, 2; (H. 452, I). 

4. Hie : in this state of things, lit. here. 

ceteris: the dative of relation ; c'i. principibus, p. 174, 1. 9. 

5. in Asiam : i.e. when led thither by Pompey in the war against the 
pirates. 

non modo manus : remember that the second non is regularly omitted 
after modo, when followed by ne . . . quidem with a verb common to both 
clauses. 

8. hibernent: are passing the winter, i.e. under Pompey, on the border of 
Cilicia. 

9. ut sumptum . . . militem : to force him to expend money on the soldiery. 

10. hiemis : construe with perfugium, a refuge from the winter. The 
genitive is objective. 

11. avaritiae perfugium : a resort for avarice, i.e. for the gratification of 
avarice. 

What proofs can you find that Cicero's charges against many Roman gen- 
erals were true? 

13. Chapter 14. — Age: originally an imperative, it has become an inter- 
jection ; hence the singular form even when plural in sense. 

15. cursum inventum: progress has been achieved. 

Non enim ilium, etc : note that Non belongs to the whole clause and that 
the emphatic word is ilium. This emphasis marks Pompey as different from 
other generals. He did not reach his goal by skill of men or by divine favor, 
but by going straight on without any delay. 

20. non amoenitas ad delectationem : no delightful scenery to the enjoy- 
ment of it. Here non, though belonging to the verb, may be rendered no. 

21. non nobilitas urbis: no renozvned city, lit. not the renown of a city. 
Even in Athens he remained only a few hours. 

22. signa, tabulas : statues, paintings. 

23. toUenda esse : Rome was already rich in works of art which her com- 
manders had taken from Grecian cities. 

24. ea: these, resuming the preceding series of words, signa, etc. 
27. fuisse : that there really used to be. 



N I 08 NOTES 

Page 174, line i. — hac quondam continentia: of this self-control once. 
Observe the position of quondam, implying that this self-control is character- 
istic of the past rather than of the present. 

quod : a fact zvhich. The antecedent is the clause fuisse homines . . . 
continentia. 

iam videbatur : was already beginning to appear. 

5. servire . . . imperare : a strong expression ; they would prefer to be 
subject to the Romans rather than to rule others. 

7. liberae : freely allowed. 

querimoniae : querimonia is properly a complaint which seeks redress, 
and is, therefore, more than querela, which may be only the expression of a 
momentary feeling. 

11. imperatoria: appropriate for a commander. 

12. hoc ipso ex loco: i.e. the Rostra, from which he had often addressed 
the people. 

Fidem, socios, hostes : emphatic ; preserve the emphasis as far as possible 
in translation. 

Page 175, line 4. — quisquam : why not aliquis ? 

5. transmittendum sit: H. 595, i; LM. 913; A. 558,^2; G. 555, 2; 
B.298; (H. 504, 3). 

Find out whether Cicero's praise of Pompey's humanity is in accord with 
the facts. 

8. Chapter 15. — auctoritas: this word seems to be here used in a very 
comprehensive sense, influence, authority, prestige. 

10. ea re : referring to auctoritas. 

1 1 . Vehementer autem . . . quis ignorat : moreover, who does not know 
that what the enemy and what the allies think about our commanders is of 
great importance in conducting ivars? pertinere, with its subject quid hostes 
. . . existiment, depends upon ignorat. 

13. homines: subject of commoveri, ^^hich, in rendering, should be 
brought in directly before ut aut contemnant . . . ament, as that clause 
expresses the result of commoveri. Note also that the first two verbs in the 
result clauses refer to hostes (1. 12), while the others refer to socii. 

17. id quod: a fact which, id is in apposition with VOS tanta . . . fecis- 
tis. 

18. tanta . . . indicia: referring to the extraordinary honors which had 
been conferred upon Pompey, and the important commands with which he 
had been intrusted ; see Introduction, p. 154. 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW N I09 

20. quo : = ut eo : hence the subjunctive of result, pervaserit. 

illius diei : the day when Pompey was appointed commander against the 
pirates, by the passage of the Gabinian law. 

21. omnibus templis : referring especially to the temples of Castor and 
Pollux, of Vesta, of Concord, and of Saturn ; see illustrations of the Forum. 

24. ut plura non dicam: H. 568, 5 ; LM. 891 ; G. 545, r. 2 ; B. 282, i, 
c; (H. 499, I). 

neque . . . confirmem: remember that the negative connective between 
final clauses is regularly neve or neu, but sometimes neque. 

27. sumantur: imperative subjunctive. 

qui quo die : on ike day on zvhich he. 

Page 176, hne i. — ex summa inopia : after the greatest scarcity ; ex, lit. 
out of, denoting sudden change. The depredations of the pirates had so 
embarrassed commerce that grain in Rome had become very scarce and 
dear. 

2. unius hominis spe : through the hope reposed in one man, i.e. in Pom- 
pey. The price of grain fell because the grain markets of the world would 
be open to Roman commerce as soon as the pirates should be subdued. 
Note that hominis is an objective genitive with spe, and a subjective geni- 
tive with nomine. 

3. potuisset : subjunctive in the apodosis of a condition contrary to fact, 
the protasis being implied in ex summa ubertate agrorum. 

lam : moreover. 

4. calamitate . . . paulo ante admonui : see note on in exercitum . . . 
fecit, p. 167, 1. 9. 

6. crevissent, haberet: note the change of tense. What subjunctive is 
this? 

7. ad ipsum discrimen . . . temporis : at the very crisis of that period. 

8. ad eas regiones : i.e. into Pamphylia and Cilicia in quest of the 
pirates. 

15. ipso nomine ac rumore: by the jnere mention of his name, hendiadys. 
What territory at this time formed the province of Asia ? Find out also 

the boundaries of Pontus. 

16. Chapter 16. — ilia res: the following fact. What fact is meant? 

17. auctoritatem: subject of esse understood. 

19. Cretensium: see note on Cretensibus, p. 171, 1. 25. 

20. noster imperator : Quintus Metellus. 

21. in ultimas terras : i.e. Pamphylia. See note on Pamphyliam, 



NIIO NOTES 

p. 171, 1. 26. ultimas seems here to have been used for effect. It is true 
of Pamphylia in respect to Rome, but not in respect to Crete. 

24. Eum : the subject of iudicari. 

25. ii quibus erat molestum : the reference is to the party of Q. Metellus 
Pius, the other commander in the war against Sertorius, to whom it would be, 
of course, somewhat annoying that an ambassador should be sent to Pompey 
rather than to him. The real facts in the case, however, aire not known. 
According to the common account, Mithridates negotiated neither with 
Pompey nor with Metellus, but with Sertorius. 

26. speculatorem quam legatum.: Drumann thinks that the one whom 
Pompey regarded as an envoy of the king may have been a spy. 

280 auctoritatem : subject of valituram esse, but placed first in the 
clause for emphasis. 

Page 177, line i. — Reliquum est ut dicamus: H. 571, 2; LM. 902; 

A. 569, 2; G. 553, 4; B. 297, 2; (H. 501, I, 2). 

de felicitate: the last of the four qualifications of a general, see p. 168, 
11. II, 12. 

quam praestare nemo potest : which no ojie can guarantee, because it 
is purely a gift of the gods. 

2. possumus : but which we may; in English repeat the relative and 
supply the conjunction. 

3. sicut: as, referring to timide et pauca. 
homines: subject of lai'zV^r^ understood. 

de potestate deorum : concerning the poiuer of the gods, i.e. concerning 
a matter which is entirely in the power of the gods. 

5. Maximo : Q. Fabius Maximus Cunctator, who baffled Hannibal by delay. 

Marcello: M. Claudius Marcellus, who took Syracuse in 212 B.C. 

Scipioni : either Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, the elder, the con- 
queror of Hannibal at Zama, or his grandson by adoption, Publius Cornelius 
Scipio Aemilianus Africanus, the younger, the destroyer of Carthage in 146 
B.C.; see note on alter Africanus, p. 151, 1. 20. 

6. Mario : C. Marius, the famous general and opponent of Sulla, who con- 
quered the Cimbri and Teutones, and was seven times consul. 

8. saepius: repeatedly. 

9. mandata : esse with commissos belongs also with mandata. 

10. Fuit profecto divinitus adiuncta : there truly has been granted by 
the gods ; Fuit is emphatic. 

16. hac : such, followed by the two clauses of result, while the purpose of 
such caution is expressed by the clause ne . . . videatur. 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW N 1 1 1 

17. non ut dicam: that I zoill not say ; note the emphatic position of 
non ; the negative non ut is in contrast with the affirmative sed ut. 

19. ut . . . videamur: that it may be seen thai zve remember, etc. 

20. aut invisa, aut ingrata : note that the alternatives exclude each 
other; either offensive (in case we say that Pompey controls his own fortune), 
or thankless (in case w-e fail to acknowledge the divine help hitherto granted). 
II. 658, i; LM. 765; A. 324,^; G. 493, I and 3; B. 342, \, a; (H. 554, 
II, 2). 

23. ut . . . adsenserint : indirect question. 

24. voluntatibus : indirect object of each of the four following verbs. 

28. tacitus: even in his silent thoughts. H. 497; A. 290; G. 325, R. 6; 
B. 239; (H. 443). 

quot et quantas : as. 

29. Quod ut illi proprium ac perpetuum sit: that this success jnay be 
assured to him forever, purpose of velle et optare. Quod refers to the suc- 
cess mentioned in the preceding sentence. 

Page 178, line 4. — Qua re cum, etc.: Cicero here gives a summary of 
the several points discussed. In the next chapter he enters upon the consid- 
eration of objections. 

8. quin conf eratis : to employ. With dtcbito in the sense of to hesitate 
we should expect the infinitive, but the qui7i-c\z.\is,& may be used when, as 
here, the main verb is negative or interrogative implying a negative. 

Sum up briefly the arguments used by Cicero to show Pompey's supreme 
fitness for the command against Mithridates. 

II. Chapter 17. — si esset, erat deligendus : H. 582; LM.940; A. 517,.^; 
G. 597, R.3; B. 304, 3, ^; (H. 511, 2). 

14. opportunitas : fortunate circumstance. 

15. ab iis qui habent: i.e. from LucuUus and Glabrio, and from Mucius 
Rex, who w^as in Cilicia. 

17. cetera: i.e. cetera bella. 

18. bellum regium : war -with kings, i.e. with Mithridates and Tigranes. 

Confutatio, 17-23. 

19. At enim: <5«/ z;?^/^^^/, introducing an objection. 

20. adfectus : honored. 

Q. Catulus : Quintus Lutatius Catulus. a distinguished member and leader 
of the Roman aristocracy, consul 78 B.C.; hence vestris benefciis amplissimis 
adfectus. 



N 1 1 2 NOTES 

22. Q. Hortensius : a distinguished orator and advocate, a man of great 
wealth and influence, consul 69 B.C.; see 64. 

ratione : plan, or view. 

23. multis locis : on many occasions, locative ablative. 

24. tametsi cognoscetis . . . contrarias : although you will see authori- 
ties on the other side, i.e. opposed to Catulus and Hortensius. Those authori- 
ties are given on p. 186, 11. 20-31. 

26. omissis auctoritatibus : opinions aside. 

ipsa re ac ratione : from the very nature of the case, lit. from the thing 
itself and its nature. What figure of speech ? 

Page 179, line i. — hoc : on this account, ablative of cause. 

7. Obsolevit ista oratio : such language has lost its force ; because he 
had used it before in opposing the appointment of Pompey to the command 
against the pirates, and the result had shown the wisdom of the appointment. 
Note the emphatic position of the verb. 

8. tu idem : you also. 

Hortensi: H.83, 5; LM. 152 ; A. 49, ^; G, 33, r. 2; B. 25, 2; (H.51, 5). 

10. A. Gabinium : the author of the Gabinian law by which Pompey was 
placed in command against the pirates. The law did not indeed name 
Pompey, but it was plain to all from the very outset that no other commander 
could be appointed under it. 

11. graviter ornateque : impressively a7id in polished phrase. 

12. promulgasset : had proposed. A lex had to be proposed seventeen 
days before it could be passed. 

13. permulta verba fecisti : you spoke at great length. 

14. turn si valuisset, hodie teneremus : what is the force of the tenses 
here ? 

16. vera causa: the true interests. 
21. rem transmarinam : business beyond the sea. 

Learn something further of Hortensius; see 64. Were his objections to 
the Manilian law valid? 

23. Chapter 18. — non dico Atheniensium: I do 7iot say of the Athe- 
nians. For upwards of half a century after the Persian wars the naval power 
of Athens was very great. 

25. Carthaginiensium : the Carthaginians in northern Africa, with whom 
the Romans waged the Punic wars, once controlled the Mediterranean. 

maritimis rebus : in naval resources. 

26. Rhodiorum : the Rhodians, inhabiting the island of Rhodes, in the 



I 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW N 1 1 3 

Aegean Sea, were distinguished for their maritime power after the Carthagin- 
ians had been overthrown. 

27. quae civitas, inquam : these words resume the question interrupted 
by the parenthetical clause, non dico . . . remansit. 

28. quae non def enderet : as not to defend. 
31. ille : the renowned. 

Page 180, line i. — permanserit : subjunctive of characteristic. 

2. utilitatis : of their advantages. 

3. Antiochum: see note on propter socios, p. 162, 1. 3. 

4. Persemque: Perses, the last king of Macedonia, was conquered at 
Pydna by L. Aemilius Paulus, 168 B.C. He, however, escaped with a small 
force to the island of Samothrace, where he was blockaded by the Roman 
admiral Cn. Octavius, to whom he was compelled to surrender. 

omnibus navalibus pugnis : i.e. in the first Punic war. This is exagger- 
ated. The Romans were utterly defeated by the Carthaginians at Drepanum 
in 249 B.C. 

6. ii: simply repeating Nos ; cf. p. 171,1. 6. 

7. tutam, salvos : tutus, safe from attack ; salvus, saved or rescued from 
danger. 

9. salvos praestare : to insure the safety of. 

turn, cum : at the time when, introducing an illustration of socios . . » 
praestare poteramus, as zve zvere at the time (turn) when (cum). 

10. Delos : after the fall of Corinth, 146 B.C., Delos became an important 
center of trade. 

Aegaeo mari: the Aegean Sea, i.e. the part of the Mediterranean between 
Greece and Asia Minor. 

12. nihil timebat : because it was under the protection of Rome. 
idem: repeating nos (1. 7), like ii (1. 6). 

Page 181, line i. — Appia via: the Appian Way, the most celebrated of 
the Roman roads, extended from Rome to the port of Brundisium. The 
portion near the sea was often visited by corsairs. 

3. cum reliquissent : concessive. 

exuviis nauticis, etc. : with naval trophies, etc. Hence the name Rostra^ 
beaks. 

Who constructed the Appian Way ? Why was it so called ? 

5. Chapter 19, — Bono animo : ivith a good intention. 

8. dolori SUO : their own sad feelittgs, occ2i?,\ontd by the depredations of 
the pirates. 



NII4 NOTES 

9. una lex : the Gabinian law; unus vir : Pompey ; unus annus : 67 B.C. 

II. effecit ut aliquando vere videremur imperare : caused that at last 
we were really seen to be bearing rule over, i.e. every one came to see that 
our supremacy was a fact and not a pretense. 

13. Quo: wherefore. 

obtrectatum esse adhuc : that opposition has thus far been made. 

14. Gabinio . . . anne: shall I say to Gabinius or; dicam is a delibera- 
tive subjunctive. 

15. ne legaretur . . . Pompeio: that A. Gabinius might not be appointed 
legatus to Cn. Pompey. According to a Roman law, the lex Licinia et Aebutia, 
no one could receive an appointment under a statute proposed by himself. 
Hence Gabinius could not be legally appointed a legatus under the Gabinian 
law. For this reason, Pompey, who had been given the right to appoint his 
legati, had not ventured to appoint Gabinius, but he finally asked the senate to 
do so. This demand, however, as Cicero tells us, had been vigorously opposed. 

16. Utrum ille, an ipse ; a direct double question. 

legatum quern velit : the legatus whom he wishes, a relative clause of 
characteristic. 

17. qui impetret : to obtain his request. H. 591, 7; LM. 837; A. 535,/; 
G. 631, i; B. 282, 3; (H. 503, II, 2). 

cum ceteri : since our other generals. 

21. expers gloriae: H. 451, 2; LM. 573; A. 349, a; G, 374; B. 204, i; 
(H. 399, I, 3). 

22. periculo : at his peril. Dion Cassius tells us that the senate was so 
enraged at Gabinius for forcing his law through the assembly that his hfe was 
in danger. 

23. Falcidius, Metellus, etc. : these are mentioned, not because they were 
men of note, but simply because they had served as lieutenants the year after 
they had been tribunes of the people. The objection, however, 'to the appoint- 
ment of Gabinius as lieutenant to Pompey in the war against the pirates was 
not that he had just been tribune of the people, but that he was himself the 
author of the law under which alone such appointment could be made. 
Cicero here, as often, wishes, by bringing in a new issue, to turn attention 
away from the weakness of his position. 

24. honoris causa : 7uith respect. 

cum . . . fuissent: after they had been tribunes of the people. 
plebi : an old and rare form of the genitive singular. 

28. esse deberet : ought to have been ; legatus is probably understood from 
legati above. 

De quo legando : the question of his appointment as legatus. 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW NII5 

Page 182, line 2. — me relaturum : that T will present the subject. This 
Cicero had a right to do as praetor, unless forbidden by the express command 
of a consul, and if, in spite of this inimicum edictum, he persisted, his act 
would still be valid. 

3. quo minus defendam: H. 568, 8; LM. 909; A. 558, b\ G. 549; 
B. 295, 3 ; (H. 497, II, 2). 

4. vobis fretus : relying on your support. H. 476, I ; LM. 629; A. 431, ^; 
G. 401, R. 6; B. 218, 3; (H. 425, I. I, N.). 

vestrum ius beneficiumque : your right and favor, referring probably 
to the right and privilege conferred upon Pompey of appointing his own 
legati. 

5. praeter intercessionem : except the veto of a ti-ibtme, to which all 
must submit. 

6. quid liceat : what is lawful. The veto of the tribune must be used only 
in the interests of the people. Cicero means that a tribune would hesitate to 
interpose in such a case. 

9. Pompeio socius ascribitur : is assigned (i.e. in public estimation) to Pom- 
pey as his associate, and this is an added reason for making him a legatus. 

uni : to one commander, i.e. to Pompey. 

What is meant by the inter cessio of the tribune? What was its effect? 
What was the origin of this power ? See 106-108. 

13. Chapter 20. — dicendum esse videatur : see note on the same words, 
p. 168, 1. 2. 

si poneretis, si factum esset : in a conditional sentence with two condi- 
tional clauses, the force of the Latin is usually best shown by rendering the 
conclusion (in quo . . . habituri) after the first condition (si . . . ponere- 
tis). Note that in the direct discourse poneretis would be ponetis, factum 
esset, factum erit, and essetis habituri, habebitis, or estis habituri. 

14. si quid eo factum esset: if anything should happen to him, more 
literally, become of him; eo : H. 474, 3; LM. 61 1; A. 403, c; G. 401, R. 7; 
B. 218, 6; (H. 415, III, N. I). 

16. in eo ipso : in him, i.e. in Catulus. The incident here related 
occurred the preceding year, during the discussion upon the Gabinian law. 

18. quam possit : =: ut eam possit, relative clause of result. 

20. in hoc ipso : upon this particular point, i.e. upon the propriety of 
investing Pompey with the sole command. 

quo minus certa ac minus diuturna, hoc magis: the less certain and last- 
ing, the more ; quo, hoc, the, the, lit. by which, by this, or by as much as, by 
so much ; ablative of degree of difference. 



NIl6 NOTES 

24. At enim : but indeed, introducing the main objection of Catulus, that 
the proposed measure is at variance with Roman custom. 

quid novi : anything new ; novi, adjective used substantively, in partitive 
genitive with quid. 

27. novorum consiliorum rationes : new measures ; a circumlocution for 
nova consilia, as the latter would not accord in form with novos casus tem- 
porum. 

Page 183, line i. — Punicum: the third Punic war, from 150 to 146 B.C. 
2. Hispaniense : the Spanish war, from 149 to the fall of Numantia, 133 B.C. 
ab uno imperatore : i.e. by Scipio Africanus Minor. 

5. nuper: recently, but it was forty years before. 

6. C. Mario : Gaius Marius conquered Jugurtha, king of Numidia, 105 B.C., 
the Teutones, 102 B.C., and the Cimbri, 10 1 B.C. The Cimbri and Teutones 
were warlike tribes from the north. 

8. Teutonis : note that the proper form of this name is Teutoni: Teutones 
is late. 

10. summa voluntate : with the full consent. 
Describe the sieges of Carthage and Numantia. 

12. Chapter 21. — Quid tarn novum quam : what so novel as ? Note the 
ellipsis of est, an idiom readily reproduced in English. 

13. conficere : should raise. 

14. ductu SUO : under his own command, i.e. with an independent command. 

16. peradulescenti : Pompey was at this time twenty-four years of age. 
senatorio gradu : the age at which a man might enter the senate varied at 

different periods. It is probable, however, that after Sulla's time the age 
required for the quaestorship was thirty-one, and this office carried with it 
admission to the senate. 

17. Sicilian! atque Africam: after the defeat of the Marian party in 
Italy, 82 B.C., Pompey was sent against the remnant of that faction in Sicily 
and Africa. 

18. helium administrandum : the conduct of the war, lit. the war to be 
carried on; a common use of the gerundive. 

19. Fuit in his provinciis, etc. : m these comjyiands he displayed remark- 
able integrity, etc. 

21. equitem Romanum triumphare: according to Roman custom, the 
honor of a triumph could be granted to no one who had not held the office 
of consul or of praetor. That honor was, however, granted to Pompey before 
he had held either office. 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW Nil/ 

25. ut eques . . . mitteretur. For variety Cicero here uses the substan- 
tive clause with iit instead of the accusative and infinitive as above. 

duo consules: the consuls of the year 77 B.C., Mam. Aemilius Lepidus and 
D. Junius Brutus, not particularly distinguished, clarissimi fortissimique 
are here only complimentary terms. These consuls had declined the command 
against Sertorius. 

26. bellum maximum : the war with Sertorius in Spain. 

28. non nemo: some one or more. What would nemo non mean? 

Page 184, line i. — pro COnsule: as proconsul, lit. instead of a consul. 
The consuls, at the expiration of their term of office, were usually appointed 
governors of provinces, with the title of proconsul. But Pompey was sent 
as proconsul, i.e. cum imperio consulari, though he had never been consul. 

L. Philippus : T. Marcius Philippus, a friend of Pompey, a ready speaker 
and a great wit, consul 91 B.C. 

2. non pro consule . . . consulibus : with the power, not of a consul, hut 
of the consuls, a witticism which Cicero quotes to glorify Pompey. 

3. rei publicae: the ptiblic trust, i.e. the war. 

6. ex senatus consulto : a decree of the senate could not annul a lex 
passed by the popular assembly, but the senate had in course of time usurped 
the power to suspend a lex in special cases, provided a tribune did not inter- 
pose a veto. 

legibus solutus : released from the laws, i.e. from the laws which made 
him ineligible to the consulship, by requiring that the candidate should be at 
least forty-two years of age, and that he should have held the offices of 
quaestor and praetor. Pompey was only thirty-five, and had never held 
either of these offices. 

7. ullum alium magistratum: i.e. any of the higher or curule offices. 
To hold the lowest of these, that of curule aedile, one must be at least thirty- 
seven years of age. 

per leges licuisset: was lawful; licuisset is in the subjunctive because 
it is in an indirect clause. 

8. iterum triumpharet : i.e. for his victories in Spain. 

9. Quae nova, ea : the new precedents, which. 

13. prof acta sunt a auctoritate: have been conferred by the authority. 
What was the character of Catulus as statesman and public leader ? To 
what party did he belong ? 

16. Chapter 22. — videant : let them take care. 

20. suo lure : iji their own right, i.e. with perfect propriety, as they had done 
so in the case of the Gabinian law, with the most important results to the state. 



NIl8 NOTES 

21. vel: even. 

22. isdem istis reclamantibus : though the same men protested, i.e. Catu- 
lus and his party. 

26. plus in re publica vidistis : saw more clearly the public interests. 

27. vos : if you. The condition continues, though the conjunction is 
omitted. 

iis repugnantibus : in spite of their opposition, concessive. 

Page 185, line i. — isti principes . . . fateantur: i.e. leaders though 
they are, they must obey the Roman people. 

sibi, ceteris : dative of agency ; auctoritati : dative of indirect object 
with parendum. On p. 158, 1. 26, the agent was expressed by the ablative 
with a, but here there is no ambiguity, since auctoritati does not denote a 
person. 

5. Difficile est : because of the great temptations to selfishness and ava- 
rice which those distant countries presented. 

Cilicia : a district of Asia Minor, on the northeastern shores of the 
Mediterranean. 

6. Syria : a country on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean. 
ita versari: so to conduct himself. 

7. nihil aliud nisi: nothing except. H. 516, 3; LM. 928; A. 407, d; 
G. 643, N. 4; B. 306, 4; (H. 555, III, I). 

8. pudore . . . moderatiores : of greater self-control from their regard 
for decency ajtd moderation. 

14. religiosum: sacred. 

16. quibus . . . inferatur: relative clause of purpose. 
causa belli: a pretext for war. 
19. noverunt: cf. nor at, ^. 131,1.6. 

21. hostium simulatione : under the pretense of acting against the 
enemy. 

23. non modo, sed : not to say, but. 

24. tribuni militum: each Roman legion had six military tribunes. 
animos . . . capere possit : can endure the pride and arrogance. 

Study the life of Verres to understand how true Cicero's statements are in 
regard to the acts of Roman officials in the provinces. 

25. Chapter 23. — conlatis signis : i.e. in battle. 

26. videatur, possit, mittatur : note these three relative clauses of char- 
acteristic. 

nisi erit idem qui : unless he shall also be a jnan who. 



\ 



ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW NII9 

Page 186, line 5. — istis pacata esse videatur : if a city is wealthy, these 
avaricious generals will easily find a pretext for plundering it. 
6. Ora maritima : the sea-coast, i.e. its inhabitants. 

8. imperatores, etc. : among others, M. Antonius Creticus, who was sent 
against the pirates 74 B.C., richly deserved the severe censure here pronounced 
against the Roman commanders. 

9. pecunia publica : = pecunia ex aerario depronipta ad bellum adminis- 
trandum (p. 172, 1. 16). 

praeter paucos : among the few noble exceptions, Cicero doubtless had 
P. Servilius Vatia especially in mind, as he was present, favored the proposed 
law, and had himself commanded with great success in the war against the 
pirates. Later Cicero himself was conspicuous for the justice of his pro- 
consular rule in Cilicia. 

10. classium nomine: with their so-called fleets. Fleets were small and 
ill-equipped because the money for their maintenance had been embezzled 
by the generals. 

11. detrimentis accipiendis : through the losses we suffered. 

12. quibus iacturis : with what expenditure of money , i.e. in bribery to 
secure an appointment. 

13. quibus COndicionibus : upon what terms, doubtless referring to en- 
gagements made with those who aided them in securing the appointment. 

ignorant videlicet : ironical. 

15. Quasi . . . videamus: H. 584 ; LM. 944 ; A. 524; G. 602 ; B. 307; 
(H. 513, II). 

16. nolite dubitare: 561,1; LM. 728; A. 450; G. 271, 2; B. 276, c\ 
(H. 489, I). 

17. quin credatis: the infinitive would be more common in this connec- 
tion, since dubitare here means to hesitate; cf. p. 178, 1. 8. 

20. auctoritatibus confirmandam : see note on tametsi cognoscetis . . . 
contrarias, p. 1 78, 1. 24. 

21. est vobis auctor: you have the authority of. 

\ 22. P. Servilius : P. Servilius Vatia, surnamed Isauricus from his famous 
victory over the Isaurians. He was consul 79 B.C., and commanded with 
great success against the pirates from 78 to 75 B.C. His knowledge of the 
country and his military experience gave weight to his opinion. 
tantae exstiterunt : have been so great. 
I 23. cum . . . deliberetis : causal, since you are deliberating about war. 
24. est C. Curio : C. Scribonius Curio, a Roman general and orator, consul 
76 B.C. He commanded in Macedonia from 75 to 73 B.C., and triumphed 
over the Dardanians and Thracians, 71 B.C. 



NI20 NOTES 

26. praeditus: with beneficiis and rebus render distinguished ; with 
ingenio and prudentia render endowed with ; a case of zeugma. H. 751, 2, 
N.; A. 640; G. 690; B. 374, 2, a; (H. 636, IT, i). 

Cn. Lentulus : Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus, consul 72 B.C., a legatus 
of Pompey in the war against the pirates. 

27. pro : in accordance with, or as shozvn by. 

28. gravitatem: strictness. Lentulus, when censor in 70 B.C., had ex- 
pelled sixty-four members from the senate. 

C. Cassius : C. Cassius Varus, consul 73 B.C., defeated by Spartacus in the 
Servile war, 72 B.C. 

30. videte . . . responderene : observe whether, etc. The enclitic is ap- 
pended to the emphatic word. 

illorum: i.e. of Catulus and Hortensius. 

"What were the objections of Catulus and Hortensius to the Manilian law, 
and how were they answered by Cicero? 

Peroratio, 24 

Page 187, line i. Chapter 24. — C. Manili : Gaius Manilius, the tribune 
of the people and author of the Manilian law. For the form, cf. Hortensi, 
p. 179, 1. 8. 

3. auctore populo Romano : with the support of the Roman people. The 
people have shown by passing the Gabinian law what they think of Pompey, 
and so Manilius may feel sure of their support for his own measure. 

4. neve: and not. H. 568, 6; A. 450, n. 5; G. 543, 4; B. 282, \,d; 
(H. 497, I, N.). 

7. iterum: a second time. They had witnessed a similar scene during the 
discussion of the Gabinian law. 

8. quid est quod dubitemus: what reason is there why we should doubt ? 
Why subjunctive? 

9. de perficiendi f acultate : in regard to our ability to accomplish it. 

11. hoc beneficio : through this favor, i.e. through his office as praetor, as 
explained by hac potestate praetoria. 

12. quicquid possum : whatever influence I possess. 

14. eos maxime qui: Cicero refers, doubtless, to those gods whose 
temples were in the immediate vicinity of the Forum; see illustrations of the 
Forum. 

15. huic loco temploque : this consecrated place, i.e. the Rostra. Templum, 
which often means not a temple, but merely a consecrated place, is simply 
explanatory of loco. What is this figure of speech called? 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS N 1 2 1 

1 6. qui ad rem publicam adeunt: %vho apply themselves to public affairs. 

17. neque quo putem: H. 588, II, 2; LM. 852; A. 540, n. 3; G. 541, n. 2; 
B. 286, I, b; (H. 516, 2). 

19. praesidia periculis . . . honoribus: defense against perils or aid in 
securing honors ; praesidia may admit the dative, o.'s praesideo does in line 15; 
similarly adiumenta. H.436; LM. 525; A. 367, a'; G. 357; (H. 392). But 
these datives may depend upon quaeram. 

21. ut hominem . . . oportet: as far as it is proper for a man to feel 
sure of this, implying that such security comes only from the gods. 

23. eadem ilia . . . vitae : i.e. from the practice of his profession at the 
bar. 

25. mihi : what forms of the passive verb take a dative of the agent? 

27. tantum abest ut . . . videar, ut intellegam : so far am I from appear- 
ing . . . that I know. H. 570, 2; A. 571, b; G. 552, R. i; (H. 502, 3). 

ut . . . videar: subject of abest. 

Page 188, line i. — simultates : the opponents of Pompey would be dis- 
pleased with Cicero for his advocacy of the Manilian law. 

3. vobis non inutiles : not useless to you ; by metonymy, the effect for 
the cause. Strictly, it is Cicero's course of action, not the enmities incurred 
thereby, which will be advantageous to the state. H. 752, 3; A. 641; (H. 
637, III). Note also the litotes. 

hoc honore: i.e. the praetorship. 
, 7. rationibus : personal interests. 

What was the result of the vote on the Manilian law? Was the law suc- 
cessful? Did it establish a dangerous precedent? 



Oration for the Poet Archias 
Exordium, i, 2 

Page 190, line i. Chapter i. — ingenii, exercitatio, ratio: Cicero 
here mentions the three requisites essential for the profession of the orator, 
talent (ingenii), a theoretical knowledge of the art (ratio), and the skill de- 
rived from practice (exercitatio). He places the theoretical knowledge 
last, because he wishes to call special attention to it, as derived largely from 
his teacher Archias. 

indices : this word is usually rendered judges, but the duties of the indices 
were not the same as those of judges with us, but more nearly like those of 
our jurors. The case was probably tried before one of the regular courts 



NI22 NOTES 

{quaestiones perpetuae) established by Sulla. The indices at this time were 
drawn from the senators, the equites, and the tribuni aerarii ; see 143. 

quod sentio . . . exiguum : and I perceive how small it is; quod is the 
subject of sit. The unusual modesty of Cicero in this introduction is only 
apparent. He wishes to stand well with his jury. 

2. qua : a common form for qziae after si. 

3. huiusce rei : i.e. dicendi. 

4. abprofecta: derived from. 

optimarum artium : i.e. especially philosophy, grammar, rhetoric, and poetry. 
aqua: frof?i ivhich, i.e. from the study or pursuit of it; qua refers to 
ratione. 

5. abhorruisse: has been averse. Cicero was ever a diligent student. 
During the busiest periods of his life he devoted his leisure hours to reading 
and study. 

6. earum rerum : i.e. the three requisites named above. 

A. Licinius : i.e. A. Licinius Archias. When Archias became a Roman 
citizen under the patronage of Lucullus, he took, as was customary, the gen- 
tile name of his patron. Why he selected the praenomen Aulas we do not 
know. By using his Roman name Cicero assumes at the outset that Archias 
is a citizen. 

fructum a me . . . debet : Cicero thinks that his teacher, Archias, is fairly 
entitled to share the fruit of the instructions which he had imparted to him 
in his youth. 

7. repetere : to demand in return. 

prope suo iure: as almost his own by right; prope is added, as suo iure 
without such qualification would be too strong. 

quoad longissime . . . respicere: as far as my Dtind can possibly look back 
over ; quoad longissime is a rare phrase not elsewhere found in Cicero. 

Page 191, hne i. — ultimam: the earliest. Note the emphatic position. 

inde usque repetens : recalling even from that period ; inde usque, 
another rare phrase. Archias came to Rome when Cicero was only five years 
of age. 

2. hunc mihi principem exstitisse : that he was my guide. 

3. rationen horum studiorum : this course of study. 

4. hortatu: not elsewhere found in Cicero's orations; no other case of 
this word occurs in Cicero. 

conformata: trained. 

5. non nullis saluti : H. 433; LM. 547; A. 382, i; G. 356; B. 191, 2; 
(H. 390). 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS N 123 

a quo: the antecedent is huic ipsi, which, with its clause, is best rendered 
first. 

quo : by which, referring to id. 

6. ceteris, alios : ceteris opitulari (cf. opem ferre below) means to give 
help to everybody else ; alios servare (cf. salutem ferre below) means to 
rescue some, by his eloquence as an orator in a court of law» 

9. hocita: ita is added for emphasis. 
quod sit : why subjunctive? 

10. in hoc : in this 7nan, Archias. 

neque haec dicendi ratio aut disciplina : and not this theory or art of 
oratory. As Archias M'as a poet, and not an orator, some might wonder that 
Cicero should feel so much indebted to him. 

11. ne nos quidem . . . f uimus : the emphasis upon nos is best expressed 
not, as usual, by not even I, but by supplying the implied ellipsis before ne : 
let me say that I have never indeed been devoted exclusively to this one pursuit, 
i.e. to oratory. This is Cicero's answer to the implied objection that he was 
simply an orator, whereas he prided himself upon being both orator and poet. 

13. humanitatem : a liberal education, culture. 

14. quasi COgnatione quadam : by a kind of relationship. 

Of what nationality was Archias? Of what importance was Antioch, his 
birthplace? Where was it ? 

15. Chapter 2. — videatur: what is the subject? 
L me : subject of uti in 1. 19 below. 

P in quaestione legitima : in a regular court. 

16. in iudicio publico: in a state trial. Judicium publicwn is a trial in 
w^hich the state is a party, while iudicium privatum is a suit between indi- 
viduals. 

cum res agatur : though the case is tried. 

17. praetorem: Quintus TuUius Cicero, the orator's brother. 

18. tanto conventu ac frequentia : z« so great an assemblage, ablative 
absolute giving the attendant circumstance. Note the hendiadys. Several 
instances occur in this chapter. 

19. hoc genere quod abhorreat: this kijid -which differs. 

23. ut . . . patiamini : substantive purpose clause in apposition with 
banc veniam. 

25. hac vestra humanitate : with such liberal culture oji your part. 

hoc praetore : Quintus Cicero was himself a man of refinement and culture, 
and something of a poet. 

exercente iudicium : conducting the trial, i.e. as the presiding officer. 



N 124 NOTES 

Page 192, line i. — in eius modi persona : in the case of such a character^ 
i.e. as that of Archias; persona and tractata est are both taken from the 
language of the stage. 

propter otium ac studium: on account of his life of literary leisure. 

2. minime in . . . tractata est: has been very seldom presented in 
courts and trials. 

Fropositio, 2 

4. Quod: subject of tribui and concedi. 

perficiam ut putetis : I shall convince you, or more literally, / shall cause 
you to think. 

6. si non esset : supposition contrary to fact. The conclusion is adsci- 
scendum fuisse, which in the direct discourse would have been adsciscendus 
erat ox fuit. H. 582; LM. 940; A. 517, c \ G. 597, r. 3; B. 304, 3, <5; 
(H.511,2). 

Study carefully the various iises of the ablative and of the subjunctive in 
this chapter. 

Nar ratio, 3 

8. Chapter 3. — Nam ut primum : now as soon as. Nam refers to the 
preceding sentence. 

ex pueris excessit : a phrase imitated from the Greek, not found elsewhere 
in Latin; emerged from boyhood; see note on praetextatus, p. 193, 1. 5. 

ab . . . artibus : construe with contulit. 

10. scribendi: (?/"^d?;;z/^j?V?£i7/, especially of poetic composition. 
primum: first; the correlative of post in line 14. 
Antiochiae : at Antioch. 

11. loco nobili : of a noble family. 

celebri urbe: celebri, not celebrated, but populous, thronged. H. 393, 7; 
A. 282, d\ G. 411, R. 3; B. 169, 4; (H. 363, 4, 2). 

13. adfluenti : rich, abounding. 

14. Asiae : i.e. Asia Minor, the usual meaning of the word in Latin writers, 
sometimes including Syria, as in tliis instance. 

15. sic eius . . . celebrabantur : his coming was so much talked of, i.e. 
excited so much interest. 

adventus : arrival. Compare the plural here referring to the various 
instances of his arrival with the singular in the next line referring to each 
separate instance. 

exspectatio hominis : the anticipation in regard to the man. 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS N 12^ 

16. ipsius adventus admiratioque : the arrival of the man hi??iself and 
the admiration he excited. 

17. Italia: as distinguished from Latium, the country of the Latin tongue, 
Italia, means southern Italy, also called Magna Graecia. 

20. propter tranquillitatem : the period from the death of C. Gracchus, 
121 B.C., to the commencement of the Social war, 90 B.C., was comparatively 
free from political strife. 

21. hunc civitate, praemiis donarunt : H. 426, 6; LM. 535; A. 364; 
G. 348, R. i; B. 187, I, a; (H. 384, 2). What other construction might have 
been used? 

Tarentini, Locrenses, Regini, Neapolitani: Tarentum, Locri, Regium, 
and Neapolis were Greek towns in southern Italy; see the map. Note that 
et before Tarentini is correlative with et before omnes in the next line. 

23. aliquid de ingeniis iudicare : to form any correct jtidgment in regard 
to the gifts of genius ; aliquid often means anything of value and importance. 

cognitione : acquaintance; construe with dignum. 

Page 193, Hne i. — Hac tanta celebritate famae : by reason of this fame 
so widespread. 

absentibus : to those at a distance, i.e. his reputation extended abroad, even 
to those who had never seen him. 

2. Mario . . . Catulo : i.e. 102 b.c. This was the fourth consulship of 
Marius. 

Nactus est . . . quorum alter : at the outset he fotmd the consuls such men 
that one of them. 

3. alter: i.e. Marius, whose victories over the Cimbri and Teutones fur- 
nished Archias a stirring theme for his muse. 

4. alter: i.e. Q. Lutatius Catulus, who was both a soldier and a man of 
letters. He shared with Marius the victory over the Cimbri ; hence res 
gestas. 

studium atque aures : taste (i.e. fondness for literary studies) and an ap- 
preciative ear. Thus Marius and Catulus both furnished our poet themes for 
his muse, while the latter was sure to appreciate his genius. 

5. Luculli: Cicero refers, doubtless, to the family of L. Licinius Lucullus, 
especially to the two sons, — Lucius, who afterward commanded against 
Mithridates, and Marcus, who triumphed over the Dardanians of Macedonia; 
71 B.C. 

praetextatus : a youth, lit. clad in the toga praetexta, which was worn by 
Roman boys till they reached their seventeenth year. Here the word must 



NI26 NOTES 

not be taken literally, because, as Archias was a foreigner, he would not be 
allowed to assume the Roman dress. Besides, if he had made such an im- 
pression in Asia and Greece before coming to Italy, he could hardly have 
been so youthful at this time. 

7. Et erat hoc . . . ingenii: and this zvas the result not only of his genius, 
lit. was of; hoc, this, ut domus . . . senectuti. 

ingenii : predicate genitive. 

8. naturae : of his natural disposition, 
domus : that of the Luculli. 

huius adulescentiae, senectuti: him in youth, in old age; lit. his 
youth, etc. 

9. eadem: also. 

10. Q. Metello Numidico : Q. Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, a celebrated 
warrior and a generous patron of letters, surnamed Numidicus from his vic- 
tories over Jugurtha, king of Numidia. 

11. Pio filio : the son, Quintus Caecilius Metellus, was surnamed Pius on 
account of his efforts to secure the recall of his exiled father. 

M. Aemilio : Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, a statesman and orator, consul 
115 B.C. 

vivebat cum : he associated with. 

Q. Ca'culo et patre et filio : the father was the Catulus mentioned in line 2 
above. The son was a prominent politician, consul 78 B.C. 

12. L. Crasso : the celebrated orator, consul 95 B.C. ; see 63. 

13. Drusum: M. Livius Drusus, tribune of the people in 91 B.C., who was 
murdered while trying to reconcile the warring factions in the state. He 
was an earnest but impractical politician. 

Octavios : Cn. Octavius, consul 87 B.C., his son Lucius, consul 75 B.C., and 
a second Cn. Octavius, consul 76 B.C. 

Catonem: probably M. Porcius Cato, a tribune of the people, grandson of 
Cato the Censor, and father of Cato Uticensis. 

Hortensiorum : of this illustrious family, by far the most distinguished was 
Q. Hortensius, the orator, Cicero's greatest rival; see 64. 

14. devinctam consuetudine : bound to him by ties of friendly inter- 
course. 

adficiebatur summo honore : he was most highly honored, not merely by 
those mentioned above, but by others who gathered about him, because he 
•had been noticed by such distinguished men. 

16. si qui forte: any who, lit. if any perchance. 

From what source did the first literary impulse come to the Romans ? 
When did Roman literature begin ? 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS N 12/ 

Conjirjnatio, 4- 1 2 

18. Chapter 4. — satis longo intervallo: after a somewhat long inter- 
val; ablative absolute. 

cum M. Lucullo : see note on Luctdli, 1. 5. The object of this journey on 
the part of LucuUus is not known. 

20. decederet: observe the force of the imperfect, was returning. 
Heracliam : a city of Lucania, on the bay of Tarentum. 

21. aequissimo lure ac foedere : with very favorable privileges and treaty 
rights. This city having been in close alliance with Rome for upward of two 
centuries, enjoyed unusual rights and privileges. For the case, see H. 473, 2; 
LM. 643; A. 415; G. 400; B. 224; (H. 419, II). 

ascribi se in : to be enrolled in. 

22. cum . . . tum auctoritate : both because . . . and through the influ- 
ence. 

24. civitas : i.e. Roman citizenship, the Roman franchise. 

Silvani lege et Carbonis : this law, proposed by M. Plautius Silvanus and 
C. Papirius Carbo, tribunes of the people, was passed in the year 89 B.C. It 
is commonly called the Lex Plautia-Papiria. 

Si qui : = iis qui, to those tuho, after data est. 

25. civitatibus : probably the dative, though it may be the ablative. Above, 
1. 21, ascribi takes the accusative with iji (^ascribi in earn civitate?n'), and in 
the next chapter, p. 195, 1. 8, this verb takes the ablative with in {in civita- 
tibus fuer it ascriptus). 

Si qui . . . professi : Cicero here gives, in the form of the indirect dis- 
course, the three conditions upon which citizenship was conferred under this 
law. These conditions in the direct form stood in the future perfect indica- 
tive. 

26. f erebatur : indicative in a parenthetical clause, not belonging to the 
indirect discourse proper. 

Page 194, line i. — sexaginta diebus : within sixty days, i.e. after the pas- 
sage of the law. 

apud praetorem : before a praetor. There were at that time six praetors. 

assent professi : should have declared their intention, i.e. to become 
citizens. 

3. Q. Metellum: this was Q. Metellus Pius, mentioned above, p. 193, 1. 11. 
He was praetor in the year 89 B.C. 

5. causa dicta est: the defense is finished. The orator had shown that 
Archias had fulfilled all three of the conditions of the law. 



N 128 NOTES 

• 

6. Gratti : note the contracted form of the vocative. This suit was brought 
by a certain Grattius, of whom nothing further is known. 

7. religione : not religion, but conscientiousness. 

9. sed egisse : but that he did it ; egisse must not be taken too literally. 
Lucullus did not confer the franchise on Archias, but his influence secured it 
for him. 

11. publico testimonio : official proof. 

12. Hie: under these circumstances, i.e. although you have the most ample 
proof. 

tabulas publicas : the state records. Grattius denied that Archias was a 
citizen of Heraclea, and challenged Cicero to prove it from the records uf 
that city. But, unfortunately, these records had been destroyed by fire dur- 
ing the Social war. 

13. Italicobello: i.e. the Social, or Marsian war, 90-88 b.c. 

16. litterarum : of the records, referring to tabulas publicas. 

17. cum: concessive. 
viri : i.e. of Lucullus. 

integerrimi municipii: i.e. Heraclea. This city received the Roman 
franchise and became a municipium under the Julian law in the year 90 B.C. 
It was previously a free city {jcivitas foederata) in alliance with Rome. Note 
the force of integerrimi. 

19. quas idem dicis: which you yourself say : a remark which Grattius 
seems to have made in regard to the records of Q. Metellus, as may be 
inferred from the following chapter. 

24. quae solae ex ilia, etc.: which alone of the registration of that board 
of praetors retain the authority of public records, i.e. of all the records made at 
that time by the different praetors, those of Metellus alone were trustworthy. 

What rights and privileges were conferred upon Archias by the grant of 
Roman citizenship ? 

26. Chapter 5. — cum: temporal, causal, or concessive? 

Appi tabulae : Cicero proceeds to contrast the records made by Metellus, 
in which the name of Archias appears, with those made by his associates, 
Appius Claudius and P. Gabinius. Those of Appius were not properly taken 
care of. Forgeries might have been introduced into them. The recklessness 
of Gabinius, and his condemnation on the charge of extortion, destroyed the 
value of his register; but the records of Metellus were executed and pre- 
served with the most scrupulous care. 

27. quam diu incolumis f uit : i.e. before he was tried, in contrast with 
post damnationem. 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS N 1 29 

Page 195, line i. resignasset : had destroyed. The subject is levitas and 
calamitas, taken separately. 

2. modestissimus : most sa-upulous. 

3. tanta diligentia fuit : luas so careful. 

4. venerit: note the sequence. H. 550; LM. 806; A. 485, c; G. 513; 
B. 268, 6; (H. 495, VI). 

unius nominis litura : this anecdote is told simply to show the scrupulous 
accuracy of the man. It seems likely that Metellus was giving testimony in 
some case involving citizenship. 

10. arte: H. 477, II; LM. 651; A. 409, a; G. 405; B. 218, 8; (H. 421, II). 
Graecia : i.e. Magna Graecia, southern Italy. 

11. credo: in irony. When thus employed, it is usually introduced paren- 
thetically, without any influence upon the construction. 

12. scaenicis artificibus: actors, lit. stage artists. The profession of the 
actor was deemed unworthy of freemen. 

14. Ceteri: the rest, probably referring to all who in trials similar to this of 
Archias had had doubt thrown upon their citizenship. 

post civitatem datam : i.e. after the franchise w^as given to the allied 
cities by the Lex Plautia-Papiria, in the year 89 B.C. 

15. post legem Papiam: see Introduction, p. 189. After the passage of 
this law, some foreigners got their names inserted surreptitiously in the regis- 
ters of the towns. 

eorum municipiorum : Regium, Locri, Neapolis, and Tarentum became 
viunicipia under the Julian law, 90 B.C. 

1 7. illis : i.e. tabulis. 

19. Census: the census-rolls. 

scilicet: ironical, as usual. 

Obscurum: not generally known. 

2.6. proximis censoribus : at the last census, lit. at the time of the last 
censors, L. Gellius and Cn. Lentulus, 70 B.C. 

cum Lucullo : i.e. in the Mithridatic war; see note on Luculli, p. 193, 1. 5. 

21. apud exercitum: not in exercitu, because Archias was not in the 
service, but only in attendance upon the general. 

superioribus : i.e. censoribus. This was in the year 86 B.C., when L. Mar- 
cius Philippus and M. Perpenna were censors. See 100, note. 

cum eodem quaestore: with the same man (i.e. Lucullus), theji quaestor. 
LucuUus was at the time quaestor under Sulla in the Mithridatic war. 

22. primis : i.e. ceiisoribus. This was in the year 89 B.C., when L. Julius 
Caesar and P. Licinius Crassus were censors; primis, the first, i.e. after the 
passage of the Lex Plautia-Papiria. The census was usually taken every 



N 1 30 NOTES 

five years, but was sometimes omitted, and sometimes taken at irregular inter- 
vals. Thus it was omitted in 89 B.C., was taken three years afterward, in 
86 B.C., and then omitted till 70 B.C. 

23. esse censam : zoas rated. 

25. ita: thus, i.e. by the fact of enrollment. 

lis temporibus : ablative of time, to be construed with fecit. The omitted 
antecedent of quem, referring to Archias, is the subject of fecit. 

27. testamentum . . . Romanorum : this is a proof that Archias considered 
himself a Roman citizen, as no others could either make valid wills or become 
heirs of Roman citizens. 

28. hereditates . . . Romanorum : inho-itances left him by (lit. of) Roman 
citizens. 

29. in beneficiis . . . delatus est : was reported to the treasury among those 
recomtnended for reward. It was customary for military governors to report 
the names of those citizens under their command who had shown themselves 
to be especially meritorious. 

pro COnsule : the proconsul, or military governor. 

31. numquam neque . . . neque : reinember that in such a case neque . . . 
neque simply repeat and strengthen the negative that precedes. 

32. suo iudicio : by his own opinion, i.e. by any facts adduced to prove that 
he did not regard himself as a citizen; see above, 1. 26, que7n tu cri}?iinaris 
ne ipsius qtiidem iudicio, etc. 

What were the duties and powers of the censors ? When was the office 
instituted, and why? See 97-100. 

Chapter 6. — The remaining seven chapters of this interesting oration are 
devoted to the praises of poetry and letters. The student will do well to note 
carefully what our orator says of the delights of Uterature. Indeed, it is 
hoped that in reading these charming chapters he may get some little taste 
of these delights. 

Page 196, line 2. — suppeditat ubi: he furnishes that with which, \.q. 
his poetry ; ubi = quo, with the antecedent omitted. 

3. reficiatur: subjunctive of characteristic. 

COnvicio : this refers to the noisy wrangling of the court-room. 

4. suppetere nobis posse, quod dicamus : that we can have ready so?ne- 
ihing to say ; suppetere is intransitive, and its subject is the omitted antece- 
dent of quod. 

7. contentionem : tension. The figure is taken from the bending of a 
bow; hence relaxemus, Ht. unbend. 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS NI3I 

9. se litteris abdidcrunt: have buried themselves in books; litter is, ab- 
lative of place, without the usual preposition. 

12. vivo: have lived. H. 533, i; LM. 732; A. 466; G. 230; B. 259, 4; 
(H.467,2). 

ut a nullius . . . abstraxerit : that my desire for leisure has never kept 
me aloof from any one's peril or advantage, i.e. he has ever been ready to 
defend those who were unjustly accused, and to protect them in their rights. 
Cicero knew that many at this time looked upon a literary life as impractical, 
hence he is laboring to show that literary pursuits are necessary to fit an 
orator or public man for his work. 

16. quantum temporum : as much time as; temporum is placed at the 
end of the clause for emphasis. 

ceteris, alii: these words are both in contrast with egomet; ceteris, the 
rest of mankind, everybody else; alii, other ?/ien, i.e. some other men. 

19. tempestivis conviviis: to early banquets, beginning at an hour when 
all except idlers would be at work. 

20. pilae : is it possible that Cicero foresaw the danger of too great devo- 
tion to ball to the detriment of study? 

21. recolenda : cf. excolamus above, 1. 6 ; excolere, to cultivate with care; 
recolere, to cultivate again. The former implies thoroughness, the latter per- 
sistency in study. 

22. eo : on this account, explained by quod . . . facultas. 

23. oratio et facultas : oratorical ability. 
quantacumque : such as it is. 

24. Quae si : if this, i.e. this ability. 

25. ilia quae summa sunt : those things which are of the highest impor- 
tance, i.e. philosophical principles and maxims of practical use in life, a second 
advantage derived from literary studies; ilia, object of hauriam. 

26. sentio : the object is the indirect question ilia . . . haiuriam. 

27. litteris : literary zvorks. 

29. in ea persequenda : in endeavoring to attain these; ea is singular, 
referring to laudem atque honestatem taken as a single idea. 

Page 197, line i. — parvi esse ducenda: should be regarded as of little 
consequence. The infinitive depends upon suasissem. What kind of a geni- 
tive is parvi? 

3. profligatorum hominum : subjective genitive, referring to Catiline and 
his accomplices. 

4. plenisunt: are fell of this, i.e. of the truth stated in nihil esse in 
vita . . . esse ducenda. 



NI32 NOTES 



1 



5. voces : the precepts, sayings. 
plena exemplorum vetustas : antiquity is full of examples of if. 

6. nisi litterarum lumen accederet : if the light of literature were not ap- 
plied to them, i.e. these examples have been preserved only by history and 
literature. 

7. nobis imagines . . . expressas: portraitures of the ablest 7nen, drawn 
for us not 07ily to look at, but to imitate as well. 

9. mihi : construe with proponens. 

II. ipsa cogitatione . . . excellentium : by the very thought of etc., i.e. 
by reflecting upon their characters. 

Make a careful study of the conditional constructions in this chapter. 

13. Chapter 7. — litteris: in (by) literary works; ablative of means. 

ista : why is this demonstrative used here instead of ea ? 

15. est certum quid respondeam : it is dear to me what reply I should 
make; respondeam, being deliberative, would be subjunctive in the direct 
question. 

17. naturae ipsius . . . divinO: by the almost divine character of their 
natural gips, lit. of nature itself. 

18. moderatos et graves: men of self-control and character. 

19. ad laudem atque virtutem valuisse : has been effectual in attaining 
distinction and excellence. 

21. Atque idem ego hoc contendo: and yet I also claim this. 

22. ratio quaedam , . . doctrinae : what may be termed a systematic 
training and ??tolding of the powers through learning (lit. of learning). 
Qiiidam and nescio quid (1, 23) are often used when a word is employed in 
an unusual sense, or to show that the author is not able to find just the word 
needed to express his thought. 

23. illud nescio quid . . . singulare : that certain extraordinary and 
peculiar excellence. 

24. Ex hoc numero : of this number, i.e. of the number of those who illus- 
trate the value of rare natural gifts developed by culture. 

hunc . . . Africanum: Scipio Africanus the Younger, the conqueror of 
Carthage; hunc is used to refer to the younger Africanus as nearer in time. 
The Scipios were conspicuous for their scholarly tastes, as well as for soldierly 
and statesmanlike qualities. 

25. C. Laelium : Gaius Laelius, surnamed the Wise, the well-known 
friend of the younger Scipio Africanus, and the principal character in Cicero's 
famous work De A^nicitia sive Laelius. 

26. L. Furium: Lucius Furius Philus, consul in 136 B.C. Scipio, Laelius, 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS NI33 

and Furius were all great admirers and advocates of Greek letters and 
refinement, 

27. illis temporibus doctissimum : for (in) those times very learned. 

28. M. Catonem : Marcus Porcius Cato, the famous Censor, who com- 
menced the study of Greek literature in extreme old age. He is here called 
ille senex, that well-known old man, because he attained the age of eighty- 
four, and yet was very prominent and active in the later years of his life. 
Cato belonged to the generation preceding that of the others just mentioned. 
He is the chief speaker in Cicero's delightful treatise De Senectute sive Cato 
Mai or. 

qui profecto si : doubtless if they. 

ad percipiendam . . . virtutem: in comprehending and practicing virtue. 

Page 198, line i. — adiuvarentur : note the force of the imperfect here, 
if they had not been receiving aid. 

3. si non hie, etc. : note how non adds strong emphasis to hie. The 
thought is, if the fruitage of literary studies were not this great one (i.e. its 
ethical and practical value), yet as a means of delight and relaxation, litera- 
ture would still be well worth our study. 

5. remissionem : r^/rtjra/zd?;z. 

6. ceterae : '\.q. ceterae animi remissiones. 

neque temporum sunt : are not adapted to all times; omnium belongs to 
each of the three genitives. 

7. at haec studia . . . rustieantur : notice the beautiful and richly de- 
served tribute which Cicero here pays to letters; haee studia, i.e. studia 
liberalia. 

seeundas res, adversis : prosperity, adversity. 

10. rustieantur : they are with us at our country-seats ; i.e. they there 
furnish us recreation and intellectual enjoyment. The wealthy Romans usu- 
ally passed the hot season at their villas in the country. 

What literature and language did Cicero have especially in mind in thus 
sounding the praises of letters? Is his view of their value still true? 

14. Chapter 8. — Rosei : Quintus Roscius, the most celebrated actor of his 
time. Indeed, so great was his fame that no higher compliment could be 
paid to a Roman actor than to call him a Roscius. His movements upon the 
stage and his general style of delivery served Cicero as a model for study and 
imitation. His praises occupy a prominent place in an oration which our 
orator pronounced in his defense in a civil suit, 

16. Ergo ille: noiv he; ille is emphatic, in contrast with nos (1. 18), as 



N 1 34 NOTES 

corporis is in contrast with animorum; animorum motus, the activity of cul- 
tivated minds, recalls doctrina, and celeritatem ingeniorum, the intuition of 
genius, recalls natura; see p. 197, 1. 20. 

22. cum litteram scripsisset nullam : though he had not written a single 
word. 

24. turn agerentur : were thejt under discussion. Explain the mood. 
revocatum : when encored. 

25. commutatis . . . sententiis: with a complete change of words and 
thoughts. 

27. ut ad . . . perveniret : Cicero greatly exaggerates here. Archias had 
doubtless been a careful student of the Greek authors, and had a retentive 
memory. He was very clever in throwing together ex te77ipore many words 
and phrases with which he had made himself familiar, and in this way aston- 
ished and delighted his hearers. He does not seem to have been in any sense 
a great poet. By veterum scriptorum Cicero means the celebrated Greek 
poets and authors. 

Page 199, line i. — sic: explained by the following infinitive clauses. 

2. ex doctrina constare : depend upon learning. 

3. natura ipsa valere : derives his power from Nature herself in accord 
with the Latin proverb poeta nascitur, non fit. 

4. quasi quodam: cf. note on guidam, p. 197, 1. 22. 

5. SUO iure : i?i his own right, as he was himself a poet. 

noster ille Ennius : our well-known Ennius. Ennius, the father of Roman 
poetry, was born at Rudiae in Calabria, 239 B.C. In early youth he went to 
Sardinia and in mature manhood to Rome, where he made the acquaintance 
of several illustrious statesmen and generals, and finally became the favorite 
of Scipio Africanus the Elder. After his death his bust is said to have been 
placed in the tomb of the Scipios ; see p. 200, 11. 20, 21. His most important 
work, called Annates, was an epic poem in hexameters on the history of Rome, 
of which some considerable fragments have been preserved. 

6. dono atque munere : by a gift and present. This phrase is doubtless a 
legal one, and no marked distinction seems to exist in the meaning of the two 
words, as here used. 

7. videantur: why subjunctive? 

8. humanissimos homines : men of the highest culture, in contrast with 
barbaria. 

9. poetae : H. 440, 4 ; LM. 569 ; A. 343, d; G. 361 ; B. 202 ; (H. 396, 
VI). 

10. voci respondent : respond to his voice. The allusion is probably to 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS N 1 3 5 

the fable of Orpheus, whom the poets feign not only to have cliarmed 
wild beasts, but even to have moved trees and rocks by the power of his 
music. 

12. moveamur: deliberative subjunctive. 

13. Homerum: Homer, the celebrated epic poet of Greece. Seven differ- 
ent cities claimed the honor of being his birthplace. 

Colophonii : the people of Colophon, a city of Ionia, in Asia Minor. 
Chii : the people of Chios, a city on the island of Chios, now Scio, in the 
Aegean Sea. 

14. Salaminii : the people of Salamis, a city on the island of Cyprus. 
Smyrnaei : the people of Smyrna, in Ionia. 

16. permulti alii: the three other cities generally named in this connec- 
tion are Athens, Rhodes, and Argos. 

pugnant inter se : i.e. for the honor of being regarded as his birthplace. 

18. Chapter 9. — alienum: a foreigner. 

20. noster : otir fellow-citizen. 

Olim : long ago. 

2.2.. Cimbricas res attigit : lie atteuipted the subject of the Cimbrian war, 
i.e. the victories of Marius over the Cimbri, 102 B.C. 

23. durior ad : somewhat insensible to, i.e. incapable of appreciating. 
Marius was a rough, uneducated soldier, schooled only in the camp and on 
the battle-field, as he himself boasted. 

25. qui non patiatur : as not to allow, a relative clause of result. 

27. Themistoclem : Themistocles, the celebrated Athenian statesman and 
general, the hero of Salamis. 

Page 200, line i. — eius a quo . . . praedicaretur : object of dixisse. 

2. L. Plotium : Lucius Plotius, a Roman rhetorician, the first to found a 
school of rhetoric in which declamation was practiced in Latin. 

3. ea quae gesserat : note the indicative, though in indirect discourse. 
The relative clause is simply explanatory, equivalent to res gestas suas. 

4. Mithridaticum bellum: the Mithridatic zvar, waged by the Romans 
against Mithridates, king of Pontus. 

in multa varietate : with many vicissitudes. 

5. totum : this seems to be a rhetorical exaggeration, as the poem of 
Archias is said to have described only that part of the war when Lucius 
Lucullus was in command, from 73 B.C. to 66 B.C. The entire war occupied 
twenty-six years. 



NI36 NOTES 

ab hoc : by him, i.e. by Archias, spoken doubtless with a gesture toward 
his client. 

6. qui libri : and these hooks, i.e. the several books into which the poem 
was divided. 

8. LucuUo imperante : with Lucullus as their commander, ablative abso- 
lute. 

9. Pontum : an important country in Asia Minor, south of the Euxine 
Sea. 

ipsa natura : Pontus had the Euxine Sea upon the north, and was inclosed 
upon the other sides by mountains. It was also guarded by seventy-five for- 
tresses ; natura et regione, hendiadys. 

11. Armeniorum . . . fudit: in the year 69 B.C., in the battle before Ti- 
grano-certa, the capital of Armenia, southeast of Pontus, Lucullus, with a small 
force of eleven or twelve thousand, defeated King Tigranes with a force 
twenty times as large. 

12. urbem Cyzicenorum : Cyzicus, a city of Mysia, on the Propontis, be- 
sieged by Mithridates, was relieved by Lucullus. 

14. nostra f eretur et praedicabitur : will be reported and celebrated as 
ours ; nostra agrees with pugna, the subject of the two verbs. 

17. Tenedum: Tenedos, an island on the coast of Asia Minor, near which 
Lucullus gained a signal naval victory, 73 B.C. 

18. Quae quorum . . . efferuntur: by whose genius these deeds are cele- 
brated. The antecedent of quorum is lis in the next line. In rendering, 
begin with the antecedent clause. 

20. Af ricano superior! : to Africanus the Elder. 

21. in sepulcro : in the sepulchre; see the illustration of the sarcopha- 
gus. 

esse constitutus ex marmore : to have been sculptured in marble. Livy 
speaks of three statues in the tomb of the Scipios, one of which was said to 
be that of Ennius. "When the tomb was discovered, in 1780, it was found to 
contain two busts, but it is not known whom they represent. 

Page 201, line i. cuius laudibus: i.e. by the praises bestowed by En- 
nius upon the elder Africanus. 

3. huius proavus CatO : Cato the great-grand father of this Cato, i.e. of 
Cato Uticensis ; huius probably denotes that he was present in court, and in 
that case a gesture would accompany the word. The great-grandfather was 
Cato the Censor ; see note on M. Cat07iem, p. 197, 1. 28. 

tollitur : i.e. by the praises of Ennius. 

4. Maximi, Marcelli, Fulvii: these are all illustrious names praised by 



I 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS NI37 

Ennius. Q. Fabius Maximus baffled Hannibal by delay ; M. Claudius Mar- 
cellus took Syracuse ; M. Fulvius Nobilior conquered the Aetolians in 189 
B.C. and took Ennius with him on this expedition. 

What did Ennius write ? Have we any of his poems to-day ? 

8. Chapter 10. — fecerat: remember that a poet is a maker (TronfjTrjs). 
Rudinum hominem : i.e. Ennius, a native of Rudiae, a small village in 

Calabria ; it is here in contrast with Heracliensem, 0/ Heraclea, an impor- 
tant city. 

9. in civitatem receperunt : admitted to citizenship. 

10. in hac : i.e. civitate. 

12. Nam si quis, etc.: a reason for the negative answer which the pre- 
ceding question requires. 

Graecis versibus: Archias wrote in Greek, and Ennius in Latin. 

14. Graeca leguntur: Greek is read; lit. Greek things. We should use 
the singular in English, or we may say Greek works are read. 

15. exiguis sane: small, as every one knows. These limits would include 
Latium and the Roman colonies. Greek was spoken in southern Italy, Tus- 
can or Gallic, in northern. 

17. pervenerint: subjunctive in an indirect clause. 

18. populis : dative depending upon ampla. 

19. haec: these things, i.e. to have one's deeds celebrated in literary works, 
and thus published to the world. 

ampla : honorable. 

iis : construe with hoc . , . laborum. 

20. de vita : at the pe^-il of life. 

21. periculorum incitamentum : inducement to encounter perils ; incita- 
mentum is not elsewhere found in any writer of the Ciceronian age. 

multos scriptores : among these may be mentioned Aristobulus, Ptole- 
maeus, Anaximenes, Callisthenes, and Clitarchus. Their works are, however, 
all lost ; but those of Aristobulus and Ptolemaeus were extant in the second 
century of the Christian era, and furnished the materials for Arrian's history 
of the campaigns of Alexander. 

22. magnus ille Alexander: Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia. 

23. Sigeo : a promontory on the coast of Troy, where ancient tradition 
placed the graves of Achilles and Patroclus. 

Achilles : the hero of the Iliad of Homer. 

25. qui . . . inveneris : relative clause of cause. 

Et vere : what verb is understood? 

27. obmisset: force of mood and tense? 



NI38 NOTES 

Page 202, line i. — noster hie Magnus : hie, in distinction from magnus 
ille Alexander above. Cn. Pompey, surnamed Magnus, is meant. In ren- 
dering begin with nonne. 

2. Theophanem : Theophanes, a learned Greek of Mitylene on the island 
of Lesbos, accompanied Pompey on his expeditions in the East, and wrote 
a history of his campaigns. 

3. in eontione donavit : citizenship was often thus conferred. 

4. rustici: uncultivated. 

5. eiusdem laudis : this refers to the praise bestowed by Theophanes upon 
Pompey and his army. 

7. ut . . . donaretur : substantive clause, object of perfieere. 

9. potuit: explain the use of the indicative in the conclusion of a condi- 
tion contrary to fact. 

Sulla : L. Cornelius Sulla, a celebrated Roman general, conspicuous in 
the civil war with Marius. 

10. petentem repudiasset : participle with conditional force. H. 638, 2 ; 
LM. 1017, e; A. 521, a; G. 593, 2; B. 305, i ; (H. 549, 2). If this prot- 
asis were expressed with si, what mood and tense oi peto would be used ? 

queni : the 7nan ivhoni, i.e. Sulla. 

11. libellum. : a writing, manuscript. 

poeta de populo : a poet from the common people, i.e. obscure, unknown. 

12. quod . . . fecisset : an epigram zvhich he had made in his praise; 
lit. which epigram he had made, etc. 

tantum modo . . . longiusculis : only with alternate verses somewhat longer, 
i.e. it was in the elegiac distich, composed of alternate hexameters and pentame- 
ters, and this was its only merit. Cicero does not mean to criticise the verse, 
but simply to say that the epigram was mere verse, and not poetry. 

13. ex iis rebus . . . vendebat: i.e. from the confiscated property of 
proscribed citizens, which he was then selling. 

15. Qui: the antecedent is the omitted subject of expetisset. 

16. huius: of this vian, \.^. hxi:\{\2i'i. 

17. in scribendo : these words belong to eopiam as well as to virtutem. 

18. Q. Metello Pio : see notes on Q. Metello Numidico and Pio filio, 
p. 193, 1. 10. 

Page 203, line 2. — Qui . . . euperet: especially since he {Metellus) so 
much desired to have his exploits recorded. 

3. Cordubae natis : borji at Cordova, a town in Spain. Who these poets 
were is not known. Afterward Cordova produced the poet Lucan and the 
two Senecas. 



I 



ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS N 1 39 

pingue quiddam . . . peregrinum: though uttering somethuig dull and 
provincial. 

5. Chapter ii. — hoc: this, i.e. trahimur omnes studio laudis, etc. 

6. prae nobis ferendum : must be openly acknowledged. 

7. optimus quisque: H. 515, 2; LM. 1069; A. 313, b; G. 318, 2; 
B. 252,5; (H.458, I). 

9. in eo ipso : in that very instance, equivalent to in ea ipsa re. 

10. despiciunt : state their contempt for. 

praedicari de se ac nominari : to be spoken of and named. 

11. Decimus Brutus: one of the most distinguished generals of his age. 
He was consul 138 B.C., and conquered the Lusitanians. He is said to have 
erected temples and other public edifices from the spoils of war. Among 
these was a temple of Mars with a statue of that god by the sculptor Scopas. 

12. Acci: L. Accius, a Roman tragic poet, a friend of Brutus. 

14. ille Fulvius: M. Fulvius Nobilior; see note on p. 201, 1. 4. 

15. Martis : of Mars, the god of war, but by metonymy for belli. 
Musis: Fulvius erected a temple in Rome to Hercules and the Muses, and 

adorned it with the spoils brought from Greece. Among these spoils was the 
celebrated painting of the Muses by Zeuxis. 

16. prope armati : ahnost ivith arms in their hands, i.e. immediately after 
their return from war. 

18. togati: in the garb of peace ; contrasted with armati. 
a honore abhorrere : to disregard the honor. 

20. id : i.e. what is implied in non debent . . . abhorrere. 

me vobis indicabo : I will betray myself to you, a playful remark. 

21. quodam amore gloriae : quodam is here used to soften the expression 
amore gloriae, which would otherwise be very strong. 

23. vobiscum simul : together with you. The jurors, as the representatives 
of the conservative party, are here addressed as those who had aided and 
supported him in his consulship. 

25. attigit hie versibus : he (Archias) has undertaken to celebrate in 
verse. The undertaking was, however, probably never consummated. 

26. Quibus : this refers to versibus, i.e. the verses already composed. 

Page 204, hne i. — hanc : i.e. this reward. 
laudis: appositional genitive; zl. poetae nomen, p. 199, 1. 9. 
4. si nihil ... in posterum : if the soul did not look forward at all into 
the futttre, i.e. had no anticipations of the future. 
5 isdem : i.e. regionibus, by the same limits. 



N 140 NOTES 

7. frangeret: exhaust. 

angeretur: H. 517; LM. 687; A. 156, a; G. 218; B. 256, i ; (H.465). 

8. Nunc : notv as a viaiter of fact, making the transition from the supposi- 
tion, si nihil animus, etc., to the actual state of the case. 

9. virtus : noble impulse, 

13. Chapter 12. — tarn parvi animi: of so narrozv a mind. 

15. usque ad extremum spatium: even to the last moment, i.e. of life. 

17. statuas, imagines, simulacra, effigiem; statica, a statue; iinago, a 
portrait mask in wax, such as the Romans made to represent illustrious an- 
cestors ; simulacru)?t, a likeness or representation ; effigies, a portrait, here a 
portrait in verse, such as Archias would draw. 

20. nonne debemus : and ought not -we? 

21. expressam et politam : accurately drawn and nicely finished, i.e. such 
an accurate and finished delineation as Archias is capable of giving. 

omnia : object of spargere and disseminare, of which me is the subject. 

23. Haec : referring to memoriam sempiternam. 

24. a meo sensu afutura est : will be beyond the reach of my consciotis7iess. 

25. sapientissimi homines: i.e. the philosophers who believed in the im- 
mortality of the soul, as Pythagoras, Socrates, and Plato. 

26. COgitatione quadam speque: by some anticipation and hope of it. 

Peroratio, 1 2 
Page 205, line i. — pudore eo: of such modest worth. 
3. vetustate : i.e. amicitiae, by their long-continued i^itimacy. 
5. causa eius modi: with such a cause. 

beneficio legis : by the favor of the law, i.e. of the Lex Plautia-Papiria. 
auctoritate municipii: i.e. of Heraclea. 

7. Quae cum ita sint, etc. : a typical periodic sentence, 
si qua . . . debet esse : if . . . o^ight to be of any weight. 

8. divina commendatio : poets are represented as under the protection of 
the gods. 

9. eum : object of accipiatis, 1. 14. 

10. Ornavit : has celebrated, i.e. in his works. 

11. his recentibus . . . periculis . . . esse: i.e. by his proposed poem 
on the consulship of Cicero ; periculis refers to Catiline's conspiracy. 

18. omnibus: dative of agent. 

20. de ipso studio: i.e. concerning the profession of a poet. 

22. qui indicium exercet : who conducts the trial, i.e. the praetor Quintus 
Cicero, the orator's brother. 



VOCABULARY 



h.,ifor Aulus, Aulus, a Roman prae- 
no?7ien. 

a, ab, abs, prep, with abl. (a only 
before consona7its ; ab before vowels 
and consonants ; abs only before te 
and in compounds^ : I, Of place, 
from, at, on, in ; ab occidente, in 
the west ; 2, Of other relations, 
from, by, among, by means of, in 
respect to. ht composition, away, 
off; in adjectives, generally negative. 

ab-dic5, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (dico, 
to proclaim), to abdicate, resign. 

abditus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of abdo), 
hidden, concealed. 

ab-do, dare, didi, ditum, v. tr. (do, to 
place), to remove, put away ; to 
conceal ; with se, or in passive, 
to withdraw, bury, or busy one's 
self (in or with). 

ab-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. intr., to go 
away, depart. 

ab-erro, are, avi, atum, v. intr., to go 
astray, deviate, depart. 

ab-horreo, horrere, horrui, v. intr. 
(horreo, to shrink from), to be free 
from, be at variance or discordant 
with, disregard, differ from. 

ab-icio,icere,ieci,iectum,z/./r.(iacio), 
to throw away, cast off, cast aside, 
throw down ; to hurl ; to renounce. 



ablatus, a, um, /. p. of auf ero. 

ab-ripio, ripere, ripui, reptum, v. tr. 
(rapio), to snatch away, take away 
by violence, carry away. 

ab-rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum, 
V. tr., to break off ; with se, to free 
one's self. 

abs, see a. 

abs-condo, condere, condidi, con- 
ditum, V. tr., to hide away ; abs- 
conditus, a, um, p.p. as adj., hidden 
away, secret, obscure. 

absens, see absum. 

absolutio, onis, / (absolu-tio, ab- 
solve, to acquit), acquittal. 

abs-tergeo, tergere, tersi, tersum, 
V. tr. (tergeo, to rub off), to wipe 
off, wipe away. 

abs-traho, trahere, traxi, tractum, 
V. tr., to draw or drag away ; to 
keep aloof; to relieve. 

abstuli, see aufero. 

ab-sum, ab-esse, a-fui, a-futurus, 
V. intr., to be absent or away 
from, be distant from ; to be be- 
yond the reach of ; absens, pres. 
p. as adj., absent, being away, at a 
distance ; illo absente, in his ab- 
sence. 

abundantia, ae, / (abundant-ia, 
abundans, pres. p. of abundo), 
abundance, affluence. 



V2 



abiindo — ad 



ab-undo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
(unda, a wave), to flow over, abound 
in, abound. 

ab-utor, uti, usus sum, v. dep., to 
abuse, misuse ; to use up, wear out ; 
to take advantage of. 

ac, see atque. 

ac-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, v. 
intr. (ad-cedo), to go near to, 
approach; to be applied, be added. 

accelero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and 
intr. (ad and celero, to quicken, 
celer), to hasten, make haste. 

acceptus, a, um, adj. (/. p. of ac- 
cipio), agreeable, welcome. 

ac-cido, cidere, cidi, v. intr. (ad- 
cado), to fall, fall upon ; to befall, 
occur, happen. 

ac-cipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
(ad-cap io), to receive, gain, accept, 
take charge of ; to attain, get, ex- 
perience ; to learn. 

Accius, i, m., Accius, the na^ne of a 
Roman gens : L. Accius, L. Accius, 
a Roman tragic poet, born ijo B. C. 

accommodatus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of 
accommodo), suitable, fitted. 

accommodo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(ad-commodum), to adjust, adapt, 
fit, put on, arrange, accommodate. 

ac-cubo, cubare, cubui, cubitum, v. 
intr. (ad and cubo, to lie), to lie 
near ; to recline. 

accurate, adv. {old abl. of accuratus, 
careful,/./, o/ac-curo, to care for), 
accurately, with care, carefully. 

accusatio, onis, / (accusa-tio, ac- 
cuse), a charge, accusation. 

accusator, oris, m. (accusa-tor, ac- 
cuse), an accuser. 



acciiso, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ad and 
causor, to give a reason, causa), to 
accuse, blame, reproach, censure, 
find fault with, 

acer, acris, acre, adj. (ac-ris), sharp, | 
keen, pungent ; violent, severe ; 
active, energetic. 

acerbe, adv. {old abl. of acerb us), 
roughly, bitterly, harshly, sharply. 

acerbitas, atis, / (acerbo-tas, acer- 
bus), harshness, a sour or disagree- 
able taste ; severity, rigor, unkind- 
ness ; bitterness ; sorrow, trouble, 
calamity, hardship, bitter fate. 

acerbus, a, um, adj. (acer-bus, acer), 
sour, disagreeable ; bitter, severe, 
hard. 

acervus, i, w., a heap, pile, collection. 

Achaia, ae, /, Achaea, a country in 
the northern part of the Peloponne- 
sus ; the Peleponnesus. 

Achilles, is, m., Achilles, the hero of 
the Iliad of Homer. 

acies, ei,/ (ac-ies, cf. acer), an edge; 
a line of battle, array; a battle. 

acriter, acrius, acerrime, adv. (acri- 
ter, acer), sharply, vigorously, 
eagerly, courageously, vigilantly. 

acroama, atis, n. {Greek), anything 
heard, a sound, an entertainment, ' 
as music or reading. 

actus, a, um, /. p. of ago. 

actus, us, m. (ag-tus, cf. actus, /./. of 
ago), an act, action. 

acuo, acuere, acui, aciitum, v. tr. {cf. 
acer), to sharpen, incite. 

ad, prep, with ace. : I, Of place, to, 
toward, in the direction of, in, at, 
near, among, at the house of; 2, Of 
time, to, toward, till, at; 3, With 



adaequo — aditus 



V3 



numerals, toward, about, up to; 4, 
Of purpose, with the gerund or ge- 
rundive ; 5, Other 7neanings,\.o,iox, 
in, after, in respect to, according to, 
in conformity with. In composition 
(^form generally unchanged, but d 
is assimilated before C, generally be- 
fore p and t, and sometimes before 
g, 1, r, s, a7id generally dropped before 
gn, sc, sp, and st), to, toward, to 
one's self; on, at, near, in addition. 

ad-aequo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ae- 
quus), to make equal to. 

ad-do, dere, didi, ditum, v. tr, (do, to 
place), to add, join to. 

ad-diico, ducere, duxi, ductum, v. tr., 
to lead or conduct to, bring, convey 
to, draw toward; to induce, lead, 
influence. 

ademi, see adimo. 

ad-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. tr, and intr., 
to go to, approach; to enter upon; 
to visit. 

ad-eo, adv., to that point, so far, to 
such a degree, so much; even. 

adeps, ipis, m. and f, fat, corpulence. 

adeptus, a, um,/. /. ^/adipiscor. 

ad-fero, ad-ferre, at-tuli, ad-latum, 
V. tr., to bring to; to apply, impart, 
offer, present, add, contribute; to af- 
ford, occasion, cause, effect, produce. 

ad-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
(facie), to affect, influence, treat, 
visit; with ace. and abl., to bestow 
upon, honor with, grace with; bene- 
ficiis adf ectus, honored with favors; 
poena adficere, supplicio adficere, 
to punish. 

ad-fig5, figere, fixi, fixum, v. tr., to 
fix, fasten upon, attach to. 



ad-fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum, v. tr.^ 
to assert falsely ; to add falsely, 
add. 

ad-finis, e, adj., connected, related; 
concerned in, connected with. 

ad-firmo, are, avi, atum, v, tr., to 
affirm, assert. 

ad-flicto, are, avi, atum, v. tr, (ad- 
flig-to, freq. of adfligo), to agitate, 
toss ; to trouble, vex, afflict. 

ad-fligo, fligere, flixi, flictum, v. tr. 
(fligO, to strike), to strike or dash 
against; to cast down, prostrate, 
afflict. 

adfluens, entis, adj. {pres, p. of ad- 
fluo, to abound), abounding, rich 
in. 

ad-grego, are, avi, atum, v. tr, (grego, 
to collect), to collect, assemble. 

ad-hibeo, hibere, hibui, hibitum, v, 
tr. (habeo), to bring to, summon, 
invite, admit, receive, call in; to 
use, employ; to furnish. 

ad-hortor, ari, atus sum, v. dep., to 
encourage, incite, exhort, urge. 

ad-huc, adv., up to this time, hitherto, 
as yet, thus far. 

adii, see adeo. 

ad-imo, imere, emi, emptum, v. tr. 
(emo, to acquire), to take to one's 
self; to take away, deprive of, re- 
move. 

ad-ipiscor, ipisci, eptus sum, v. dep, 
(apiscor, to reach after), to obtain, 
get, acquire, secure, attain. 

adire, see adeo. 

aditus, us, vi. (ad-i-tus, adeo), an 
approach, avenue, step; access, ad- 
mittance; permission to approach, 
right of access or interview. 



V4 



aditinientum — adsidiiitas 



adiumentum, i, n. (ad-iu-mentum, 
cf. ad-iu-tus, adiuvo), help, aid, 
assistance, support. 

ad-iung5, iungere, iunxi, iunctum, v. 
tr., to join to, add, grant; to bind 
to, annex, unite. 

ad-iutor, oris, m. (ad-iu-tor, cf. ad-iu- 
tus, adiuvo), helper, aid, assistant. 

ad-iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum, v. tr., to 
help, assist, aid; to avail, profit, be 
of use. 

ad-licio, licere, lexi, lectum, v. tr. 
(lacio, to entice), to attract, allure, 
entice. 

ad-minister, tri, m. (minis-ter, cf. 
minor), a servant, assistant, attend- 
ant. 

ad-ministra, ae,/ {^fem. ^/adminis- 
ter), a handmaid, maid-servant, 
assistant. 

ad-ministro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(administer), to assist, serve; to 
take in hand, manage, guide, direct, 
administer. 

admirabilis, e, adj. (admira-bilis, 
admiror), wonderful, remarkable, 
admirable. 

admirandus, a, um, adj. {gerundive 
*/ admiror), admirable, wonderful. 

admiratio, onis, / (admira-tio, ad- 
miror), admiration. 

ad-miror, ari, atus sum, v. dep., to 
wonder at, admire. 

ad-mitto, mittere, misi, missum, v. tr., 
to admit, allow. 

admodum, adv. (ad-modum, up to the 
measure), very, exceedingly. 

ad-moneo, monere, monui, monitum, 
V. tr., to admonish, warn, advise ; 
to remind, suggest ; to urge. 



admonitus, us, m. (admoni-tus, cf. 
p.p. <?/admoneo), advice, sugges- 
tion, admonition. 

admurmuratio, onis,/ (admurmura- 
tio, admurmuro, to murmur at), a 
murmuring. 

ad-nuo, nuere, nui, v. intr, (nuo, to 
nod), to nod assent ; to assent. 

ad-olesco, olescere, olevi, ultum, v. 
intr. (olesco, to grow), to grow up, 
come to maturity. 

ad-orno, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to sup- 
ply, furnish. 

ad-quiro, quirere, quisivi, quisitum, 
V. tr. (quaero), to procure, get, ob- 
tain, acquire, add. 

ad-ripio, ripere, ripui, reptum, v. tr. 
(rapio), to seize, lay hold of. 

adroganter, adv. (adrogant-i-ter, ad- 
rogans, arrogant), arrogantly, inso- 
lently. 

adscisco, see ascisco. 

ad-sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum, v. 
intr., rt;«^ ad-sentior, sentiri, sen- 
sus sum, V. dep., to assent, give 
assent, approve. 

ad-sequor, sequi, sectitus sum, v. dep., 
to overtake, secure, attain ; to ac- 
compUsh. 

ad-servo, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
keep, preserve. 

ad-sido, sidere, sedi, sessurus, v. intr. 
{cf sedeo, to sit), to sit by or near, 
sit, sit down. 

adsidue, adv. {old abl. of adsiduus, 
attending, adsido), constantly, con- 
tinually. 

adsiduitas, atis, / (adsiduo-tas, ad- 
siduus), continuance, unremitted 
exertion, perseverance. 



adsuef acio — aes 



v5 



adsuefacio, facere, feci, factum, v. ir. 
(adsue- in adsue-sco, to accustom, 
and facio), to accustom, inure, 
habituate. 

ad-sum, esse, fui, futurus, v. intr., to 
be present or at hand ; to aid, as- 
sist. 

adulescens, scentis, m. (adolescens, 
pres. p. ^/adolesco), a youth, young 
man. 

adulescentia, ae, / (adulescent-ia, 
adulescens), youthful age, youth. 

adulescentulus, i, m. (adulescent- 
ulus, dim. of adulescens), a very 
young man. 

adulter, eri, m., an adulterer. 

adultus, a, um, adj. {p.p. ^/adolesco), 
mature, ripe, fully developed. 

adventicius, a, um, adj. (advent-icius, 
adventus), foreign. 

adventus, us, vi. (adven-tus, advenio, 
to come), arrival, approach, coming. 

adversarius, ii, m. (adverso-arius, 
adversus), an opponent, adversary, 
enemy. 

adversus, a, um,fl'^'. {p.p. o/adverto), 
turned to, opposite, over against ; 
unfavorable ; res adversae, unfa- 
vorable circumstances, adversity. 

adversus, /;r/. with ace. (adversus, a, 
um), against, opposite to. 

ad-vesperascit, vesperascere, vespe- 
ravit, V. impers. (vesperasco, to be- 
come evening), evening 07' twilight 
is coming on, it is growing dark. 

aedes, is,/, a temple ; //., a house. 

aedificium, ii, n. (aedific-ium, aedi- 
fico), an edifice, building. 

aedifico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {cf. aedes 
««i/ facio), to build, construct. 



Aegaeus, a, um, adj., Aegean ; Ae- 
gaeum mare, the Aegean Sea, the 
part of the Mediterranean between 
Greece and Asia Minor. 

aeger, aegra, aegrum, adj., sick, in- 
disposed, feeble, suffering, faint. 

aegre, aegrius, aegerrime, adv. {oldabL 
^/ aeger), with difficulty, scarcely. 

Aegyptus, i,/., Egypt. 

Aemilius, i, m., Aemilius, the naj?ie of 
a Roman gens : i, M. Aemilius Le- 
pidus and W. Aemilius Lepidus ; 
see Lepidus ; 2, L. Aemilius 
Paulus, see Paulus ; 3, M. Aemi- 
lius Scaurus, see Scaurus. 

aemulus, i, m., one who vies with 
another, a rival. 

aequalitas, atis, / (aequali-tas, ae- 
qualis, equal), equality. 

aeque, adv. {old abl. cf aequus), 
equally ; aeque ac, in the same 
manner as. 

aequitas, atis,/ (aequo-tas, aequus), 
equality; justice, impartiality; calm- 
ness, tranquillity, contentment. 

aequus, a, um, adj., even, level ; fa- 
vorable, suitable ; equal, like ; just, 
right, honorable, reasonable ; calm, 
composed ; aequus animus, equa- 
.nimity. 

aerarium, ii, n. (aerarius), the treasury, 

aerarius, a, um, adj. (aer-arius, aer, 
St. fl/aes), relating to the treasury, 
of the treasury. 

aerumna, ae,/, hardship, sorrow, suf- 
fering. 

aes, aeris, n., brass, copper ; aera, 
bronze tablets ; money {at first 
Roma7i coins ivere made of copper^; 
aes alienum, debt. 



v6 



aestas — Alexander 



aestas, atis, / (aestu-tas, aestus), 
summer. 

aestus, us, m. (aes-tus), heat, burning 
heat. 

aetas, atis,/ (aevo-tas, aevum, age), 
age, period of life ; old age ; youth. 

aeternitas, atis, /. (aeterno-tas, 
aeternus), eternity. 

aeternus, a, um, adj. (aevo-ternus, 
aevum, age), everlasting, eternal, 
perpetual. 

Aetolia, ae, / (Aetolo-ia), AetoHa, a 
district of Central Greece. 

Aetoli, orum, in. pi, the Aetolians, 
inhabitants of Aetolia. 

Aetolus, a, um, adj., Aetolian. 

Africa, ae,/, Africa, the Roijian prov- 
ince of Africa, consisting mainly of 
Carthaginian territory. 

Africanus, a, um, adj. (Africa-anus, 
Africa), African ; bellum Africa- 
num, the African war, in which 
Pompey conquered the reinnant of 
the Marian faction in Numidia. 

Africanus, i, vi., Africanus, a cogno- 
men of two of the Scipios ; see 
Scipio. 

age, inter j. (imp. ofa.%6), come ! 

ager, agri, ;«., land, territory, field, 
country, district 5 agri, //., the 
country. 

agito, are, avi, atum, v, tr. (ag-ito, 
freq. of ago), to put in motion, 
drive ; to disturb, excite; to agitate, 
discuss. 

agnosco, agnoscere, agnovi, agnitum, 
V. tr. (ad and gnosco = nosco), to 
recognize. 

ago, agere, egi, actum, v. tr. and intr., 
to put in motion, drive ; to drive 



away, carry off ; to drive before 
one's self, to pursue ; to express, 
state ; gratias agere, to give 
thanks ; to perform, accomplish, 
manage, pursue, transact, do ; id 
agere ut, to attempt to ; res agi- 
tur, a case is tried ; to plead, dis- 
cuss ; to pass, spend ; pass., to 
be at stake ; magnae res aguntur, 
large amounts of capital are at 
stake; cum de maximis vestris 
vectigalibus agatur, since your 
richest revenues are at stake; intr.^ 
to act, proceed. 

agrarius, a, um, adj. (agro-arius, 
ager), relating to lands, agrarian ; 
agrarii, m. pi., the supporters of 
the agrarian laws, ivhich related to 
the division of the public lands. 

agrestis, e, adj. (agro-estis, ager), 
rustic, boorish. 

Ahala, ae, m., Ahala, a family na?ne. 
C. Servilius Ahala, Gaius Servilius 
Ahala, master of the horse under the 
dictator Cincinnatus. 

aio, V. tr. def, to say ; aiunt, they 
say. 

Alba, ae, / (albus, white). Alba, the 
name of certain Italian cities: I, 
Alba Fucensis, Alba Fucensis, a 
tow7i in the territory of the Marsi ; 
2, Alba Longa, Alba Longa, the 
reputed mother city of Rome. 

alea, ae, /, a game of dice, gaming, 
gambling. 

aleator, oris, m. (alea-tor, alea), a 
gambler, gamester. 

Alexander, dri, m., Alexander, the 
Great, King of Macedonia and con- 
queror of the world. 



ill 



Alexandria — Amisus 



v; 



Alexandria, ae,/ (Alexander), Alex- 
andria, the capital of Egypt, 

algor, oris, m. (alg-or, cf. algeo, to be 
cold), cold. 

alienigena, ae, m. adj. and subs. 
(alieno-gena, froju alienus and 
gigno, to beget), of foreign birth, 
foreign; a foreigner. 

alienus, a, um, adj. (ali-enus, alius), 
belonging to another, foreign to, 
averse ; aes alienum, debt; unfav- 
orable, unfriendly; alienus, i, in., 
a stranger, foreigner. 

aliquando, adv. (ali-quando, cf. 
alius), some time or other, at some 
time, at length. 

aliquanto, abl. as adv. (ali-quantus, 
considerable), by a little, a little, 
somewhat, considerably; post ali- 
quanto, some time after. 

aliquis or aliqui, qua, quid or quod, 
pron. indef (ali-quis, cf. alius), 
some one, any one, some, any, any- 
thing, 

aliqu5, adv. {case form of aliquis) , 
to some place, somewhere. 

aliquot, indef ttum. indecl. (ali-quot, 
cf alius), some, several, a few. 

aliter, adv. (ali-ter, alius), otherwise, 
in a different manner. 

aliunde, adv. (ali-unde, cf alius), 
from some other source, from an- 
other person, place, or thing. 

alius, a, ud, adj. (ali-us, cf alter), 
other, another ; alius . . . alius, 
one . . . another ; alii . . . alii, 
some . . . others. 

Allobroges, um, m. pi, the Allo- 
broges; see note on p. 124, 1. 14. 

alo, alere, alui, alitum and altum, 



V. tr., to nourish, support, sustain, 

maintain, foster, confirm. 
Alpes, ium,/. //., the Alps. 
altaria, ium, n. pi. (alto-aris, altus), 

a high altar, an altar. 
alter, era, erum, adj. (al-ter, cf alius), 

one of tvi^o, the other ; alter . . . 

alter, the one . . . the other; alteri 

. . . alteri, the one party ... the 

other ; the second. 
alternus, a, um, adj. (alter-nus, 

alter), one after another, by turns, 

alternate. 
alter-uter, alterutra or altera utra, 

alterutrum or alterum utrum, adj., 

one of two ; in alterutro, on one 

side or the other. 
altus, a, um, adj. (well-nourished, 

/. /. of alo), high, tall, lofty; deep, 
alveolus, i, m. (alveo-lus, alveus, a 

hollow), a gaming-board, dice-box. 
amans, antis, adj. {pres. p. £?/amo), 

loving, fond of, attached to, devoted 

to ; amans rei publicae, patriotic. 
amb, inseparable prep. ,dhovii, on both 

sides. 
ambo, ambae, ambo, nu7n. adj., both. 
a-mens, entis, adj., mad, frantic, 
amentia, ae, /. (ament-ia, amens), 

madness, folly, want of reason. 
amici5, icire, icui, ictum, v. tr. (am, 

around, iacio), to throw around, 

clothe. 
amicitia, ae, / (amico-tia, amicus), 

friendship, alliance. 
amicus, a, um, adj. (am-icus, amo), 

friendly, well-disposed ; amicus, i, 

m., a friend, ally. 
Amisus, l,f, Amisus, a city of Pontus, 

on the Euxine, 



amitto — ante 



a-mitto, mittere, misi, missum, v. tr., 
to send away, dismiss ; to lose, let 
pass ; to ruin ; quibus amissis, and 
if these are lost. 

amo, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to love. 

amoenitas, atis, /. (amoeno-tas, 
amoenus, pleasant), pleasantness, 
agreeable scenery. 

amor, oris, m, (am-or, amo), love, 
affection. 

ample, adv. {old abL of amplus), 
abundantly, copiously, generously; 
amplius, compar., further, more. 

amplector, plecti, plexus sum, v. 
dep. (am, around, plecto, to bend), 
to embrace, hold, include. 

amplifico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (*am- 
pli-ficus, amplus, facio), to en- 
large, extend, increase. 

amplitudo, inis, / (amplo-tudo, 
amplus), size, greatness, dignity, 
grandeur, consequence. 

amplus, a, um, adj. (amb-lus, cf. 
ambo), of large extent, great, spa- 
cious ; abundant, ample; magnifi- 
cent, noble, illustrious, renowned, 
honorable, dignified. 

an, conj., used in double questions to 
introduce the second member ; utrum 
or ne . . . an, whether ... or ; 
so7ne(i?nes an seems to introduce 
single questions. 

anceps, cipitis, adj. (an-ceps, cf. 
amb and Cd^ut), having two heads; 
double, twofold ; doubtful ; in two 
places. 

ango, angere, v. tr., to vex, distress. 

angulus, i, ?;/. (anco-lus, ancus, bent, 
cf angustus), corner, angle, nook. 

angustiae, arum, / pi. (angusto-iae, 



angustus), narrow space, defile, 
narrowness, narrow limits. 

angustus, a, um, adj. (angus-tus, 
angor, a strangling, ango, to 
squeeze), narrow, strait, contracted, 
restricted. 

anhelo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and 
intr. (anhelus, panting), to breathe 
forth ; to pant, gasp. 

anima, ae, / {fem. form of animus; 
cf administra) , breath ; life, exist- 
ence ; the soul, spirit, 

animadversio, onis, / (animadvert- 
tio, animadverto), the act of notic- 
ing, punishment, chastisement. 

animadverto, vertere, verti, versum, 
V. tr. (animum-adverto) , to turn 
one's attention to, attend; to notice, 
perceive ; to punish. 

animus, i, m. (an-i-mus, orig. breath, 
from root an, to blow), the mind, 
soul, intellect ; the attention ; the 
thoughts, feelings, imagination; the 
will, purpose, desire, design ; ani- 
mum inducere, to determine ; in- 
clination, disposition ; regard, 
affection ; feeling, anger, courage, 
spirit ; quo tandem animo esse 
debetis, what feelings, pray, ought 
you to cherish ? 

an-ne, conj., or. 

Annius, i, m., Annius, the name of a 
Roman gens; see Chilo. 

annona, ae, / (anno-ona, annus), 
the produce of a year, corn, pro- 
visions. 

annus, i, in., a year. 

ante, adv., before, previously ; paulo 
ante, a little while ago ; ante quam, 
sooner than, before ; prep, with ace, 



antea — Apuleius 



V9 



before (<?/ place and time). In 
comp., before, in preference to. 

antea, adv. (ante-ea, is), formerly, 
before. 

ante-cello, cellere, v. intr. (*cello, to 
rise high), to surpass, excel. 

ante-fero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. tr., to 
bear before, place before, prefer. 

ante-liicanus, a, um, adj. (luc-anus, 
lux), continued until daybreak, 
prolonged till morning. 

ante-pono, p5nere, posui, positum, 
V. tr., to place before, give the 
preference to, prefer. 

ante-quam, conj.^ sooner than, be- 
fore. 

Antiochia, ae, /. (Antiocho-ia, An- 
tiochus), Antioch, an important 
city of Syria, founded by Seleucus, 
one of Alexander'' s getierals, about 
joo B.C., and named in honor of 
h is father A ntioch us. 

Antiochus, i, m., Antiochus, the Great, 
king of Syria, 22 j to 18 j B. C. 

antiquitas, atis, / (antiquo-tas, an- 
tiquus), the past, antiquity. 

antiquus, a, um, adj. (anti-quus, cf 
ante), ancient, old, olden. 

Antonius, i, m., Antonius or Antony, 
the name of a Roman gens : i , M. 
Antonius, Mark Kntony , the fatuous 
triumvir, see 36-41 ; 2, L. An- 
tonius, L. Antonius, the brother of 
M. Antonius. 

aperio, perire, perui, pertum, v. tr. 
(ab-pario), to open, uncover, dis- 
close, 

aperte, adv. {old abl. of apertus), 
openly, publicly. 

apertus, a, Mm, adj. {p.p. 0/ aperio), 



open, exposed, uncovered, naked, 
undisguised. 

apparatus, a, um, adj. {p.p. of a.^- 
paro), prepared; magnificent, 
sumptuous. 

appar5, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ad- 
paro), to prepare, make ready, put 
in order, 

appello, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ad- 
pello, to drive toward), to accost, 
address; to name, call, 

Appenninus, i, m., the Apennine 
range of mountains, the Apennines. 

appetens, entis, adj. {pres.p. of dc^- 
peto, ad-peto, to desire), desirous, 
eager for. 

Appius, i, VI., Appius, a Roman prae- 
nojuen; see Claudius. 

Appius, a, um, adj. (Appius, i), Ap- 
pian ; Appia via, Ihe famous Appian 
Way, extending from Rome to Brun- 
disiwn. It took its name from Appius 
Claudius Caecus, Censor in 312 B. C, 
who built it as far as Capua. 

approbo, are, avi, atum, v.tr. (ad- 
probo), to approve, commend. 

appropinquo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
(ad and propinquo, to approach), 
to approach, draw near. 

aptus, a, um, adj. {p.p. o/*apo, to fit 
to, cf. apiscor, to reach), fit for, suit- 
able, adapted. 

apud, prep, with ace, at, by, near, 
before, in the presence of; with, 
among, at the house of. 

Apuleius, i, m., Apuleius, the name of 
a Rofnan gens : P. Apuleius, Pub- 
lius Apuleius, a tribune who sup- 
ported the cause of the senate against 
Antony; ^^<? Saturninus. 



V lO 



Apulia — at 



Apulia, ae, /, Apulia, a district in 
Southern Italy. 

aqua, ae,/, water. 

aquila, ae, f., the eagle, the standard 
of the Roman legion. 

ara, ae, /, an altar. 

arbitror, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (arbi- 
ter, a judge), to judge, think, con- 
sider. 

arbor, oris,/, a tree. 

arceo, arcere, arcui, v. tr., to confine, 
inclose ; to keep off, drive off; to 
hinder. 

arcess5, cessere, cessivi, cessitum, v. 
tr. (Jntens. of accedo, ar = ad), to 
cause to approach; to call, send 
for, summon, invite. 

Archias, ae, w., Archias ; A. Licinius 
Archias; see p. 189. 

ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsum, v. intr. 
(*ardus = aridus, dry), to burn, 
be on fire; to be inflamed, be ex- 
cited, burn. 

ardor, oris, m. (ard-or, ardeo), a glow- 
ing, brightness; heat, excitement. 

argenteus, a, una, adj. (argento-eus, 
argentum), of silver, silver. 

argentum, 1, n. (argent-um, as if 
from pres. p. o/*argeo, to be bright, 
cf. arguo, to make bright or white), 
silver; silverware. 

argumentum, i, n. (argu-mentum, 
arguo), an argument, proof. 

arguo, arguere, argui, argiitum, v. tr., 
to make clear; to accuse, charge. 

Ariobarzanes, is, w., Ariobarzanes, a 
king of Cappadocia. 

arma, orum, n. pi. {root ar, to fit, cf 
ar-s), arms, weapons; war. 

Armenius, a, una, adj. (Armenia), 



Armenian. Armenius, i, m., an 
Armenian, an inhabitant of Ar- 
menia. 

armo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (arma), 
to arm, equip; of ships, to fit out, 
furnish. 

ars, artis,/ {root ax, to fit, cf ar-tus, 
fitted), skill, art, faculty; science, 
knowledge, method; quality, 

artifex, ficis, m. and f. (ars, facio), 
an artist. 

arx, arcis, / {cf arceo, to keep off; 
compare Eng. ' keep,' a fortress), a 
fortified height; a citadel, fortress, 
stronghold. 

ascendo, scendere, scendi, scensum, 
V, tr. and intr. (ad-scando, to 
climb), to ascend, go up, mount. 

ascisc5, sciscere, scivi, scitum, v. tr. 

(ad <^;z(^SCisco, to accept, incept, of 

■ scio), to take, receive, admit, join to. 

ascribo, scribere, scrips!, scriptum, 
V. tr. (ad-scribo), to enroll; to as- 
sign, ascribe. 

Asia, ae, /, Asia; Asia Minor; soDie- 
times including Syria ; the Roman 
province of Asia, embracii7g the 
western part of Asia Minor, includ- 
ing Mysia, Phrygia, Lydia, and 
Caria. 

Asiaticus, a, um, adj. (Asia-ticus, 
Asia), Asiatic; bellum Asiaticum, 
the Mithridatic war. 



aspectus, us, in. (aspec-tus, cf p. p. \ 
^/aspicio), the sight; the appear- 
ance, looks, presence, countenance. 

aspicio, spicere, spexi, spectum, v. tr. 
(ad and specio, to look), to look 
upon, behold, look at. 

at, conj., but, yet, still; but at least. 



Atbenae — Aurelius 



VII 



Athenae, arum,///., Athens. 

Atheniensis, e, adj. (Athena-ionsis, 
Athenae), Athenian. Athenienses, 
ium, m. pi. as subs., the Athenians. 

atque or ac, conj. (ad-que, and to; 
ac stands only before consonants, at- 
que before vozvels and consonants), 
and, and also, and especially; in 
comparisons, than, from, as; aliter 
ac, otherwise than; simul atque, 
as soon as; contra atque antea 
fuerat, in a direction opposite to 
the former; pro eo ac mereor, ac- 
cording to my deserts. 

atrocitas, atis, /. (atroci-tas, atrox), 
fierceness, cruelty, atrocity. 

atrox, OCis, adj., terrible, cruel, hor- 
rible, atrocious. 

attendo, tendere, tendi, tentum, v. tr. 
(ad-tendo), to attend to, observe, 
consider. 

attenuo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ad 
and tenuo, to make thin, tenuis), 
to reduce, lessen, diminish. 

attero, terere, trivi, tritum, v. tr. (ad 
and tero, to rub), to rub away; to 
destroy. 

attingo, tingere, tigi, tactum, v. tr. 
(ad-tango), to touch, come in con- 
tact with; to arrive at, reach, attain; 
to attempt, take in hand, treat. 

Attius, i, m., Attius, the name of a 
Roman gens : P. Attius Varus, 
Attius Varus, a military leader who 
commanded in Africa in the interest 
of Pompey ; j^<? p. 219. 

attribuo, tribuere, tribui, tributum, 
V. tr. (ad-tribuo), to attribute, as- 
sign, bestow ; to give in charge, 
appoint over. 



attuli, see adfero. 

auctio, onis, / (aug-tio, augeo), a 

public sale, auction. 

auctionarius, a, um, adj. (auction- 
arius, auctio), pertaining to an 
auction, of the auctioneer. 

auctor, oris, w. (aug-tor, augeo), 
creator, author, inventor, originator; 
leader, director ; promoter, ap- 
prover, adviser, counsellor. 

auctoritae, atis, / (auctor-i-tas, auc- 
tor), authority, power, influence ; 
standing, reputation, dignity ; au- 
thorization, command, order, will : 
man of influence. 

auctus, a, um, /. /. of augeo. 

audacia, ae, /. (audac-ia, audax), 
boldness, daring ; insolence, au- 
dacity, presumption. 

audax, acis, adj. (aud-ax, audeo), 
daring, bold, audacious. 

audeo, audere, ausus sum, v. semi- 
dep. {for avideo, avidus), to dare, 
venture ; to undertake, attempt. 

audio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. {cf 
auris), to hear, listen to, perceive ; 
to hear of; to obey, give heed to; 
dicto audiens, obedient to. 

aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum, v. 
tr. (au = ab andiexo), to carry off, 
sweep away, destroy. 

augeo, augere, auxi, auctum, v. tr., 
to increase, enlarge, augment ; to 
enrich, advance, promote. 

augur, uris, m. and f {cf avis), an 
augur, diviner, soothsayer. 

Aulus, i, m., Aulus, a Rot7ian prae- 
nomen. 

Aurelius, 1, m., Aurelius, the name of 
a Roman gens ; see Cotta. 



V 12 



Aurelius — Ibibo 



Aurelius, a, um, adj. (Aurelius, i), 
Aurelian ; Aurelia via, the Aurelian 
way, extending f7'07n Rome to Pisa ; 
Forum Aurelium, see note on p. 99, 

1.3. 

auris, is,/ {cf. audio), the ear. 

aurum, i, n., gold. 

auspicium, ii, n. (auspic-ium, au- 
spex, a diviner, avis and specio, to 
look), auspice, sign, omen. 

aut, conj., or ; aut . . . aut, either 
... or. 

autem, conj. (aut-em, a weak adversa- 
tive conj., standing after ofie or two 
zvords of its clause), but, however ; 
moreover, also. 

auxilium, ii, n. (auxil-ium, *auxilis, 
cf augeo), help, assistance ; remedy, 
resource, refuge, support ; //., aux- 
iliary troops. 

avaritia, ae, / (avaro-tia, avarus, 
avaricious), avarice, covetousness. 

aveo, avere, v. intr., to desire, be eager, 

aversus, a, um, adj. {p. p. o/averto), 
turned away ; averse, disinclined. 

a-verto, vertere, verti, versum, v. tr., 
to turn away, avert. 

avide, adv. {old abl. of avidus), 
eagerly. 

avidus, a, um, adj. (avi-dus, aveo), 
greedy, eager, desirous. 

avitus, a, um, adj. (avo-itus, avus), 
of, belonging to, or derived from, a 
grandfather, ancestral. 

a-voco, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to call 
away, withdraw, remove. 

avunculus, i, w. (avo-n-culus,avus), 
a mother's brother, maternal uncle, 
uncle. 

avus, i, ni., a grandfather. 



B 



bacchor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (Bac- 
chus), to celebrate the feast of 
Bacchus, to revel. 

barbaria, ae, / (barbaro-ia, bar- 
barus), a foreign country ; a savage, 
barbarous nation. 

barbarus, a, um, adj. {Greek), for- 
eign, strange ; barbarous, wild, sav- 
age, uncivilized ; barbarus, i, m., a | 
foreigner, barbarian. 

barbatus, a, um, adj. (barba-tus, 
barba, beard), bearded. 

beatus, a, um, adj. {p. p. <?/beo, to 
bless), happy; prosperous, opulent, 
wealthy, rich. 

bellicosus, a, um, adj. (bellico-osus, 
bellicus), warlike, fierce in war. 

bellicus, a, um, adj. (bello-cus, bel- 
lum), of or pertaining to war, war- 
like. 

bello, are, avi, atum, v. intr. (bel- 
lum), to wage or carry on war. 

bellum, i, n. {old form duellum, duo), 
war, warfare. 

bene, melius, optime, adv. {old abL 
of bonus), well, rightly ; favorably, 
happily, successfully. 

beneficium, ii, n. (benefic-ium, cf 
bene, facio), kindness, favor, good 
deed, benefit, service. 

benevolentia, ae, / (benevolent-ia, 
bene-volens, kind, bene, andyolo), 
friendly disposition, good-will, 
friendship, affection ; gratitude. 

benignitas, atis, / (benigno-tas, 
benignus, kind), kindness, benig- 
nity. 

bestia, ae, /, a beast. 

bibo, bibere, bibi, v. tr.^ to drink. 



biduuni — Caesar 



V 13 



biduum, 1, n. (bi-duum; bi = dvi, cf. 
duo ; duum, cf. diu, dies), the space 
of two days, two days. 

bini, ae, a, nu?}i. distrib. (bi-ni, bis), 
two by two, two each, two. 

bipartite, adv. {abl. of bi-partitus ; 
bis and p. p. of partio, to divide), 
in two divisions, in two parties. 

bis, num. adv. (dvis, cf duo), twice. 

Bithynia, ae, /, Bithynia, a district 
of Asia Minor south of the Euxine. 

bonitas, atis, / (bono-tas, bonus), 
goodness, excellence. 

bonus, a, um, compar. melior, sup. op- 
timus, adj., good, excellent, sound; 
boni, orum, m. pi., the good, the 
aristocracy, the patriots ; bonum, i, 
n., a good thing, benefit, advantage, 
endowment ; bona, orum, n. pL, 
property, goods, possessions. 

Bosporanus, a, um, adj. (Bosporo- 
anus, Bosporus), of the Bosporus. 
Bosporanus, i, m. as a subs., a dweller 
on or near the Cimmerian Bosporus. 

brevis, e, adj., short, brief, of short 
duration. 

breviter, adv. (brevi-ter, brevis), 
shortly, briefly, with few words. 

Brocchus, i, in., Brocchus, a family 
name: T. Brocchus, Titus Broc- 
chus, an uncle of Q. Ligarius. 

Brundisium, i, n., Brundisium, a to7vn 
— on the eastern coast of Italy, now 
" Brindisi. 

Briitus, i, ;;/., Brutus, a family name : 
I, D. Junius Brutus, Decimus Ju- 
nius Brutus, consul 138 B. C, a dis- 
tinguished general who conquered 
JLusitania ; 2, D. Junius Brutus 
Albinus, Decimus Junius Brutus, a 



legate of Caesar, who afterwards 
joined the conspiracy against his 
old chief and became one of his as- 
sassins, see p. 236. 
biistum, i, n. (buro = uro, to burn), 
a pyre ; a tomb, monument. 



C, for Gains, a Roman praenomen. 

cadaver, eris, n. {cf. cado), a dead 
body, corpse. 

cado, cadere, cecidi, casum, v. intr., 
to fall, be killed, perish. 

Caecilius, i, m., the name of a Roman 
gens ; see Metellus. 

caecus, a, um, adj., blind ; blinded, 
ignorant, unreasonable. 

caedes, is,/ (caed-es, caedo), a cut- 
ting down, slaughter, murder, mas- 
sacre. 

caedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum, v. tr., 
to cut to pieces, vanquish, kill. 

Caelius, i, m., Caelius, the na?iie of a 
Roman gens ; see Latiniensis. 

caelum, i, «., the sky, heaven ; the 
air, atmosphere. 

Caesar, aris, m. , Caesar, a family jiame 
in the Julian gens : I, C. lulius 
Caesar, Julius Caesar, the distin- 
guished general, orator, statesman, 
and author, assassinated 44. B.C.; 
2, C. lulius Caesar Octavianus, 
Octavianus, afterwards Augustus, 
grand nephew and adopted son of 
Julius Caesar, stcbseqiiently em- 
peror ; 3, L. lulius Caesar, Lucius 
Caesar, consul in the year go B.C. 
and censor inSg ; 4, L. lulius Caesar 
StrabOj Lucius Caesar, consul in 
64 B. C. 



V 14 



Caesetius — Carthago 



Caesetius, i, ;;z., Caesetius; C. Caese- 
tius, Gaius Caesetius, a Roman 
knight interested in the pardon of 
Ligarius, see p. 232, 1. 18. 

Caieta, ae, /, Cajeta, a town and 
harbor oji the coast of Latiuui, now 
Gaeta. 

calamitas, atis, / (calamo-tas, cala- 
mus, a stalk ; orig. meaning, blight 
on grain), calamity, misfortune, loss, 
disaster, damage. 

calamitosus, a, um, adj. (calamitat- 
Osus, calamitas), unfortunate, un- 
happy. 

callidus,a, um, adj. (call-i-dus, calleo, 
to be wise) , skillful, shrewd, cunning. 

Camers, ertis, m., a citizen of Cameri- 
num, a town in JJjnbria. 

campus, i, m., a plain ; the Campus 
Marti us. 

cano, canere, cecini, cantum, v. tr. 
and intr., to sing ; to predict. 

canto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and intr. 
(can-to, /r,?^. ^/cano), to sing. 

cantus, us, m. (can-tus, cf p. p. of 
cano), singing, song. 

caper, pri, ;;/., a goat, he-goat. 

capillus, i, m. {cf caput), the hair 
{of the head). 

capio, capere, cepi, captum, v. tr., to 
take, receive, lay hold of, grasp, 
comprehend, seize, capture ; to oc- 
cupy, gain, reach ; to hold, contain, 
find room for ; to satisfy, endure ; 
consilium capere, to form the de- 
sign ; mente captus, bereft of rea- 
son. 

capitalis, e, adj. (capit-alis, caput), 
capital, destructive, dangerous, 
deadly. 



Capitolinus, a, um, adj. (Capitolio- 
inus, Capitolium), of the Capitol ; 
clivus Capitolinus, the Capitoline 
slope, the road leading from the 
Foru7/i up the Capitoline Hill to the 
Capitol, see the Flati of the Forum. 

Capitolium, i, n., (caput), the Capi- 
tol, the Femple of Jupiter at Rome 
on the Capitoline Hill. 

Cappadocia, ae, /, Cappadocia, a 
country in the eastern part of Asia 
Minor. 

caput, itis, n., the head ; a capital 
charge or question ; life, civil or 
political life, citizenship ; capitis 
mei periculo, at the peril of my 
life. 

Carb5, onis, m., Carbo, a family name : 
C. Papirius Carbo, Gaius Carbo, a 
tribune of the people, one of the 
authors of the lex Plautia-Papiria, 
see p. 189. 

career, eris, m., a prison ; imprison- 
ment. 

careo, carere, caruT, caritum, v. intr. 
{cf carus, expensive), to be with- 
out, want, be in want of, lack ; to 
be deprived of. 

caritas, atis, / (caro-tas, carus), af- 
fection, esteem, love ; dearness, 
scarcity. 

carmen, inis, n., a poem, poetry, 
verse. 

Carthaginienses, ium, m. (Cartha- 
gin-iensis, Carthago), the Cartha- 
ginians. 

Carthago, ginis, /, Carthage, the 
famous Phcenician city in Northern 
Af-ica, with which Rome waged 
three great wars. 



car us 



censeo 



V15 



cams, a, um, adj. {cf. careo), dear, 
beloved, highly prized. 

Cassius, i, yn., Cassius, ihe naine of a 
Roman gens : I, C. Cassius Lon- 
ginus Varus, Gaius Cassius, consul 
7J B.C., see note on p. 186, 1, 28; 
2, L. Cassius Longinus, Lucius 
Cassius, a senator, a confederate of 
Catiline, see p. 127, 1. 5, 

caste, adv. {old abl. of castus, pure), 
honestly, uprightly. 

castrensis, e, adj. (castro-ensis, cas- 
tra), pertaining to a camp ; organ- 
ized, open. 

castrum, i, n., a fortified place, fort ; 
castra, orum, n. pL, a camp, en- 
campment. 

casus, lis, m. (cad-tus, cado), that 
which comes to pass, an event, 
occurrence ; misfortune, calamity ; 
chance, accident. 

Catilina, ae, m., Catiline, a family 
7iame : L. Sergius Catilina, Catiline, 
t/ie leader of the conspiracy against 
the state in Cicero's consulship. 

CatO, onis, m., Cato, a Roman fam- 
ily name : i, M. Porcius Cato, 
Cato the Censor, see note on p. 197, 
1. 28 ; 2, M. Porcius Cato, grand- 
son of the Censor, see note on p. 
193, 1. 13 ; 3, M. Porcius Cato 
Uticensis, son of the preceding and 
great-grandson of Cato the Censor, 
see note on p. 153, 1. 13. 

Catulus, i, m., Catulus, a Rouian fam- 
ily name : I, Q. Lutatius Catulus, 
Quintus Catulus, consul J02 B. C, 
see note on p. 193, 1. II ; 2, Q. Luta- 
tius Catulus, Quintus Catulus, soti 
of the preceding, consul y8 B.Co 



causa, ae,yi, a reason, ground, motive, 
cause ; causa, for the sake of, on 
account of, for the purpose of ; sui 
conservandi causa, for the purpose 
of preserving themselves ; an al- 
leged reason, pretext, pretense ; 
cause, interest ; as a legal term, 
cause ; causam dicere, to plead a 
cause. 

cautio, onis,/ (cau-tio, caveo), cau- 
tion. 

caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum, v. tr. 
and intr., to be on one's guard; to 
take care, beware, guard against ; 
cave ignoscas, don't forgive him ! 

cecini, see cano. 

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, v. intr., 
to go, go forth, go away ; to yield, 
retire. 

celeber, bris, bre, adj., much fre- 
quented, populous ; celeberrima 
gratulatio, a most numerously at- 
tended tlianksgiving. 

celebritas, atis, / (celebri-tas, cele- 
ber), fame, renown, celebrity. 

celebr5, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (cele- 
ber), to attend in great numbers, 
celebrate ; to praise, celebrate. 

celeritas, atis, / (celeri-tas, celer, 
swift), rapidity, swiftness, quickness, 
celerity, speed, rapid action. 

celeriter, «^z/, (celeri-ter, celer, swift), 
swiftly, quickly, rapidly, speedily. 

Celtiberia, ae,/, Celtiberia, a district 
in Central Spaiyt. 

cena, ae,/, the principal meal of the 
day, dinner ; a banquet. 

censeo, censere, censui, censum, v. 
tr., to be of opinion ; to judge, de- 
termine, decree, resolve, ordain ; to 



V i6 



censor — Cilicia 



rate, enumerate, assess ; to be in 
favor of, vote for. 

censor, oris, m. (cens-sor, censeo), a 
censor, one of the two Roman mag- 
istrates who had charge of enrolling 
the people according to rank ajtd 
property ; see 97. 

census, us, m. {cf p. p. of censeo), a 
census, enumeration, registration ; 
a census-roll ; registered property, 
property. 

centum, num. adj. indecL, a hundred. 

centuria, ae, / (centum), a century, 
one of the igj divisions of the Roman 
people in the comitia centuriata. 

centuriatus, a, um (/./. o/centurio, 
are, to divide into centuries) ; 
divided into centuries ; comitia 
centuriata, an assembly in which 
the people voted by centuries ; see 
132-135 and comitium. 

centuriatus, iis, m. (centuria-tus), 
the office of centurion, the cen- 
turionship. 

centurio, onis, m. (centuria-o, centu- 
ria), a centurion, the coj7imander of 
the division of troops called a cen- 
tury. 

Ceparius, i, ?;?., Ceparius, the name of 
a Roman gens : M. Ceparius, Mar- 
cus Ceparius, a confederate of Cati- 
line. - _ 

cepi, see capio. 

cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, v. tr., 
to separate, distinguish ; to see, 
perceive ; to decide, decree, re- 
solve. 

certamen, inis, n. (certa-men, cer- 
to, are), a contest, strife, engage- 
ment, battle. 



certe, adv. {old abl. of certus), cer^ 
tainly, surely; at all events, at least 

certo, adv. {abl. 0/ certus), certainly 
for certain. 

certo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. {freq 
of cerno), to struggle, contend 
strive, vie. 

certus, a, um, (^<:^'. (old p, p. of ctxno) 
certain, definite, particular, fixed 
established, sure ; faithful ; certio 
rem facere, to inform. 

cervix, icis,/, the neck. 

cessi, see cedo. 

(ceterus), a, um, adj. (ce-terus, ce, 
donon. pron.'), the rest of, the re- 
maining ; the other, the others. 

Cethegus, i, m., Cethegus, a family 
name: C. Cornelius Cethegus, 
Gains Cethegus, a senator, a confed- 
erate of Catiline. 

Chilo, onis, m., Chilo, a family name ; 
Q. Annius Chilo, Quintus Chilo, a 
senator, a partisan of Catiline. 

Chius, a, um, adj. (Chios), Chian, of 
Chios, now Scio, an island in the 
Aegean sea, with a city of the same 
name; Chii, orum, m. pi., the 
Chians, citizens of Chios. 

cibus, i, m., food. 

Cicero, onis, m., Cicero, a family 
name in the Tullian gens : I, M. 
Tullius Cicero, Cicero, the fatnous 
orator, see Life of Cicero, p. 9 ; 
2, Q. Tullius Cicero, Quintus Cic- 
ero, the brother of the orator ; 3, M. 
Tullius Cicero, Marcus Cicero, the 
son of the orator. 

Cilicia, ae, /, Cilicia, a country of 
Asia Minor on the northeastern 
coast of the Mediterranean. 



Cimber — claudo 



V 17 



Cimber, bri, 7n., Cimber, a cognomen ; 
Cimber Gabinius, one of the con- 
spirators with Catiline ; see Gabi- 
nius. 

Cimbri, onim, ;«. //., the Cimbri, a 
people of Northern Germany, con- 
quered by Marius, loi B. C. 

Cimbricus, a, um, adj. (Cimbro-cus, 
Cimbri), pertaining to the Cimbri, 
Cimbrian. 

cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinctum, v. tr., 
to surround, encompass, inclose, 
encircle. 

cinis, eris, w., ashes. 

Cinna, ae, m., Cinna, a family name ; 
L. Cornelius Cinna, Cinna, consul 
luith Marius, 86 B. C. 

circum {ace. of circus, a circle) : 

1, adv., around, about, all around ; 

2, prep, zvitk ace, around, about, in 
the environs of, near. 

circum-cludo, cludere, clusi, clusum, 
V. tr. (claudo), to shut in, inclose, 
surround, hem in. 

circum-do, dare, dedi, datum, v. tr. 
(do, to place), to put, set, or place 
around ; to encompass, encircle, 
surround. 

circum-scribo, scribere, scrips!, scrip- 
turn, V. tr., to circumscribe, inclose, 
confine, limit ; to cheat, circumvent. 

circumscriptor, oris, m. (circum- 
scrib-tor, circumscribo), a de- 
frauder, a cheat. 

circum-sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum, 
V. tr., to surround ; to circumscribe, 
limit. 

circum-spicio, spicere, spexi, spec- 
tum, V. intr. and tr. (specio, to 
look), to look around, gaze about; 



to view on all sides ; to look out 
for ; to consider, ponder. 

circum-sto, stare, steti, v. tr. and 
intr., to stand around ; to surround. 

citerior, us, adj. compar. (* citer, on 
this side), nearer, hither. 

cito, citius, citissime, adv. {abl. of 
citus, /. /. of cieo, to cause to go), 
quickly, rapidly. 

civilis, e, adj. (civi-lis, civis), per- 
taining to citizens, civil, civic ; 
civilis causa, a political question ; 
bellum civile, the civil war waged 
by Sulla against the Marian faction. 

civis, is, 7n. and f, a citizen, fellow- 
citizen, fellow-countryman. 

civitas, atis, / (civi-tas, civis), a 
body of citizens, state ; citizenship. 

clades, is,/, damage, disaster, defeat. 

clam, adv. (cl-am, cf. oc-cul-tus aiid 
celo, to hide), secretly, in private. 

clamo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. and tr. 
{cf calo, to call), to cry out, shout ; 
to speak emphatically. 

clamor, oris, w. (clam-or, clamo), a 
loud cry, shout. 

clarus, a, um, adj. (cla-rus, cf. 
cla-mo), clear, distinct; renowned, 
famous. 

classis, is,/., a fleet. >. 

Claudius, i, m., Claudius, the na?ne of 
a Roman gens : 1, Appius Claudius 
Caecus, Appius Claudius, the Censor 
who built the Appian Way as Jar 
as Capua; 2, Appius Claudius 
Pulcher, Appius Claudius, praetor 
in 8g B.C. ; 3, see Marcellus. 

claudo, claudere, clausi, clausum, v. 
tr. {cf clavis, a key, and clavus, a 
nail), to close, shut up. 



V i8 



clausus — cohortatio 



clausus, a, um, adj. {p. p. (/claudo), 
closed, shut up. 

Clemens, entis, adj., mild, clement, 
forbearing, merciful. 

clementer, adv. (clement-i-ter, Cle- 
mens ; ti is dropped before ter), with 
clemency, mercifully, kindly. 

dementia, ae, / (clement-ia, Cle- 
mens j, moderation, mildness, clem- 
ency, mercy, kindness. 

aliens, entis, m. {old form cluens, 
pres. p. of clueo, to hear), a client, 
dependent, vassal. 

clientela, ae, / (client-ela, cliens), 
clientship, alliance. 

clipeus, i, 771., a shield. 

clivus, i, 771. (cli-vus, cf cli-no, to 
ascend), slope, declivity, ascent; 
see Capitolinus. 

Cn., for Gnaeus, a Ro77ia7i prae7tonie7t ; 
see Pompeius. 

Cnidus, i, f, Cnidus, a city i7i Caria. 

CO, see com. 

coactus, a, um, /. /. ^/cogo. 

coegi, see cogo. 

coepi, coepisse, v. tr. def (co-epi, apio, 
to join), to begin, commence ; with 
passive i7ifi7iitives, this verb gener- 
ally takes the passive for77ts, COep- 
tus sum, etc. 

coeptus, lis, 771. (co-eptus, coepi), an 
undertaking. 

co-erceo, ercere, ercui, ercitum, v. tr. 
(arceo), to inclose on all sides ; to 
restrain, confine ; to keep back, 
check ; to correct, punish. 

coetus, us, VI. (co-itus, coeo, to go 
together), a meeting, gathering, 
assembly. 

cogitate, adv. {old abl. of cogitatus, 



p. p. of COgito), thoughtfully, de- 
liberately. I 

cogitatio, onis,/ (cogita-tio, cogito), I 
thinking, thought, reflection ; de- 
sign, plan. 

cogit5, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (co- 
agito), to consider, reflect upon, 
meditate, weigh ; to design, plan, 
intend. 

cognatio, 5nis, / (cogna-tio; cf. co- 
gna-tus, related, gnatus, old for7n 
of p. p. o/nascor), relationship. 

cognitio, onis, / (cogni-tio, co- 
gnosco), acquaintance ; examina- 
tion. 

cognitor, oris, 7n. (cogni-tor, co- 
gnosco), an advocate, defender. 

cognosco, gnoscere, gnovi, gnitum, 
V, tr. (co-gnosco, see nosco for 
gnosco), to know; to observe, per- 
ceive, see, ascertain, learn, dis- 
cover ; to recognize ; to examine, 
investigate, consider. 

cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, v. tr. 
(co-ago), to drive together, collect, 
assemble ; to force, constrain, com- 
pel. 

co-haereo, haerere, haesi, haesum, 
V. i7itr., to be connected, be united, 
cleave to. 

co-hibeo, hibere, hibui, hibitum, v. 
tr. (habeo), to restrain, check, re- 
press. 

cohors, hortis, / (co-hort-s, lit. in- 
closure ; cf. hort-us, a garden), a 
cohort, the toith part of a legion ; 
praetoria cohors, the commander's 
body-guard. 

cohortatio, onis, / (cohorta-tio, co- 
hortor), an exhortation, encourage- 



coliortor — comnioduin 



V 19 



I 



ment ; an address (/f soldiers before 
a battle^. 

co-hortor, ari, atus sum, v, dep., to 
exhort, urge. 

colo, colere, colui, cultum, v. tr., to 
till, cultivate ; to practice ; to honor, 
revere, cherish. 

colonia, ae, / (colono-ia, colonus), a 
colony. 

coldnus, i, in. (colo-nus, colo), a 
farmer; an inhabitant of a colonial 
town, a colonist. 

Coloph5n, onis, m., Colophon, a city 
in Lydia. 

Colophonius, a, um, adj. (Colophon- 
ius, Colophon), of Colophon ; Colo- 
phonii, orum, m. pi., the people 
of Colophon, the Colophonians. 

color, oris, m., color, hue, complexion. 

com, con, co, adv. in conip. {cf. cum), 
with, together ; completely, thor- 
oughly. 

comes, itis, m. and f. (com-it-s, one 
who goes with ; cf. com and eo, ire) , 
a companion, comrade, associate. 

comissatio, onis, / (comissa-tio, co- 
missor, to revel), a Bacchanalian 
revel, drinking-bout, revelry. 

comitatus, a, um (/. p. of comitor 
with passive meaning), attended, 
accompanied ; parum comitatus, 
with too few companions. 

comitatus, iis, m. (comita-tus, comi- 
tor), retinue, attendance, train. 

comitium, ii, n. (com-it-ium, com 
and eo, ire), a place of meeting ; 
the Comitium, a public square ad- 
joining the Forum, see Plan of 
Forum ; comitia, drum, //., an as- 
sembly of the people, the comitia; 



an election ; proximis comitiis, at 
the last election. 

comitor, ari, atus sum, v. dtp. (co- 
mit-or, comes), to accompany, 
attend, follow. 

commeatus, iis, ;;/. (commea-tus, 
commeo), a passage, trip; sup- 
plies, provisions. 

commemorabilis, e, adj. (commemo- 
ra-bilis, commemoro), noteworthy, 
remarkable, memorable. 

commemorati5, onis,/ (commemora- 
tio, commemoro), a mentioning, 
mention ; recollection. 

com-memoro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(memoro, to bring to mind, memor), 
to bring to mind, call to mind, re- 
mind ; recount, relate, mention. 

commendatio, onis, / (commenda- 
tio, commendo), recommendation, 
commendation. 

com-mendo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(mando), to commit, intrust, com- 
mend. 

com-meo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
(meo, to go), to go back and forth, 
resort to, visit. 

com-misceo, miscere, miscui, mix- 
tum, V. tr., to mingle, unite. 

com-mitto, mittere, misi, missum, 
V. tr., to join, connect ; proelium or 
pugnam committere, to engage in 
battle, commence battle ; to intrust, 
commit, allow, permit, risk ; to 
commit (^as a crime or offense). 

commodo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (com- 
modus), to adapt, accommodate; 
to lend. 

commodum, i, n. (commodus, with 
proper measure, /'(^w coma/zt^/mo- 



V 20 



commoror — concipio 



dus), advantage, profit, gain, utility, 
convenience. 

com-moror, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
(moror, to tarry, mora), to stop, 
linger, stay, sojourn, tarry. 

com-moveo, movere, movi, m5tum, 
to move ; to affect, excite ; se com- 
movere, to move, stir. 

communic5, are, avi, atum, v. /r. 
(communi-cus, communis) , to make 
common, share, communicate, im- 
part. 

communis, e, adj. (com-muni-a, 
duties; cf. munus), common, gen- 
eral, public ; ordinary. 

communiter, adv. (communi-ter, com- 
munis), in common ; in general. 

com-muto, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
change, alter. 

comparatio, onis, / (compara-tio, 
comparo), a comparison; prepara- 
tion. 

comparo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (com- 
par, like), to place in comparison, 
compare. 

com-paro, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
prepare, make ready ; procure, ac- 
quire, gain, secure. 

com-pello, pellere, puli, pulsum, v. 
tr., to drive together ; to compel, 
drive. 

com-perio, perire, peri, pertum, v. tr. 
(pario), to get knowledge of, ascer- 
tain, learn, discover ; to make known. 

competitor, oris, m. (competi-tor, 
COm-peto), a rival, competitor, rival 
candidate. 

com-plector, plecti, plexus sum, v. 
dep. (plecto, to fold), to embrace, 
surround, inclose, encircle. 



com-pleo, plere, plevi, pletum, v. tr. 
(pleo, to fill), to fill, make full; to 
complete. 

complexus, iis, m. (complect-tus, 
complector), an embrace. 

compliires, a or ia, adj. pi. (com- 
plus), several, many, very many. ■ 

com-prehendo, hendere, hendi, hen- 
sum, V. tr., to take hold of, seize, 
apprehend, grasp ; to catch, take 
captive, arrest. 

com-primo, primere, pressi, pressum, 
V. tr. (premo), to press together, 
compress ; to restrain, check, re- 
press, suppress. 

com-probo, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
approve ; to sanction ; to attest, 
prove. 

c5natus, iis, in. (cona-tus, conor), an 
attempt, undertaking. 

con-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, v. tr. 
and intr., to go away, retire, with- 
draw ; to yield, grant ; to permit, 
allow, concede, admit. 

con-celebr5, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
frequent; to celebrate. 

con-certo, are, avi, atum, v. ititr., to 
contend, dispute. 

concessus, /. /. ^/concedo. 

con-cido, cidere, cidi, v. intr. {lit. to 
fall together or in a heap; cado), to 
fall; to perish; to lose one's courage. 

concilio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (con- 
cilium, a meeting), to bring to- 
gether, unite ; to gain the favor of, 
win, conciliate ; to obtain, gain, 
procure. 

con-cipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
(capio), to take, receive ; to incur ; 
to conceive, imagine, understand. 



concito — confligo 



V 21 



con-cito, Sre, avi, atum, v. tr. (cito, 
freq. ^ cieo, to put in motion), to 
move violently, excite, arouse, stir up, 
incite, instigate, provoke; to produce. 

Concordia, ae,/ (concord -ia, concors), 
harmony, unanimity, concord, agree- 
ment. 

Concordia, ae, /, Concord, the god- 
dess of concord. 

con-cors, cordis, adj. (cor, the heart), 
harmonious, agreeing. 

con-cupisco, cupiscere, cupivi or ii, 
cupitum, V. tr. {mcept. from con 
^«^Cupio), to desire, covet, long for. 

con-curro, currere, curri, cursum, 
V. intr. (curro, to run), to rush to- 
gether ; to hasten to, run to. 

con-curso, are, avi, atum, v, intr. 
(curso, freq. of curro), to run to 
and fro, run about. 

concursus, iis, m. (concurr-sus, con- 
curro), a running together ; a con- 
course, assemblage, crowd ; an 
onset, conflict. 

con-demno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(damno), to charge, accuse, con- 
demn. 

condicio, onis,/. (condic-io, condico, 
to agree), terms, agreement, pro- 
visions ; condition, situation, state ; 
nature, quality, character. 

con-do, dere, didi, ditum, v. tr. (do, to 
place), to found, establish. 

con-dono, are, avi, atum, v, tr., to 
present, give ; to forgive, condone. 

con-diico, ducere, duxi, ductum, v. tr., 
to lead together, bring together, 
collect ; to hire, employ. 

confectio, onis, /. (confic-tio, con- 
ficio), completion. 



con-fero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. tr., to 
bring or bear together, contribute ; 
to bring, collect, carry ; to direct, de- 
vote, employ; to refer; to compare; 
to ascribe, attribute ; to defer, fix, 
appoint ; se conferre, to betake 
one's self ; conlatis signis, in battle. 

confertus,a, um, adj. {p.p. <?/confer- 
cio, to press together, to stuff), 
crow^ded, dense, crammed ; confer- 
tus cibo, stuffed with food. 

confessi5, onis, /. (confit-tio, con- 
fiteor), confession, acknowledg- 
ment. 

confestim, adv. (ace. of *con-festis ; 
cf festino, to hasten), immediately, 
speedily, without delay. 

con-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
(facio), to finish, execute, complete, 
accomplish, bring to pass ; to ex- 
haust, weaken, subdue, destroy, kill ; 
to collect, procure, furnish, raise. 

con-fido, fidere, fisus sum, v. semi- 
dep., to trust, rely upon, believe, 
hope. 

con-firmo, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
establish, render firm, strengthen, 
cement ; to encourage, console ; to 
assert, assure, promise. 

confisus, a, um, /. /. o/confido. 

con-fiteor, fiteri, fessus sum, v. dep. 
(fateor), to confess, admit, concede, 
acknowledge. 

con-flagro, are, avi, atum, v. intr., to 
burn up, burn, be destroyed or per- 
ish by fire. 

c6n-fligo, fligere, flixi, flictum, v. tr. 
and intr. (fligO, to strike), to strike 
together ; to be in conflict, fight, 
engage in combat with, contend. 



V 22 



conflo — conscius 



con-flo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (flo, to 

blow), to inflame, incite, produce ; 
• to fuse together, unite. 

con-fluo, fluere, fluxi, v. hitr., to flow 
together. 

c5nformatio, onis, / (conforma-tio, 
conformo), a fashioning, molding. 

con-formo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (for- 
mo, to shape), to form, mold, train. 

con-fringo, fringere, fregi, fractum, 
V. tr. (frango), to break in pieces, 
break down, shatter, destroy. 

con-fugi5, fugere, fugi, v. intr., to 
flee for refuge, have recourse to, 

con-gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, v. tr., 
to bear, carry, or bring together, 
collect, heap up ; to confer. 

con-gredior, gredi, gressus sum, v. 
dep. (gradior, to go), to go, come, 
or meet with ; to fight, contend, 
engage. 

con-grego, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(grego, to gather into a flock, 
grex), to collect, assemble, unite. 

congruo, gruere, grui, v. intr., to 
agree. 

con-icio, conicere, conieci, coniectum, 
V. tr. (con-iacio), to throw together; 
to hurl, send, cast ; to infer, con- 
jecture. 

coniectura, ae, / (coniec-tura, con- 
icio), conjecture, supposition, in- 
ference, conclusion ; coniectura 
consequi, to infer. 

coniiinctio, onis, / (coniung-tio, 
COniungo), union, connection. 

con-iungo, iungere, iiinxi, iiinctum, 
v.tr., to join together, join, connect, 
unite, associate ; bellum con- 
iungere, to wage war conjointly. 



coniiinx, iugis, m. and f. (coniung-s, 

COniungo), a spouse, husband, wife, 

coniurati, orum, m. pi. {p. p. ^/con- 

iuro, to bind by oath), conspirators. 

coniiiratio, onis, / (coniura-tio, con- 
iuro, to bind by oath), a conspiracy, 
plot, combination. ' 

coniveo, conivere, v. intr., to close the 
eyes, wink, wink at, connive. 

conlatus,/./. (?/confero. 

conlectio, onis, / (conlig-tio, con- 
ligo), a collecting together, act of 
collecting, collection. 

conlega, ae, m. (con and lego, to de- 
pute), a partner in office, colleague. 

conlegium, ii, n. (conleg-ium, con- 
lega), a company of associates, 
board. 

con-ligo, ligere, legi, lectum, v, tr. 
(lego, to collect), to collect, as- 
semble; adduce. 

con-loco, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
lay, put, place ; to invest ; to set up, 
erect ; to station, arrange. 

Conor, ari, atus sum, v. dep., to under- 
take, attempt, try, venture. 

con-quiesco, quiescere, quievi, quie- 
tum, V. intr., to take rest, repose ; 
to cease. 

consceleratus, a, um, adj, {p. p. of 
con-scelero, to stain with guilt, sce- 
lus), wicked, depraved, criminal, 
villainous. 

conscientia, ae, / (conscient-ia, con- 
sciens, conscio, to be conscious), 
consciousness, knowledge, feeling, 
sense ; conscience. 

conscius, a, um, adj. (knowing with 
one's self or another ; con-sci-us, 
scio), conscious, aware, cognizant, 



conscribo — coiistantia 



V 23 



privy to, participant in ; conscius, ii, 
;;/., and conscia, ae, /, an ac- 
complice, ally, witness. 

con-scribo, scribere, scrips!, scrip- 
turn, V. tr., to write together ; to 
write ; to enroll, enlist, levy. 

conscriptus, a, um, adj. {p. p. ^/con- 
scribo), enrolled, conscript ; patres 
conscript!, conscript fathers, the 
official appellation of the senators. 

con-secro, are, av!, atum, v. tr. 
(sacro, to consecrate), to make 
sacred, consecrate. 

consensio, on!s, / (consent-tio, con- 
sent!o), agreement, unanimity, har- 
mony ; conspiracy. 

consensus, us, m. (consent-tus, con- 
sent!o) , agreement, unanimity ; 
consent. 

con-sent!o, sent!re, sens!, sensum, v. 
intr., to agree, accord, be of the 
same mind. 

con-sequor, sequ!, secutus sum, v. 
dep., to follow, go after, accompany ; 
to pursue ; to reach, overtake ; to 
gain, obtain, acquire, secure. 

conservat!o, on!s, / (conserva-t!o, 
i[ COnservo), preservation, retaining, 
keeping. 

con-servo, are, av!, atum, v. tr., to 
preserve, keep safe or unharmed. 

consessus, us, »z. (consid-tus, con- 
s!do, to sit together), an assembly, 
assemblage. 

considero, are, av!, atum, v. tr., to 
consider, inspect, examine, observe. 

Considius, i, ni., Considius, the name 
of a Roman gens : C. Considius 
Longus, Gaius Considius,/^^/;^^,?/^^ 
in Afi'ica, 50 B, C. 



consilium, i!, n. (consil-ium, con- 
SUlo), deliberation, consultation; 
counsel, advice, authority ; a plan, 
purpose, design, intention ; wisdom, 
understanding, judgment, penetra- 
tion, prudence, ability ; a council. 

con-sisto, sistere, stit!, — , v. intr. 
(sisto, to cause to stand), to 
stand still, remain standing ; to con- 
sist of or in, depend upon. 

con-sobrinus, !, ;;/. (born of sisters ; 
sobr-inus f-ojn sosr-inus, *sosor, 
earlier form of soror), the son of a 
mother's sister, cousin. 

consolatio, onis, / (consola-tio, con- 
solor), consolation, solace; means 
of consolation. 

c5n-solor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (solor, 
to comfort), to console, comfort, en- 
courage, cheer, animate. 

conspectus, us, m. (conspic-tus, con- 
spicio), sight, view. 

con-spicio, spicere, spex!, spectum, 
V. tr. (specio, to look), to view, ob- 
serve, see, look at, perceive, behold. 

c5nsp!ratio, onis, / (conspira-tio, 
conspiro), unanimity, concord, 
agreement. 

con-sp!ro, are, av!, atum, v. intr. 
(spiro, to breathe), to agree ; to 
combine, conspire. 

c5nstans, antis, adj. {pres. p. of con- 
sto), steady, steadfast, firm. 

constanter, adv. (constant- i-ter, con- 
stans; cf. clementer), firmly, steadily ; 
uniformly, consistently, constantly. 

constantia, ae, / (constant-ia, con- 
stans), firmness, steadiness, con- 
stancy, perseverance, resolution, 
consistency. 



V24 



constituo — contingo 



con-stituo, stituere, stitui, stitutum, 
V. tr. (statuo), to put, place, estab- 
lish ; to station ; to set in order ; 
to erect, construct ; to arrange, regu- 
late, settle, constitute, found, form ; 
to appoint ; to determine, fix, agree 
upon ; to decree, resolve. 

con-sto, stare, stiti, statum, v. intr.,\.o 
stand still, remain firm ; to consist 
in, depend upon ; constat, impers., 
it is evident, is an admitted fact. 

con-stringo, stringere, strinxi, stric- 
tum, V. tr. (stringo, to bind), to 
bind, fetter, restrain ; constrictum 
tenere, to hold in check. 

consuetude, inis, / (consueto-tudo, 
consuetus, /. /. of consuesco, to 
accustom), custom, habit, use, us- 
age ; intimacy, friendly intercourse. 

consul, sulis, m. {cf. consulo), a con- 
sul, OJie of the two presiding magis- 
trates of the Roman commonwealth ; 
pro consule, as proconsul, see 89. 

consularis, e, adj. (consul-aris, con- 
sul), of or pertaining to a consul, 
consular ; consularis, is, w., one 
of consular rank, an ex-consul. 

consulatus, iis, m. (consul -atus, con- 
sul), consulship, consulate. 

consulo, sulere, sului, sultum, v. tr. 
and intr. (to come together ; salio, 
to leap), to consult ; to take coun- 
sel, deliberate, consider ; to consult 
for, take care for, have regard for. 

consulto, adv. (all. of consultum), 
designedly, with deliberation, on 
purpose, purposely. 

consultum, 1, n. (consul-turn, netit. 
p. p. ^/consulo), a decree, delibera- 
tion, decision. 



con-sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum, 

V. tr., to take ; to consume, devour, 
waste, destroy ; to pass, spend. 

con-tamino, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(tagmen, tango), to defile, pollute, 
contaminate, sully, dishonor. 

con-tego, tegere, texi, tectum, v. tr., 
to cover, cover over, conceal. 

con-temno, temnere, tempsi, temp- 
tum, V. tr. (temno, to slight), to 
despise, scorn, esteem hghtly, hold 
in contempt. 

con-tendo, tendere, tendi, tentum, 
V. tr. and intr., to strive for, main- 
tain ; to contend ; to compare. 

contentio, onis, / (contend-tio, con- 
tendo), tension, strain ; contest, 
exertion, struggle, dispute, contro- 
versy, strife ; comparison. 

contentus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of con- 
tineo), content, satisfied. 

conticesco, ticescere, ticui, v. intr. 
(incept, of conticeo, to be silent, 
con, taceo), to become silent, be 
silent. 

continens, entis, adj. {pres. p. of 
contineo), continent, temperate, 
self-controlled. 

continentia, ae, / (continent-ia, con- 
tinens), temperance, self-control, 
moderation, 

con-tineo, tinere, tinui, tentum, v. tr. 
(teneo), to hold together, bind ; to 
guard, restrain ; to bound, confine ; 
to embrace, occupy, inclose, wrap 
up in ; to hold back, check ; se 
continere, to restrain one's self; 
contineri, pass., to consist of. 

con-tingo, tingere, tigi, tactum, v. tr. 
and intr. (tango), to touch, border 



continuus — Corfidius 



V25 



upon ; to happen, fall to one's lot, 
be one's good fortune. 

continuus, a, um, adj. (contin-uus, 
contineo), successive, consecutive, 
uninterrupted. 

contio, onis, / (conven-tio, conve- 
nio), an assembly, of the people or 
of an army, meeting {see 139); a 
speech, harangue, discourse. 

contionator, oris, m. (contiona-tor, 
contionor, to harangue, contio), a 
haranguer, demagogue. 

contra, adv. and prep. {prig. abl. of 
*COn-terus; cf. con); adv., on the 
contrary, differently, on the other 
hand ; contra atque, otherwise than, 
in an opposite direction ; contra 
atque antea fuerat, in a direction 
opposite to the former ; prep, zviih 
ace, over against, opposite to, con- 
trary to, against. 

con-traho, trahere, traxi, tractum, 
V. tr., to draw together, collect, 
unite ; to occasion ; to make smaller, 
contract ; aes alienum contrahere, 
to contract a debt. 

contrarius, a, um, adj. (contro-arius, 
cf contra), opposite, opposed, con- 
trary, on the other side. 

controversia, ae, / (contro-verso-ia, 
contro-versus, turned against), 
strife, controversy, dispute ; sine con- 
troversia, without doubt, doubtless. 

contubernalis, is, m. and f (con- 
taberna-alis, taberna), one occu- 
pying the same tent, a comrade. 

COntumelia, ae, /, abuse, insult, af- 
front, disgrace, ignominy. 

con-venio, venire, veni, ventum, v. tr. 
and intr., to come together, assem- 



ble ; to go or come, arrive ; to speak 
to, address ; to be agreed upon ; 
convenit, inipers., it is fit, suitable, 
proper, agreed upon ; mihi COn- 
venit cum aliquo, I make an agree- 
ment with some one. 

conventus, us, m. (conven-tus, conve- 
nio), a meeting, assembly, assem- 
blage ; an association, corporation. 

con-verto, vertere, verti, versum, v. tr. 
and intr., to turn, turn back ; to 
change, alter, transform ; to turn, 
direct. 

convicium, ii, 71., wrangling, alterca- 
tion, disputation, strife. 

con-vinco, vincere, vici, victum, v. 
tr., to overcome ; to show clearly, 
prove ; to convince ; to convict. 

convivium, ii, n. (con-viv-ium, a liv- 
ing together, vivo), a banquet, feast, 
entertainment. 

con-voco, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to call 
together, summon, convoke. 

copia, ae, / (co-op-ia, op, stem of 
ops), plenty, abundance, copious- 
ness, fullness ; means, riches, re- 
sources ; provisions ; number, 
multitude ; COpiae, //., generally, 
military forces, troops, an army. 

copiosus, a, um, adj. (copia-osus, 
copia), well-supplied, rich, well- 
stocked. 

coram, adv. (face to face, co-oram ; 
Oram ■= Os), in private, in person. 

Corduba, ae, /, Cordova, a town in 
Spain. 

Corfidius, 1, w., Corfidius, the name 
of a Roman gens : L. Corfidius, 
Lucius Corfidius, a friend of Liga- 
rius. 



V 26 



Corinth us — crudelis 



Corinthus, i,/, Corinth, a celebrated 
city of Greece. 

Cornelius, i, ;;/., Cornelius, the name 
of a Roman gens; see Cethegus, 
Cinna, Dolabella, Lentulus, Scipio, 
ajid Sulla. 

Cornutus, i, vi., Cornutus, a family 
name : M. Cornutus, Marcus Q,ox- 
nntViS, praetor iirbanus in 43 B.C. 

corpus, oris, n., the body, corpse, 
person. 

corrigo, rigere, rexi, rectum, v. tr. 
(COn-rego), to correct, amend, im- 
prove. 

corroboro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(con and roboro, to strengthen, 
robur), to strengthen, support. 

corrumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum, 
V. tr. (con-rumpo), to break, de- 
stroy, damage, injure, corrupt. 

corruo, mere, rui, v. intr. (con-ruo), 
to fall together, fall in ruins. 

corruptela, ae, / (corrupto-ela, cor- 
rumpo), corruption, seduction, se- 
ductive arts. 

corruptor, oris, m. (corrup-tor, cor- 
rumpo), a corrupter, seducer. 

corruptus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of cor- 
rumpo), corrupt, ruined, profligate. 

cotidianus, a, um, adj. (cotidie-anus, 
COtidie), daily, every day. 

cotidie, adv. (quoti-die, cf quotus, 
how many), daily, every day. 

Cotta, ae, ;;/., Cotta, a family name : 
L. Aurelius Cotta, Lucius Cotta, 
consul 65 B. C. 

eras, adv., to-morrow. 

Crassus, i, m., Crassus, a family name : 
I, L. Licinius Crassus, Lucius 
Crassus, a celebrated orator, consul 



95 B.C.; 2, P. Licinius Crassus, 

Publius Crassus, censor 8g B.C. 

creber, bra, brum, adj., frequent, nu- 
merous, crowded. 

crebro, adv. {abl. of creber), fre- 
quently, often. 

credibilis, e, adj. (credi-bilis, credo), 
credible. 

credo, credere, credidi, creditum, v. 
intr. and tr. (cred-do ; with cred, 
cf cord, stejn of cor ; do, to place), 
to believe, trust, rely upon ; to 
think, imagine, suppose ; to in- 
trust, commit, consign. 

cremo, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to burn. 

cresco, crescere, crevi, cretum, v. intr. 
(cre-sco ; sco, incept, end. ; cf creo, 
to cause to grow), to grow, increase, 
augment. 

Cretensis, e, adj. (Creta-ensis, Creta, 
Crete), of the island of Crete, 
Cretan ; Cretenses, ium, ;;/. //., the 
Cretans. 

crevi, /^r/ ^/cerno ; also 0/ cresco. 

crimen, inis, n. (cri-men ; cf cerno), 
a charge, accusation, imputation ; 
a crime, offense, fault. 

criminor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (cri- 
men), to accuse ; to allege. 

criminosus, a, um, adj. (crimin-osus, 
crimen), criminating, criminal, in- 
volving crime or censure. 

Crotoniensis, is, m. (Croton-iensis, 
Croton), a Crotonian, a citizen of 
Croton, a city in Southern Italy. 

cruciatus, lis, m. (crucia-tus, crucio, 
to crucify), torment, torture, pain, 
suffering, anguish. 

criidelis, e, adj. (crudo-elis, crudus, 
bloody), cruel, unmerciful. 



I 



crudelitas — damiiatiS 



V27 



crudelitas, atis, / (crudeli-tas, cru- 
delis), cruelty, severity, barbarity. 

crudeliter, adv. (cnideli-ter, crude- 
lis), in a cruel manner, cruelly. 

cruentus, a, um, adj. {cf. cruor, blood, 
crudus, bloody) , bloody, gory, blood- 
stained. 

cubile, is, ;z. (cub-ile, cf. cubo, to lie 
down), a bed, couch. 

culpa, die,/., a fault, blame, guilt, crime. 

cultura, ae, / (cul-tura, colo), culti- 
vation, culture ; agri cultura, agri- 
culture. 

cum, />re/>. with abl., with, together 
with, among ; at the same time 
with. 

cum, conj. {^older form quom, ace. of 
qui), when, as, after, as soon as, 
while ; because, since ; although ; 
cum . . . tum, while ... so also; 
not only . . . but also; cum pri- 
mum, as soon as. 

cumulate, adv. {old abl. o/cumulatus, 
p. p. ^/cumulo), fully, in full meas- 
ure. 

cumul5, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (cumu- 
lus), to increase, augment, add to. 

cumulus, i, in., a heap ; addition, 
increase. 

ciinctus, a, um, adj., all together, all, 
whole. 

cupiditas, atis, / (ciipido-tas, cupi- 
dus), desire, wish, longing; affec- 
tion ; enthusiasm, party spirit ; 
avarice. 

cupidus, a, um, adj. (cupi-dus, cupio), 
desirous, eager, fond ; avaricious. 

cupio, cupire, cupivi or cupii, cupi- 
tum, z/, tr., to desire, wish, long 
for. 



cur, adv. rel. and interr. {older form 

quor ; cf. qui), why, wherefore, for 

what purpose. 
Ciira, ae,/, care, attention, diligence ; 

anxiety, solicitude. 
curia, ae, /, the senate-house ; see 

149. 
Ciiri5, onis, ;;/., Curio, a family name : 

C. Scribonius Curio, Gaius Curio, 

constd jb B. C. 
ciiro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (cura), to 

care for, provide for, attend to, 

take care ; with gerundive, to or- 
der, cause to be done, 
curriculum, i, n. (curri-culum, curro, 

to run), a career, course. 
currus, us, m, {cf curro, to run), a 

car, chariot. 
cursus,iis, m. (cur-sus, curro, to run), 

running, speed ; a course, march, 

progress, career. 
-custodia, ae, / (custod-ia, custos), 

a watching, guard, care, custody, 

charge ; a customhouse ; custo- 

diae, //., guards ; customhouses, 
ciistodio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 

(custos), to guard, keep watch 

over, secure. 
Ciistos, odis, m. and f., a guard, watch, 

keeper, attendant. 
Cyzicenus, a, um, adj. (Cyzico-enus, 

Cyzicus), of Cyzicus, a city of Mysia, 

on the Propontis ; Cyziceni, orum, 

m. pL, the citizens of Cyzicus, the 

Cyzicenes. 

D 
D., for Decimus, Decimus, a Eoman 

praenomen. 
damnatio, onis, / (damna-tio, 

damno), condemnation. 



V28 



damiio — deduce 



damno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (dam- 
num), to condemn, doom, sen- 
tence. 

damnum, i, n., a loss, penalty. 

de, prep, luith abl. : i. Of space, from, 
away from ; de popuio, from among 
the people; 2, (9/" //;;/<?, directly after, 
in, by, in the course of, during; 
de tertia vigilia, in the third 
watch ; 3, Of other relations, from, 
of, concerning, in regard to, for, on 
account of, by ; de vita, at the 
peril of life. In composition, away, 
down, off ; through ; sojneti??ies with 
negative force. 

debeo, debere, debui, debitum, 
V. tr. (de-habeo, ///. to have from, 
i.e. from another^, to owe; zvith inf., 
to be in duty bound; to deserve; to 
have good reason ; debeo, I ought ; 
pass., to be due. 

debilis, e, adj. (de-habilis, hab-ilis, 
manageable, habeo), feeble, vi^eak. 

debilito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (for 
debilitat-o, debilitas, weakness, 
debilis), to debilitate, weaken; to 
impair, embarrass. 

debitus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of debeo), 
due, deserved, merited. 

de-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, v. intr., 
to go from, depart, withdraw. 

decern, mim. adj., ten. 

decem-peda, ae, / {cf pes), a ten- 
foot measure, ten-foot pole. 

de-cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, 
V. tr., to think, judge, conclude, 
resolve, decide, pronounce, settle ; 
to decree, vote, appoint ; to fight, 
contend. 

de-cerpo, cerpere, cerpsi, cerptum, 



V. tr. (carpo, to pick), to take 
away, to detract from. 

decet, decere, decuit, v. impers. {cf. 
decus, ornament), it is becoming, 
fitting, suitable. 

decimus, a, um, adj. (decem-mus, 
decern), tenth. 

Decimus, i, ;;/., Decimus, a Roman 
praenomen. 

de-claro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (to 
clear off, clarus), to make clear, 
declare, announce. 

declinatio, onis, / (declina-tio, de- 
cline, to bend down), a bending or 
turning aside. 

decoctor, oris, ;;/. (decoqu-tor, de- 
coquo, to l)oil away, to become bank- 
rupt), a spendthrift, bankrupt. 

decoro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (decus, 
ornament), to grace, honor. 

decretum, i, n. {nent. of p. p. of de- 
cerno), a decree, resolution, de- 
cision. 

decuma, ae, / (= decima, fem. of 
decimus), the tenth part, tithe. 

de-decus, oris, n. (decus, ornament), 
disgrace, dishonor, infamy, shame. 

dedi, see do. 

de-dico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (dico, to 
dedicate), to dedicate, consecrate. 

deditio, onis, / (dedi-tio, dedo), a 
surrender, capitulation. 

de-do, dere, didi, ditum, v. tr., to 
give up, yield, surrender, deliver ; 
to consign, devote. 

de-diico, diicere, duxi, ductum, v. tr., 
to lead or bring away ; to lead or 
bring down ; to convey, conduct, 
remove, withdraw, lead out ; to in- 
duce, lead, influence. 



def atis^o — dementia 



V29 



de-fatigo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(fatigo, to weary), to make weary, 
tire out, fatigue, exhaust. 

de-fendo, fendere, fendi, fensum, 
V. tr. (*fendo, to strike), to -ward 
off, repel, keep off ; to defend, pro- 
tect ; to allege in defense. 

defensio, onis, / (defend-tio, de- 
fendo), defense. 

de-fero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. tr., to 
bear or bring away, carry, convey ; 
to tell, report ; to produce, offer, 
present, bring forward, state ; to 
confer upon, bestow. 

defessus, a, um, adj. {p.p. of defetis- 
cor, fatisco, to grow weary), wearied, 
tired out, fatigued, exhausted. 

de-fetigo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (fati- 
go, to weary), to weary, tire out. 

de-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
and intr. (facio),to fail, fall away 
from, separate from, revolt. 

de-figo, figere, fixi, fixum, v. tr., to 
drive down, fasten, fix, plunge. 

de-finio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
(finio, to limit), to set bounds to, 
define, determine, restrict. 

de-flagro, are, avi, atum, v. intr. and 
tr., to be burned up, burn, be con- 
sumed or perish by fire ; to burn 
up, consume. 

de-icio, icere, ieci, iectum, v. tr. 
(iacio), to throw down, cast down, 
cast off, dislodge, drive, turn aside ; 
to precipitate; to destroy, kill ; to 
deprive of, disappoint. 

de-inde, crdein, adv., then, afterward, 
next. 

de-labor, labi, lapsus sum, v. dep., to 
come down, descend. 



delatus, a, um, p. p. of defero. 

delectatio, onis, / (delecta-tio, de- 
lecto), amusement, entertainment; 
enjoyment. 

de-lecto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {freq. 
of de-licio, to entice), to allure, 
please, delight ; pass., to delight in, 
find pleasure in. 

delectus, a, um, p. p. of deligo. 

deleo, ere, evi, etum, v. tr. (de-le-o ; 
le perhaps stem of lino, to smear, 
seen in peif. le-vi ; ///. to smear or 
blot out), to destroy, blot out, erase, 
overthrow. 

deliberatio, onis,/ (delibera-tio, de- 
libero), deliberation, consideration. 

de-liber5, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(*libero, libra, a balance), to pon- 
der, consider, deliberate. 

delicatus, a, um, adj. {cf deliciae, 
delight), luxurious, voluptuous, 
wanton. 

delictum, i, ;?. {neut. of p. p. of delin- 
quo, to fail, as jioun)., a crime, 
offense, fault. 

de-ligo, ligere, legi, Iectum, v. tr. 
(lego, to collect), to select, choose; 
to levy; to detail. 

Delos, i, /, Delos, an island in the 
Aegean Sea. 

deliibrum, i, n. (delu-brum, deluo, 
to cleanse), a shrine, temple. 

de-mens, mentis, adj., demented, 
bereft of reason, crazy, insane, 
foolish. 

dementer, adv. (dement-i-ter, de- 
mens), foolishly, madly. 

dementia, ae, / (dement-ia, de- 
mens), madness, folly, want of 
reason. 



V30 



demigro — desertus 



de-migro, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
(migro, to remove), to move from, 
remove, go away, depart, with- 
draw. 

de-minuo, minuere, minui, minutum, 
V. tr., to diminish, lessen ; to take 
away from, weaken, impair. 

deminiitio, onis, / (deminu-tio, de- 
minuo), a diminution, loss. 

demo, demere, dempsi, demptum, v. 
tr. (de and emo, to take), to take 
away, remove. 

de-monstro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(monstro, to show), to point out, 
show, demonstrate ; to name, des- 
ignate ; to declare, state, mention. 

demum, adv. (de-mum, sup. <7/de; cf. 
pri-mum), at length, at last, finally. 

de-nego, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
deny, refuse. 

denique, adv. (de-ni-que, cf. de a^id 
demum), and then; at last, at 
length, finally; in short. 

de-noto, are, avi, atum, v. tr.., to 
mark out, point out. 

de-niintio, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
announce, declare, intimate ; to 
menace, threaten, warn. 

de-pello, pellere, puli, pulsum, v. tr., 
to drive out or away, remove, repel, 
dislodge; to ward off, avert, over- 
throw. 

de-pendo, pendere, pendi, pensum, 
V. tr. (pendo, to weigh), to weigh 
out, pay. 

de-ploro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ploro, 
to wail), to deplore, bewail, lament. 

de-pono, ponere, posui, positum, v. 
tr., to lay aside, put away; to place, 
deposit ; to lay down, give up. 



de-porto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (porto, 

to carry), to carry off, convey away, 

bring off. 
de-posco, pdscere, poposci, v. tr. 

(posco, to demand), to demand, 

require, request. 
depositus, a, um, /./. of depono. 
de-pravo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (pra- 

VUS, crooked, perverse), to pervert, 

seduce, corrupt, lead astray. 
deprecator, oris, m. (depreca-tor, de- 

precor), an intercessor, mediator. 
de-precor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (pre- 

cor, to pray), to avert by prayer, 

avert, pray for deliverance from ; 

to beseech, implore, intercede. 
de-prehend5, hendere, hendi, hen- 
sum, V. tr., to seize, capture ; to 

discover, find ; to surprise, detect, 

grasp. 
de-primo, primere, pressj, pressum, 

V. tr. (premo), to sink; to depress. 
de-promo, promere, prompsi, promp- 

tum, V. tr. (promo, to take out), to 

draw out, take from, draw. 
depulsus, a, um, /. /. of depello. 
de-relinquo, linquere, liqui, lictum, 

V. tr., to forsake, abandon. 
de-scendo, scendere, scendi, scensum, 

V. intr. (scando, to climb), to come 

down, descend. 
de-scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum, 

V. tr., to mark out, divide ; to as- 
sign, appoint. 
de-sero, serere, serui, sertum, v. tr. 

(sero, to join), to leave, forsake, 

desert, abandon, forfeit. 
desertus, a, um, adj. (/. /. of desero), 

deserted ; solitary, uninhabited, 

desert, remote. 



desideriuni — dies 



V31 



desiderium, ii, n. (desider-ium, de- 

sidero), a longing for, grief for the 

loss or absence of, desire to see ; 

grief, regret. 
desidero, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to long 

for, desire ; to miss, feel the want 

of; to lose. 
de-signo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (signo, 

to mark), to mark out, designate ; 

to appoint, choose ; consul desig- 

natus, consul-elect. 
de-sino, sinere, sii, situm, v. intr., to 

cease, desist. 
de-sisto, sistere, stiti, stiturus, 

V. intr, (sisto, to cause to stand), 

to leave off, desist, cease. 
desperatio, onis, / (despera-tio, de- 

spero), despair, desperation. 
desperatus, a, um, adj, {p. p. of de- 

spero), despaired of, desperate. 
de-spero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and 

intr., to despair, despair of, lose 

confidence in. 
de-spicio, spicere, spexi, spectum, 

V. tr. (specie, to look), to look 

down upon, to despise, disregard. 
de-stringo, stringere, strinxi, stric- 

tum, V. tr. (stringo, to draw tight), 

to strip off ; to unsheathe, draw, 
de-sum, esse, fui, futurus, v. intr., to 

be wanting, fail, be absent. 
de-terreo, terrere, terrui, territum, v. 

tr., to frighten away, deter, pre- 
vent. 
de-testor, ari, atus sum, v. dep., to 

imprecate ; to deprecate, refute. 
de-traho, trahere, traxi, tractum, v. 

tr., to draw away, remove ; to take 

from or away, withdraw ; to refuse, 

detract. 



detrimentum, 1, n. (detri-mentum, 
detero, detri-vi, to rub away), loss, 
damage, injury ; defeat, overthrow, 

detuli, see defero. 

deus, i, m. {cf. di-vus, divine), a god, 
deity. 

de-vinci5, vincire, vinxi, vinctum, v. 
tr., to bind, attach, connect. 

de-vinco, vincere, vici, victum, v. tr., 
to conquer, subdue, subjugate, over- 
come. 

devinctus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of de- 
vincio), bound to, devoted. 

de-voco, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to call 
away, call aside. 

de-voveo, vovere, vovi, v5tum, v. tr. 
(voveo, to vow), to vow, devote. 

dexter, tera or tra, terum or trum, 
adj., right, on the right hand. 

dextera, ae, / (dexter), the right 
hand. 

di, see dis. 

dico, dicere, dixi, dictum, v. tr., to 
say, tell, mention ; to speak ; to 
appoint, name ; to pronounce, de- 
liver ; causam dicere, to make a 
defense. 

dictator, oris, m. (dicta-tor, dicto, 
freq.from dico), a dictator. 

dictatura, ae, / (dicta-tura, dicto, 
freq. from dico), the office of dic- 
tator, dictatorship. 

dictito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {freq. 
from dicto, freq. from dico), to 
say continually, often, or emphati- 
cally ; to declare, maintain, assert. 

didici, see disco. 

dies, ei, m, a^id f.., a day ; time, dura- 
tion ; in dies singulos, from day to 
day, daily, day after day. 



V32 



cliff ero — discessus 



differo, ferre, distuli, dilatum, v. tr. 
and intr. (dis-fero), to put off, 
defer ; to differ. 

dif&cilis, e, adj. (dis-facilis), difficult, 
troublesome. 

difiicultas, atis, / (dif-ficul-tas ; 
ficul = ficili in dif&cilis), difficulty, 
trouble, perplexity. 

difid5, fidere, fisus sum, v. semi-dep. 
(dis-fido), to distrust, despair of; 
to despond. 

diffluo, fluere, fluxi, v. intr. (dis-fluo), 
to dissolve, go to ruin. 

dignitas, atis,/ (digno-tas, dignus), 
dignity, merit, worth ; authority, 
rank, office, position ; esse suae 
dignitatis, to be consistent with 
their dignity. 

dignus, a, um, adj. (dec-nus, cf. 
decet), worthy, deserving, suitable. 

di-iiidico, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
judge, decide, determine. 

di-labor, labi, lapsus sum, v. dep., to 
fall asunder. 

dilatio, onis, / (dila-tio, differo), a 
deferring, adjournment. 

dilatus, a, um, p. p. of differo. 

dilectus, us, m. (dilig-tus, diligo), a 
selection ; a levy of soldiers, enlist- 
ment. 

diligens, entis, adj. {pres. p. of 
diligo), careful, assiduous, diligent ; 
accurate, scrupulous. 

diligenter, adv. (diligent-i-ter, dili- 
gens), with care, carefully, atten- 
tively, accurately. 

diligentia, ae, / (diligent-ia, dili- 
gens), carefulness, attentiveness, 
diligence. 

di-ligo, ligere, lexi, lectum, v. tr. 



(lego, to collect), to value, esteem; 
to love. 

dilucesco, lucescere, luxi, v. intr. 
{incept, from diluceo, to be clear), 
to grow light ; itnpers., day dawns. 

dimicatio, onis, / (dimica-tio, di- 
mico), a combat, contest, struggle. 

di-mico, are, avi, atum, v. intr. (mico, 
to move quickly), to fight, struggle, 
contend. 

di-mitto, mittere, misi, missum, v. 
tr., to send away, send forth, send 
out ; to dismiss, let go ; to dis- 
charge, release. 

direptio, onis, / (dirip-tio, diripio), 
a plundering, pillaging. 

direptor, oris, m. (dirip-tor, diripio), 
a plunderer, pillager. 

direptus, a, um, p. p. of diripio. 

di ripio, ripere, ripui, reptum, v. tr. 
(rapio), to tear asunder ; to lay 
waste, ravage, plunder, pillage. 

dis, di, ins ep. particle (dis before p, q, t, 
before s followed by a vowel, and 
sometii?tes before i consonant, but s 
is assimilated before i and changed 
to r before a voivel ; di in ?nost other 
situations), a.pa.vt, asunder, between; 
sometimes negative, see dif-ficilis. 

dis-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, v. 
intr., to go apart ; to depart, go 
away, march from, withdraw. 

dis-cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, v. 
tr., to distinguish ; to separate. 

discessio, onis, / (disced-tio, dis- 
cedo), a departure, withdrawal; a di- 
vision, vote ; discessionem facere, 
to take a vote. 

discessus, lis, m. (disced-tus, dis- 
cedo), separation ; departure. 



discidium — divello 



V33 



discidium, ii, n. (discid-ium, di- 
scindo, to tear apart), a parting, 
separation, dissension. 

disciplina, ae, / (discipulo-ina, dis- 
cipulus, learner, disco), instruction, 
knowledge, learning, science ; dis- 
cipline, usage, system, training. 

disco, discere, didici, v. tr. (di-tc-sco, 
cf. doceo), to learn, study, beconae 
acquainted with. 

di-scribo, scribere, scrips!, scriptum, 
V. tr., to mark out, divide ; to as- 
sign, appoint. 

discrimen, inis, n. (discri-men, cf. 
discerno), a separation, distinction ; 
a decisive point, critical moment or 
situation, crisis ; danger, risk, haz- 
ard, peril. 

dis-iiinctus, a, um, adj. (/. /. (j/dis- 
iungo, to sever), widely separated, 
distant, remote. 

di-spergo, spergere, spersi, spersum, 
V. tr. (spargo), to scatter about, 
scatter. 

dis-pertio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
(partio, to part), to distribute, di- 
vide. 

dis-puto, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
discuss, debate, argue. 

dis-semino, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(semino, to sow), to disseminate, 
scatter, spread abroad. 

dissensio, onis, / (dissent-tio, dis- 
sentio), difference of opinion, dis- 
sension, dispute, discord, strife, 
quarrel. 

dis-sentio, ire, sensi, sensum, v. intr., 
to differ in opinion, disagree, dissent, 
differ ; to dispute. 

Jdis-sideo, sidere, S3di, sessum, v. 



intr. (sedeo, to sit), to be at vari- 
ance, disagree. 

dis-similis, e, adj., unlike, different, 
dissimilar. 

dissimilitiido, inis, / (dissimilitude, 
dissimilis), diversity, unlikeness. 

dis-simulo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(simulo), to dissemble, disguise ; to 
hide, conceal. 

dis-sip5, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (*supo, 
to throw), to scatter, disperse. 

dissolutus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of dis- 
solve), remiss, lax, negligent. 

dis-solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum, v. 
tr., to separate; to destroy; dis- 
solvi, pass., to be set free or to free 
one's self from debt. 

dis-traho, trahere, traxi, tractum, 
V. tr., to draw asunder, separate, 
divide, disjoin ; to involve in strife. 

dis-tribuo, tribuere, tribui, tribiitum, 
V. tr., to distribute, divide ; to as- 
sign. 

di-stringo, stringere, strinxi, stric- 
tum, V. tr. (stringo, to draw tight), 
to occupy, engage, employ, distract. 

distuli, see differo. 

diu, diiitius, diutissime, adv. {cf 
dies), for a long time, a long time, 
long ; quam diu, as long as, how 
long ? 

diiiturnitas, atis, / (diuturno-tas, 
diuturnus), long continuance, 
length of time. 

diiiturnus, a, um, adj. (diu-turnus, 
cf diu, dies), of long duration, 
lasting, long. 

di-vello, vellere, velli, vulsum, v. tr. 
(vello, to pluck), to tear away, 
separate. 



V34 



divers us — diibius 



diversus, a, um, adj. (/. p. of di- 
verto), turned different ways, sep- 
arated, opposite, remote ; unlike, 
different, diverse. 

di-vido, videre, visi, visum, v. tr. 
(di-*vido, cf. vid-uus, deprived of), 
to divide. 

divinitus, adv, (divino-tus, divinus), 
by divine providence, direction, oj- 
influence ; providentially. 

divino, are, avi, atum, v. t7\ (divi- 
nus), to divine, foresee. 

divinus, a, um, adj. (divo-nus, divus, 
divine), divine, godlike. 

divisus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of divide), 
divided, separated, extended. 

divitiae, arum,///, (divit-iae, dives, 
rich), riches, wealth. 

d5, dare, dedi, datum, v. tr., to give, 
give up ; to grant, present, offer ; 
to occasion, furnish, bestow ; aures 
dare, to listen, pay attention to. 

doceo, ere, docui, doctum, v. tr. 
(dOC-eo, cf. disco), to teach, in- 
struct ; to show, indicate, inform, tell. 

doctrina, ae, / (doctor-ina, doctor, 
teacher),learning, knowledge ; study. 

doctus, a, um, adj. {p. p. 0/ doceo), 
instructed, learned. 

Dolabella, ae, w., Dolabella, a fa?nily 
name; P. Cornelius Dolabella, 
Publius Dolabella, Cicero^s son-in- 
law, colleague of Antony in the consul- 
ship after the death of Caesar, 44 B. C. 

doleo, ere, dolui, dolitum, v. tr. and 
intr., to grieve, deplore, lament, 
regret. 

dolor, oris, tn. (dol-or, doleo), grief, 
sorrow, pain, distress, anguish, 
trouble, vexation, mortification. 



domesticus, a, um, adj. (domes-ticus, 
cf domus), domestic, familiar, pri- 
vate, civil. 

domicilium, ii, 71. (domo-col-ium, 
domus and colo), a dwelling, habi- 
tation, abode, residence, home. 

domina, ae, / (dominus, master), a 
mistress, ruler. 

dominatio, onis, / (domina-tio, dom- 
inor, to be master), rule, dominion ; 
power. 

domo, are, domui, domitum, v. tr. 
{cf. dominus, master), to subdue, 
vanquish, overcome. 

domus, iis, /, a house, home ; a 
family ; domi, loc, at home ; domi 
meae, at my house ; domum, home- 
ward, to one's home, home ; domo, 
from home. 

dono, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (donum), 
to present, bestow, grant, confer, give. 

donum, i, n. (do-num, do), a gift, 
present. 

dormiens, entis, adj. {pres. p. of 
dormio), sleepy, inactive, dull. 

dormio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. intr., 
to sleep. 

Driisus, i, ;«., Drusus, a family name ; 
M. Livius Drusus, see note on p. 193, 

1.13. 
dubitatio, onis,/ (dubita-tio, dubito), 

doubt, uncertainty, hesitation, hesi- 
tancy. 

dubito, are, avi, atum, v. intr. (*du- 
bitus, cf dubius, duo), to doubt, 
hesitate, delay. 

dubius, a, um, adj. (du-bius, duo), 
doubtful, uncertain; dubium, ii, «., 
a doubt; sine dubio, without doubt, 
doubtless, indisputably, certainly. 



ducenti — eff ugio 



V35 



I 



ducenti, ae, a, num. adj. pi. (duo 
and centi, //. of centum), two 
hundred. 

duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, v. tr., to 
lead, conduct, bring, draw ; to de- 
rive ; to consider, think, regard. 

ductus, us, 771. (duc-tus, duco), the 
lead, generalship, command. 

dudum, adv. (diu, dum), before, for- 
merly ; iam dudum, for a long 
time, long since, long ago. 

duint, old form of pres. subj. j pi. 
from do. 

dulcedo, dinis, / (dulci-edo, dulcis), 
sweetness. 

dulcis, e, adj., sweet ; agreeable, de- 
lightful. 

dum, conj., while, as long as, until ; 
provided, if. 

dumtaxat, adv. (dum-taxat, so far 
as it holds good), only, simply, 
merely. 

duo, duae, duo, num. adj. {cf bis), 
two. 

duo-decim, num. adj. (decem\ twelve. 

duodecimus, a, um, 7ium. adj. (duo- 
decim-mus), twelfth. 

diire, adv. {old abl. of durus), harshly, 
severely. 

diirus, a, um, adj , hard, rough, se- 
vere ; rude, unfeeling, insensible. 

dux, duels, m. and f. (duco), a leader, 
commander, general. 



e, see ex. 

ebriosus, a, um, adj. (ebrio-osus. 

ebrius, drunken), drunken, sottish, 

given to drunkenness. 



ec, demonstrative particle, used only 
in a fezu words. 

ec-quis or ec-qui, ecquae or ecqua, 
ecquid or ecquod, interrog. pron., 
anyone? anything? any? 

ecquid, interrog. adv. {iieut. ace. of 
ecquis), at all ? 

edictum, i, n. {neut. of p. p. ^/edico, 
to declare), an edict, order, procla- 
mation. 

editus, a, um, /. /. ^/edo. 

e-do, dere, didi, ditum, v. tr., to give 
out, make known, publish ; to ex- 
hibit ; to record. 

e-doceo, ere, docui, doctum, v. tr., to 
teach, instruct, inform ; to make 
known, tell. 

e-duco, ducere, diixi, ductum, v. tr., 
to lead forth, draw out ; to take. 

effero, ferre, extuli, elatum, v. tr. 
(ex-fero), to bear or carry out ; to 
bring forth, produce, bear ; to ex- 
tol, celebrate ; to set forth, publish. 

efficio, ficere, feci, tectum, v. tr. (ex- 
facio), to bring to pass, effect, exe- 
cute; to make, produce, accomplish; 
to cause, render, occasion. 

effigies, ei, / (effig-ies, effingo, to 
form), a likeness, portrait. 

efflagito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ex- 
flagito), to demand or ask urgently, 
request earnestly. 

effrenate, adv. {old abl. of effrena- 
tus), without restraint. 

effrenatus, a, um, adj. {p.p. <7/effreno, 
to unbridle), unbridled, unre- 
strained. 

effugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum, v. intr. 
and tr. (ex-fugio), to flee away, 
escape; to avoid, shun. 



V36 



ef f undo — erg^a 



effundo, fundere, fudi, fusum, v. tr. 
(ex-fundo), to pour forth; to breathe 
out. 

egens, entis, adj. {pres. /. of egeo) , 
needy, in want, poor. 

egeo, egere, egui, v. intr., to be in 
need ; to be without, lack, be des- 
titute of, need. 

egestas, atis, / (eges-tas, egeo, cf. 
tempestas), want, poverty, need. 

egi, see ago. 

ego, mei, pers. proji., I ; ego-met, I 
myself; //. nos, we, so?7ietimes used 
for ego. 

e-gredior, gredi, gressus sum, v. dep. 
(gradior, to step), to go out from ; 
to march forth, depart from, leave, 
go forth, depart, 

egregius, a, um, adj. (e-greg-ius, 
grex ; lit. out of the herd, uncom- 
mon), distinguished, excellent, ad- 
mirable, remarkable. 

e-icio, icere, ieci, iectum, v. tr. 
(iacio), to cast out, drive out or 
away, banish, expel ; se eicere, to 
remove one's self. 

e-labor, labi, lapsus sum, v. dep., to 
slip away, escape, get clear. 

e-laboro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and 
intr., to labor, exert one's self, take 
pains ; to work out, elaborate. 

elatus, a, um, /. p. ^/effero. 

e-ligo, ligere, legi, Iectum, v. tr. 
(lego, to collect), to pick out, select, 
choose. 

e-ludo, ludere, lusi, lusum, v. tr. 
(ludo, to sport), to mock, befool, 
baffle. 

e-merg5, mergere, mersi, mersum, 
V. intr. (mergo, to dip), to extri- 



cate one's self, come forth, emerge, 
get clear. 

e-mitto, mittere, misi, missum, v. tr., 
to send out, send forth ; to let out, 
let go, allow to go. 

e-morior, mori, mortuus sum, v. dep., 
to die. 

e-narro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (narro, 
to tell), to narrate, detail. 

enim, conj. (^dem. part, e and nam ; 
cf e-quidem), for ; in fact, indeed. 

Ennius, i, vi., Ennius, the name of a 
Rojnan gens ; Q. Ennius, Quintus 
Ennius, the father of Rojnan poetry, 
born iji Calabria, 2jg B. C. 

eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. i^itr., to go, 
march, proceed ; to pass. 

eo, adv. {abl. of is ; in some of its 
7neanings, pe^'haps dat?), to that 
place, thither, there ; to such a de- 
gree, to such an extent ; to the 
purpose, to the end. 

eodem, adv. (idem, cf eo), to the same 
thing, to the same place ; to this. 

epigramma, atis, n. (^Greek), an epi- 
gram. 

epulae, arum,///., a banquet. 

eques, itis, m. (equo-tis, equus), a 
rider, horseman ; a knight, one of 
the order of equites, holding a 
rank between the senators and the 
plebeians. 

equidem, adv. {de>u. part, e and 
quidem ; cf. e-nim), verily, indeed. 

equitatus, iis, jn. (equita-tus, equito, 
to ride), a body of horsemen, cav- 
alry, horsemen. 

equus, i, m., a horse. 

erga, prep, with ace. {orig. abl. ; cf. 
ergo), toward. 



ergo 



exam mo 



V37 



ergo, conj. {orig. abl; cf. erga), 

therefore, then. 
e-rigo, rigere, rexi, rectum, v. tr. 

(rego), to set up, raise up, erect; 

to animate, encourage. 
e-ripi5, ripere, ripui, reptum, v. tr. 

(rapio), to snatch out or away, tear 

away ; to rescue, hberate, free ; to 

take away, take. 
erratum, i, n. {iieui. p. p. ^/erro), an 

error, mistake. 
erro, are, avi, atum, v. intr., to wan- 
der, stray ; to wander from truth, 

err, mistake. 
error, oris, m. (err-or, erro), an error, 

mistake. 
e-ructo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ructo, 

to belch), to belch forth, talk of. 
erudio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. (e 

and * rudio, rudis), to instruct, 

teach, train, 
eruditus, a, um, adj. {p.p. <?/ erudio), 

instructed, accomplished, learned. 
e-rumpo, rumpere, riipi, ruptum, v. 

intr., to burst forth, break forth or 

away. 
e-scendo, scendere, scendi, scensum, 

V. hitr. (scando, to climb), to 

mount up, ascend. 
et, conj., and, also, even ; et . . . et, 

both . . . and, not only . . . but 

also. 
et-enim, conj., for. 
etiam, conj. and adv. (et-iam), and 

also, also, furthermore, likewise, be- 
sides; even, yet, still, indeed; etiam 

atque etiam, again and again. 
Etriiria, ae, /, Etruria, a country in 

the northwester7i part of Italy. 
et-si, conj., even if, although. 



e-vado, vadere, vasi, vasum, v. intr. 
(vado, to go), to go from, escape, 
get away. 

eventum, i, n. {neut. p. p. of evenio, 
to come out), outcome, event. 

eventus, iis, m. (even-tus, evenio), an 
occurrence, event, result, issue, fate. 

e-verto, vertere, verti, versum, v. tr., 
to overturn, overthrow, subvert, de- 
stroy, ruin. 

evocator, oris, m. (evoca-tor, evoco, 
to call out), one who calls or incites 
to arms, an instigator. 

e-vomo, vomere, vomui, vomitum, v. 
tr. (vomo, to vomit), to vomit forth, 
cast out, throw up. 

ex or e, prep, with abl : I , Of space, 
out of, from, away from, down from ; 
ex hac parte, on this side ; 2, Of 
time, immediately after, directly 
after, after ; 3, Of other relations, 
because, on account of, by, through, 
according to, in accordance with, 
of, from, out of; ex tempore, ex- 
temporaneously ; ex parte magna, 
in great measure ; aliqua ex parte, 
in some measure. /« composition 
(ex before vowels and before c, h, p, 
q, s, t, and with assimilation before 
f ; e before the other consona^tts') , 
out, forth ; completely, thoroughly. 

exactus, a, um,/./. o/exigo. 

ex-aggero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ag- 
gero, to heap up, agger, a mound, 
rampart), to heap up, amass, ac- 
cumulate. 

ex-animo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(anima), to deprive of life, kill, 
destroy ; pass., to be exhausted, be 
weakened ; to faint. 



V38 



ex^rdesco — eximius 



ex-ardesco, ardescere, arsi, v. intr, 
(arde-sco, incept, of ardeo), to 
kindle, take fire ; to be inflamed, 
break out. 

ex-audio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. t7\, to 
hear from a distance, overhear ; to 
hear, perceive, listen to. 

ex-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, v, intr., 
to go out, go away, depart, vi^ith- 
draw, retire ; to emerge. 

excellens, entis, adj. {pres. p. of ex- 
cello), excellent, distinguished, sur- 
passing. 

ex- cello, cellere, cellui, celsum, v. 
intr. (*cellO, to ascend), to be 
eminent, surpass, excel. 

excelsus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of ex- 
cello), high, lofty, elevated. 

ex-cido, cidere, cidi, v. intr. (cado), 
to fall out or from, to fall. 

ex-cipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
(capio), to take out, except ; to 
take up, receive ; to incur, meet ; 
to sustain, undergo ; to surprise, in- 
tercept, take captive, capture. 

ex-cito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ex-ci-to, 
freq. of ex-cieo, to rouse), to call 
forth, call up, arouse, summon, ex- 
cite ; to animate, incite, stimulate, 
impel ; to raise up, restore. 

ex-cliido, cludere, clusi, clusum, v. 
tr. (claudo), to shut out, exclude. 

ex-cogito, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
think out, devise. 

ex-colo, colere, colui, cultum, v. tr., 
to cultivate, improve. 

ex-crucio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (cru- 
cio, to crucify), to torture, tor- 
ment. 

excubiae, arum, / //. (excub-iae, ex- 



cubo, to lie out of doors), a watch, 
guard. 

excursio, onis, /. (excurr-sio, excurro, 
to run out), an excursion, sally, attack. 

ex-ciiso, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (causor, 
to give a reason, causa), to excuse 
one's self. 

exegi, see exigo. 

exemplum, i, n. (exem-p-lum, ivith 
enphoitic p, eximo, to take out), an 
example, instance. 

ex-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. intr., to go out 
or forth, go away, depart, withdraw. 

ex-erceo, ere, ercui, ercitum, v. tr. 
(arceo), to exercise, occupy, prac- 
tice, train, employ ; to conduct ; of 
the public revemies, to farm. 

exercitatio, onis, / (exercita-tio, ex- 
ercito, to exercise), exercise, prac- 
tice, use ; skill. 

exercitatus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of ex- 
ercito, to exercise), exercised, 
trained, practiced, skilled, versed. 

exercitus, iis, m. (exerci-tus, a train- 
ing, a body of trained men ; cf. p.p. 
of exerceo), an army. 

ex-haurio, ire, hausi, haustum, v. tr., 
to draw out, take away, take out, 
remove. 

ex-igo, igere, egi, actum, v. tr. (ago), 
to complete, finish ; to spend, pass ; 
to exact, collect. 

exiguus, a, um, adj. (exig-uus, exigo), 
scanty, small, short, slight, brief. 

exii, see exeo. 

eximie, adv. {old abl. of. eximius), j 
exceedingly, greatly, remarkably. 

eximius, a, um, adj. (exim-ius, eximo, 
to take out), select, distinguished, 
remarkable, excellent. 



existimator — exstinguo 



V39 



existimator, oris, m. (existima-tor, 
existimo), a judge. 

ex-istimo, are, avi, atum, v. tj-. (aes- 
timo, to value), to judge, think, 
suppose, consider, esteem, regard. 

exitiosus, a, urn, adj. (exitio-osus, 
exitium), destructive, dangerous, 
deadly. 

exitium, ii, n. (exit-ium, exeo), de- 
struction, ruin. 

exitus, lis, m. (ex-i-tus, ex-eo), a 
going out, departure ; the issue, 
result, outcome, conclusion. 

ex-opto, are, avi, atum, v. tr.,X.o desire 
earnestly, long for. 

ex-orno, are, avi, atum, v. /r.,to adorn, 
embellish. 

exorsus, us, m. (exord-tus, exordior, 
to begin), a beginning, commence- 
ment. 

ex-pedio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
(* ped-io, to fetter, pes), to free, ex- 
tricate, disengage; impers., expedit, 
it is expedient, advantageous, profit- 
able. 

ex-pello, pellere, puli, pulsum, v. tr., 
to drive out or away, expel, eject, 
remove. 

ex-pers, pertis, adj. (pars), without 
a part or share in. 

ex-peto, petere, petivi or petii, peti- 
tum, V. tr., to seek out, seek ; to 
claim. 

ex-pilo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (pilo, to 
plunder), to pillage, rob, plunder. 

ex-pleo, ere, evi, etum, v. tr. (pleo, 
to fill), to fill up, fill, satisfy. 

ex-plico, are, avi or ui, atum or itum, 
V. tr. (plico, to fold), to unfold; 
to extricate, liberate, set free. 



ex-ploro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ploro, 

to cry aloud), to search out, ex- 
plore. 

ex pono, ponere, posui, positum, v. 
tr., to put or set out ; to explain, 
set forth. 

ex-porto, are, avi, atum, z tr. (porto, 
to carry), to carry out, convey away, 
export. 

ex-primo, primere, pressi, pressum, 
V. tr. (premo), to press out ; to set 
forth, express, describe ; to draw. 

ex-promo, promere, prompsi, promp- 
tum, V. tr. (promo, to take out), to 
manifest, exhibit, display. 

expiignatio, onis, / (expugna-tio, 
expugno, to take by storm), a tak- 
ing by storm, storming, capture. 

ex-quiro, quirere, quisivi, quisitum, 
V. tr. (quaero), to seek for ; to as- 
certain ; to inquire into, investi- 
gate ; to ask. 

exsilium, ii, n. (exsil-ium, exsul), 
exile, banishment. 

ex-sisto, sistere, stiti, stitum, v. intr. 
(sisto, to cause to stand), to stand 
forth, emerge, appear ; to proceed, 
arise ; to be, exist. 

ex-solv6, solvere, solvi, solutum, v. 
tr., to absolve, acquit, release, free. 

exspectatio, onis, / (exspecta-tio, 
exspecto), a waiting, expectation, 
anticipation. 

ex-specto, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
look for, await, expect, wait for ; 
to desire, long for. 

ex-stinguo, stinguere, stinxi, stinc- 
tum, V. tr. (stinguo, to quench), 
to put out, extinguish, quench ; to 
destroy, annihilate. 



V40 



exsto — f acultas 



ex-sto, stare, stiti, v, intr., to appear, 
be visible, exist. 

exstructio, onis, / (exstruc-tio, ex- 
struo), a building up, structure. 

ex-struo, stniere, struxi, structum, 
V. tr. (stnio, to pile), to pile up, 
raise, erect, construct. 

exsul, sulis, in. and/., an exile. 

exsulo, are, avi, atum, v. iiitr. (exsul), 
to be 07' live in exile, be an exile. 

exsulto, are, avi, atum, v. intr. {freq. 
(?/ exsilio, to spring out), to exult, 
revel ; to be exultant, boast. 

ex-tenuo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (tenuo, 
to make thin or sxi\2i\\,fro}Ji tenuis), 
to diminish ; to disparage. 

exter or exterus, a, um, compar. 
exterior, sup. extremus or exti- 
mus, adj. (ex-terus, ex), on the 
outside, outer, foreign ; extremus, 
the outermost, extreme, last, most 
remote ; extrema hieme, at the 
end of winter ; ad extremum, at 
last, finally, 

extermino, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ex- 
terminus), to drive into exile, expel, 
banish. 

externus, a, um, adj. (exter-nus, ex- 
ter), outward, foreign, abroad. 

ex-timesco, timescere, timui, v. intr. 
and tr. (timesco, incept, ^/timeo), 
to fear, dread, await in fear ; to 
manifest or express dread or appre- 
hension in regard to. 

ex-tollo, tollere, v. tr., to lift, raise, 
elevate. 

ex-torqueo, torquere, torsi, tortum, 
V. tr. (torqueo, to turn), to wrest, 
obtain by force, extort, wrest away. 

extra, prep, with ace. {prig. abl. of 



exter), out of, outside of; besides, 

except. 
extremus, a, um, see exter. 
extuli, see effero. 
ex-uo, uere, ui, iitum, v. tr. (*uo ; cf. 

ind-uo, to put on), to strip off, put 

off, lay aside. 
ex-ur5, iirere, ussi, ustum, v. tr. (uro, 

to burn), to burn up, consume by 

fire. 
exuviae, arum, ///. (exuv-iae, exuo, 

for exuvo), spoils ; a trophy. 



facile, adv. {neut. of facilis), easily, 
without difficulty, readily, well. 

facilis, e, adj. (fac-ilis, facio), easy. 

facilitas, atis, / (facili-tas, facilis), 
facility, readiness ; affability, cour- 
teousness ; good nature. 

f acinorosus, a, um, adj. (f acinor-osus, 
f acinus), criminal, vicious. 

f acinus, oris, n. (faci-nus, facio), a 
bad deed, crime. 

facio, facere, feci, factum, v. tr. and 
intr., to make, do ; to commit, act ; 
to instruct, prepare ; to cause, ren- 
der, give ; see fio ; certiorem facere, 
to inform ; fidem facere, to gain 
credence ; gratum facere, to do a 
favor ; reliquem facere, to leave ; 
satis facere, to satisfy; verba fa- 
cere, to utter words, speak ; facta 
recte, good deeds ; ludi facti sunt, 
games were held. 

factum, i, n. {neut. of p. p. o/facio), 
a deed, act, operation. 

facultas, atis, /. (facul-tas, facul = 
facili in facilis, facio), ability, op- 
portunity, means, advantage. 



Faesulae — f ero 



V41 



Faesulae, arum, / //., Faesulae, a city 

of Etruria, now Fiesole. 
Faesulanus, a, um, adj. (Faesulanus, 

Faesulae), of Faesulae, Faesulan. 
falcarius, ii, m. (falc-arius, falx, a 

sickle), a scythe-maker, sickle- 
maker. 
Falcidius, ii, m., Falcidius, the name 

of a Roman gens: C. Falcidius, 

Gaius Falcidius, a tribune of the 

people. 
fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsum, v. tr., 

to deceive, cheat ; to disappoint ; 

to escape notice, elude observation, 

escape. 
falso, adv. {abl. of falsus), falsely, 

without reason, erroneously. 
falsus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of fallo), 

false, untrue, unfounded, mistaken, 

unjust. 
fama, ae, /. (fa-ma, fari, to speak), 
j^ rumor, report ; fame, reputation, 

■ renow^n, glory ; infamy. 
fames, is, /, hunger, famine. 
familia, ae, / (famulo-ia, famulus, 

a slave), the slaves of a family, ser- 
vants, vassals, retinue ; a household, 

■ family. With archaic genitive in 

■ as : mater familias, the mother 
P of a family ; pater familias, the 

I father of a family. 

I familiaris, e, adj. (familia-aris, fa- 
milia), belonging to the family, 
domestic, private ; familiar ; res 
familiaris, private property ; fami- 
liaris, is, 7n. and f, a familiar ac- 
quaintance, friend. 
familiaritas, atis, / (familiari-tas, 
familiaris), intimacy, friendship, 
acquaintance. 



familiariter, adv. (familiari-ter, fa- 
miliaris), familiarly, intimately, on 
intimate terms. 

fanum, i, n. (fa-num, fari, to speak), 
a sanctuary, fane, temple. 

fas, n. indecl. (fari, to speak), the 
right, that vv^hich accords vi^ith divine 
law, the divine will. 

fascis, is, w., a bundle ; fasces, ium, 
//., the fasces, a bundle of rods con- 
taining an ax, carried by the lictors 
before certain magistrates ; see 90, N. 

fatalis, e, adj. (fato-alis, fatum), 
appointed or ordained by fate, des- 
tined, decreed, fated. 

fateor, fateri, fassus sum, v. dep. {cf. 
fatum), to confess, admit, own, ac- 
knowledge. 

fatum, 1, n. {neut. of p. p. of fari, to 
speak), what is ordained by fate, 
destiny, doom ; //., predictions. 

fauces, ium, / //., the throat ; the 
jaws ; a defile, pass. 

faveo, ere, favi, fautum, v. intr., to 
favor, look upon with favor. 

fax, facis,/, a torch, firebrand. 

f ebris, is, /, fever. 

feci, see facio. 

fefelli, see fallo. 

felicitas, atis, / (felici-tas, felix, 
prosperous), happiness, felicity,^suc- 
cess, good fortune. 

femina, ae, / (fe-mina, feo, to pro- 
duce), a woman. 

fere, adv., nearly, almost, about; gen- 
erally, for the most part, almost 
invariably. 

fero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. tr., to bear, 
carry, bring ; to move, lead ; to 
endure, bear, suffer, permit ; to 



V42 



f erocitas — flagitiose 



produce, cause ; to report ; to re- 
ceive ; legem ferre, to propose a 
law ; prae se ferre, to acknowledge 
openly ; moleste ferre, to take hard, 
be annoyed, vexed ; responsum 
ferre, to receive an answer. 

ferocitas, atis, / (feroci-tas, ferox, 
fierce), ferocity, fierceness, violence 

ferox, ocis, adj. {cf. ferus), fierce, 
savage ; bold, intrepid. 

ferramentum, i, n. (ferra-mentum, 
*ferrare, ferrum), a tool, imple- 
ment. 

ferreus, a, um, adj. (ferro-eus, fer- 
rum), of iron, iron ; iron-hearted. 

ferrum, i, n., iron ; iron implement, 
the sword. 

fertilis, e, adj. (fer-tilis, fero), fruit- 
ful, productive, fertile. 

ferus, a, um, adj. {cf. ferox), wild, 
fierce. 

festinatio, onis,/. (festina-tio, fes- 
tino, to hasten), haste, hurry. 

festus, a, um, adj., festive, festal, 
solemn. 

fictus, a, um, adj. {p. p. <7/fingo), in- 
vented, fabricated ; fictitious, false ; 
ficta, orum, n. pi., fictitious things, 
fiction. 

fidelis, e, adj. (fide-lis, fides), faith- 
ful, true, trustworthy. 

fides, ei,/ (fid-es, fido), trust, faith, 
confidence, reliance, belief; secur- 
ity, protection, credit ; pledge, 
promise, word ; fidelity, honor, 
good faith, trustworthiness ; fidem 
dare, to give a pledge or promise, 
pledge protection ; in fidem acci- 
pere, to receive under one's protec- 
tion. 



Fidius, 1, in. (Fid-ius, fides), Fidius, 
a name for Jupiter ; see medius 
fidius. 

fido, fidere, fisus sum, v. semi-dep., 
to trust. 

fieri, see fio. 

figo, figere, fixi, fixum, v. tr., to fix, 
fasten ; to post up, expose to public 
view. 

filia, ae,/ (^fem. <?/filius), a daughter. 

filius, ii, ni^, a son. 

fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum, v. tr., to 
form, fashion, shape, make ; to ar- 
range ; to devise, contrive, invent. 

finis, is, m., limit, boundary, end, con- 
clusion ; pL, territory. 

finitimus, a, um, adj. (fini-timus, 
finis), bordering upon, adjoining, 
adjacent, neighboring ; finitimi, 
orum, jn.pl., neighbors. 

fio, fieri, f actus sum, v. intr. {tcsed 
as passive ^/facio), to be made, be- 
come ; to arise, occur, happen ; 
certior fieri, to be informed. 

firmamentum, i, n. (firma-mentum, 
firmo), a support, prop, stay. 

firmo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (firmus), 
to strengthen, confirm, establish. 

firmus, a, um, adj. {cf. fretus), firm, 
steadfast, sure, strong; valiant. 

fisus, a, um, p. p. ^/fido. 

fixus, a, um, adj. (p.p. ^/figo), es- 
tablished, fixed, determined. 

Flaccus, i, m., Flaccus, a family natne : 
M. Fulvius Flaccus, Marcus Flaccus, 
a partisan of C. Gracchus; see ' 
Valerius. 

flagitiose, adv. {old abl. of flagitio- 
sus), shamefully, basely, disgrace- 
fully. 



flagitiosus — f ragilitas 



V43 



flagitiSsus, a, um, adj. (flagitio-osus, 

flagitium), shameful, base, dis- 
graceful, infamous, flagitious. 
flagitium, ii, n (flagit-ium, flagito), 

a shameful or disgraceful act. 
flagito, are, avT, atum, v. tr. {cf. fla- 

gro, flamma), to solicit, importune, 

demand. 
flagro, are, avi, atum, v. inir., to 

burn, be on fire, be inflamed, glow. 
flamma, ae, / (flag-ma, cf. flagro), 

flame. 
flecto, flectere, flexi, flexum, v. tr., to 

bend, turn, direct, guide. 
fletus, iis, i}i. (fle-tus, fleo, to weep), 

weeping, lamentation. 
florens, entis, adj. {pres. p. ^/floreo), 

flourishing, prosperous. 
fldreo, florere, florui, v. uitr. (flos), to 

flourish, be eminent or conspicuous. 
floresco, florescere, v. intr. {incept, of 

floreo), to flourish, grow in repute, 
flos, floris, m., a flower. 
fliimen, inis, n. (flu-men, fluo, to flow), 

a river, current, stream. 
focus, 1, VI., a fireplace, hearth, 
foederatus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of toQ- 

dero, foedus, eris), confederate, 

allied. 
foedus, a, um, adj., foul, unseemly, 

detestable, abominable, sacrilegious. 
foedus, eris, n. {cf fides), a league, 

treaty, alliance. 
fons, fontis, ?«., a fountain, source. 
foras, adv. {ace. pi. of *fora, a door; 

cf. foris), out of doors, forth, out. 
forem, fore, = essem, f uturus esse, 
forensis, e, adj. (foro-ensis, forum), 

pertaining to the forum or the courts 

of law, at the bar, forensic. 



foris, adv. {abl. pi. of *fora, a door ; 
cf. foras), without, out of doors, 
outside, away. 

formido, inis, /, dread, fear, terror. 

formidolosus, a, um, adj. (formido- 
lo-osus, formido), formidable, fear- 
ful, dreadful. 

fors, fortis, / {cf fero), chance, 
fortune ; forte, by chance, by acci- 
dent ; perchance. 

forsitan, adv. (fors sit an), perhaps. 

fortasse, adv. {cf fors), perhaps, 
possibly. 

fortis, e, adj. {cf firmus), strong, 
brave, valiant, bold, fearless. 

fortiter, adv. (forti-ter, fortis), 
bravely, valiantly, courageously, 
firmly. 

fortitiido, inis,/ (forti-tudo, fortis), 

bravery, courage, fortitude. 

fortiina, ae,/ (fort-una, fors), chance, 
fortune, condition, favor, privilege ; 
fate, lot, destiny ; misfortune ; For- 
tuna, the goddess of fortune ; //., 
gifts of fortune, property, estate, 
possessions, fortunes. 

fortiinatus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of for- 
tuno, to make happy, fortuna), 
prosperous, fortunate, happy ; well 
off, rich. 

forum, i, n. {cf foris), a public place, 
market-place, forum ; Forum Ro- 
manum, see 146. 

Forum Aurelium, Fori Aurelii, n.. 
Forum Aurelium, a small market 
town on the via Aurelia about fifty 
miles north of Ror7ie. 

fragilitas, atis, / (fragili-tas, frag- 
ilis, frail, frango), frailty, weak- 
ness. 



V44 



frang^o — f uria 



frango, frangere, fregi, fractum, 

V. tr., to break, shatter ; to subdue, 
weaken, exhaust, dishearten, dis- 
courage, overcome. 

frater, tris, in., a brother. 

fraterne, adv. {old abl. ^/fraternus), 
fraternally. 

fraternus, a, um, adj. (frater-nus, 
frater), brotherly, fraternal. 

fraudati5, onis,/ (frauda-tio, fraudo, 
to cheat), fraud, deceit. 

fraus, fraudis, /, deceit, imposition, 
fraud, treachery. 

fregi, see frango. 

frequens, entis, adj. {cf. farcio, to 
stuff), repeated, frequent ; in great 
numbers, numerous, crowded, full ; 
frequens conspectus vester, the 
sight of your crowded assembly. 

frequentia, ae, / (frequent-ia, fre- 
quens), large assembly, numbers, 
numerous attendance, throng. 

frequento, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(frequens), to frequent, visit in 
great numbers ; to bring together 
in great numbers. 

fretus, a, um, adj. {cf. firmus), rely- 
ing, depending, trusting. 

frigus, oris, n., cold, frost, cold 
weather. 

frons, frontis,/, the forehead, brow, 
front. 

fructus, us, 7n. (frug-tus, cf. p. p. of 
fruor), the use, employrifient, en- 
joyment, profit, fruit, produce, in- 
come, advantage, reward; the effect, 
result ; qui vobis fructui sunt, who 
are a source of profit to you. 

frumentarius, a, um, adj. (frumento- 
arius, frumentum), of or belong- 



ing to grain or provisions ; res 
frumentaria, grain-supplies; fru- 
mentarium subsidium, a granary. 

friimentum, i, n. (frug-mentum, 
fruor), grain. 

fruor, frui, fructus sum, v. dep., to 
enjoy. 

iTXis\Xdi,adv. {abl.; cf. fraus), without 
effect, in vain, to no purpose. 

fiidi, see fundo, fundere. 

fuga, ae,/, flight. 

fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum, v. intr. 
and tr., to flee, escape, avoid, shun. 

fugitivus, i, m. (fugi-tivus, fugio), 
a deserter, fugitive, runaway. 

fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi, v. intr., to 
shine, glitter, gleam, 

fulmen, inis, 7i. (fulg-men, fulgeo), 
lightning, a thunderbolt. 

Fulvius, i, ;;/., Fulvius, the name of a 
Roman gens : I, M. Fulvius No- 
bilior, Marcus Fulvius, consul i8g 
B. C. ; 2, M. Fulvius Flaccus, Mar- 
cus Fulvius, a partisan of C. Grac- 
chus. 

fundamentum, i, n. (funda-mentum, 
fundo, are), the foundation, basis. 

fundo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (fundus, 
the bottom), to found, establish. 

fundo, fundere, fiidi, fiisum, v. tr., to 
pour out ; to prostrate, vanquish, 
rout. 

funestus, a, um, adj. (funes-tus, 
funus, a funeral), fatal, destructive, 
deadly, calamitous. 

fungor, fungi, functus sum, v. dep., to 
perform, execute, discharge, fulfill. 

furia, ae, /. (fur-ia, furo), madness, 
insanity ; a Fury, an avenging 
deity ; a madman. 



f uriosus — g^estio 



V45 



furiosus, a, um, adj. (furia-osus, 
furia), mad, furious, frenzied, raging. 

Furius, i, m., Furius, the name of a 
Roman gens ; I, L. Furius, Lucius 
Furius, a man of literary adture ; 
2, P. Furius, Publius Furius, a parti- 
san of Catiline. 

furo, furere, furui, v. intr., to rage, 
rave, be mad. 

furor, oris, m. (fur-or, furo), rage, 
madness, frenzy. 

fiirtim, adv. (fur-tim, fur, a thief), 
furtively, by stealth, secretly. 

furtum, i, n. (fur-tum, fur, a thief), 
theft. 

f usus, a, um, p. p. of fundo, fundere. 

futiirus, a, um, see sum. 



Gabinius, i, m., Gabinius, the name of 
a Roman gens; i, A. Gabinius, 
Aulus Gabinius, a tribune of the 
people, see p. 179, 1. 10 ; 2, P. 
Gabinius Cimber, the same as Cim- 
ber Gabinius ; 3, P. Gabinius Ca- 
pito, Publius Gabinius, praetor in 
8gB.C. 

Gabinius, a, um, adj. (Gabinius), of 
Gabinius, Gabinian ; lex Gabinia, 
the bill proposed by A. Gabinius, 
giving Pompey sole charge of the war 
against the pirates. 

Gains, i, m., Gaius, a Roj}ian praeno- 
7nen, for which C. is the proper 
abbreviation. 

Gallia, ae, / (Gallo-ia, Gallus), 
Gaul; I, Gallia Citerior or Cisal- 
pina. Hither or Cisalpine Gaul, 
Gaul south of the Alps; 2, Gallia 
Ulterior or Transalpina, Farther 



or Transalpine Gaul, Gaul north of 
the Alps. 

Gallicanus, a, um, adj. (Gallico-anus, 
Gallicus), situated in Gaul, Gallic. 

Gallicus, a, um, adj. (Gallo-cus, Gal- 
lus), Gallic, belonging to the Gauls; 
ager Gallicus, see note on p. 107, 1. 2. 

Gallus, i, m., a Gaul, an inhabitant of 
Gaul. 

ganeo, onis, m. (ganea-o, ganea, an 
eating-house), a glutton, debauchee. 

gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, v. 
semidep., to rejoice, be glad or 
pleased. 

gaudium, ii, n. (gaud-ium, gaudeo), 
joy, gladness. 

gavisus, a, um,/. p. of gaudeo. 

gaza, ae,yi, treasure, riches, wealth. 

gelidus, a, um, adj. (gelu-dus, gelu, 
frost), cold. 

gener, eri, vi., a son-in-law. 

gens, gentis, / (gen-tis, geno = 
gigno), a tribe, race, nation ; 
ubinam gentium, where in the 
world ? 

genus, eris, n. (gen-us, cf gens), 
birth, descent; race, people ; class; 
kind, manner, style, nature. 

germanitas, atis, / (germano-tas, 
germanus, brother), brotherhood, 
fraternal affection. 

gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, v. tr., to 
bear, carry ; to administer, manage, 
carry on, wage, conduct; to per- 
form ; res gestae, deeds, achieve- 
ments, exploits. 

gestio, ire, ivi or ii, v. tr. (to show 
joy or desire by action or gestures, 
gestus, gesture), to exult; to de- 
sire, long, be eager. 



V 4^ 



gestus — grex 



gestus, a, um, /. /. 0/ gero. 

gign5, gignere, genui, genitum, v. 
ir., to produce, beget. 

Glabrio, onis, m., Glabrio, a family 
name ; M'. Acilius Glabrio, Manius 
Glabrio, a Roman commander in 
the Mithridatic war, by B. C. 

gladiator, oris, m. (gladio-tor, gla- 
dius), a gladiator. 

gladiatorius, a, um, adj. (gladiator- 
ius, gladiator), gladiatorial. 

gladius, ii, m., a sword; cum gla- 
diis, armed, under arms. 

Glaucia, ae, m., Glaucia, a family 
name ; C. Servilius Glaucia, Gaius 
Glaucia, praetor 100 B. C. ; see note 
on p. 88, 1. 26. 

gl5ria, ae,/ {cf cluo, to be famed), 
glory, renown, fame, reputation. 

glorior, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (glo- 
ria), to glory, boast, pride one's self. 

gloriosus, a, um, adj. (gloria-osus, 
gloria), glorious. 

Gnaeus, i, m., Gnaeus, a Roman 
praenomeii, of ivhich Cn. is the 
abbreviatio7i. 

gnavus, a, um, adj. {cf gnosco = 
nosco), diligent, active. 

Gracchus, 1, m., Gracchus, a family 
name; i, Ti. Sempronius Grac- 
chus, Tiberius Gracchus, the 
famous tribune who attempted to 
revive the agrarian lazvs ijj B.C. ; 
2, C. Sempronius Gracchus, Gaius 
Gracchus, the brother of Tiberius, 
tribune 12^ B.C. 

gradus, us, m. a step ; a grade, 
degree. 

Graecia, ae, / (Graeco-ia, Graecus), 
Greece; sc. Magna, Southern Italy. 



Graecus, a, um, adj., Greek, Grecian ; 
Graeca Greek works. Graecus, i, 
771., a Greek. 

gratia, ae,/(grato-ia, gratus), favor, 
esteem, regard, influence, friendship, 
popularity; gratitude; acknowledg- 
ment, thanks ; gratias agere, to 
give thanks; gratiam habere, to be 
thankful; gratiam referre, to re- 
turn or recompense a favor ; gra- 
tia, for the sake of. 

gratiosus, a, um, adj. (gratia-osus, 
gratia), in favor, regarded. 

Grattius, i, ;;z., Grattius, the prosecu- 
tor of Archias. 

gratuito, adv. {abl. of gratuitus, 
free), gratuitously, voluntarily, 
freely. 

gratulatio, onis, /. (gratula-tio, gra- 
tulor), joy, rejoicing, congratula- 
tion ; thanksgiving. 

gratulor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (*gra- 
tulus, grato-lus, gratus), to con- 
gratulate, wish joy. 

gratus, a, um, adj., pleasing, accept- 
able, agreeable ; thankful, grateful, 

gravis, e, adj., heavy, weighty ; im- 
portant, grave, dignified ; violent, 
severe ; oppressive, difficult, griev- 
ous, unpleasant, painful. 

gravitas, atis,/ (gravi-tas, gravis), 
weight, importance, power, influ- 
ence, force, dignity. 

graviter, adv. (gravi-ter, gravis), 
violently, severely, grievously ; 
strongly, with force, forcibly ; with 
dignity ; unwillingly, with displeas-^ 
ure ; seriously. 

grex, gregis, 7n., a flock, herd, drove: 
a company, troop, band. 



gubernatio — Hirtius 



V47 



gubernatio, onis, /. (guberna-tio, 

guberno), direction, management. 
guberno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {Greek), 

to steer, pilot ; to govern, direct, 

manage, 
gusto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (gustus, 

a tasting), to taste, partake of; to 

appreciate. 



habeo, ere, habui, habitum, v. tr., to 
have, possess, hold, keep ; to in- 
volve ; to consider, esteem, regard; 
to know ; to make, prepare ; to 
entertain, foster ; gratiam habere, 
to be grateful; gratia habenda 
est, gratitude is due ; orationem 
habere, to deliver an oration ; quo- 
quo modo se illud habet, however 
that may be. 

habito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and 
intr. (yfreq. of habeo), to inhabit; 
to dwell, live, reside, abide. 

habitus, iis, in. (habi-tus, habeo), 
quality, character, disposition. 

haereo, haerere, haesi, haesum, v. 
intr., to cleave, be fixed, remain 
fast, remain, abide. 

haesito, are, avi, atum, v. intr. {freq. 
of haereo, for *haeseo), to stick 
fast, to hesitate. 

Hannibal, alis, ;«., Hannibal, the 
leader of the Carthaginians in the 
second Funic "war. 

haruspex, icis, m., a soothsayer, 
diviner. 

hand, adv., not. 

haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum, v. 
tr., to draw, take, derive. 

hebesc5, hebescere, v. intr. {incept, of 



hebeo, to be blunt), to grow dull or. 
blunt. 

Heraclia, ae, /, Heraclea, a Greek 
city on the coast of Lucania in 
southern Italy. 

Heracliensis, e, adj. (Heraclia-ensis, 
Heraclia), pertaining to Heraclea, 
Heraclean ; Heraclienses, ium, m. 
pL, the Heracleans, inhabitants of 
Heraclea. 

Hercules, is, ;//., Hercules, the mighty 
hero and god of strength, son of 
Jupiter and Alcmena ; the vocative 
Hercule has become a mere interjec- 
tion or adverb, heavens, verily, in 
truth. 

hereditas, atis, / (hered-i-tas, heres, 
an heir), an inheritance. 

hesternus, a, um, adj. (hes-ternus, 
heri, for *hesi, yesterday), of yes- 
terday, yesterday's ; hesternus dies, 
yesterday. 

hiberno, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
(hibernus), to pass the winter. 

hibernus, a, um, adj. (hib-ernus, 
hiem-ernus, hiems), pertaining to 
winter, wintry ; hiberna sc. (castra), 
71. pi., winter quarters. 

hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this ; he, 
she, it; the latter; such; hoc, abl., 
on this account, therefore. 

hie, adv. (hie), here, in this place ; at 
this point, hereupon. 

hiems, hiemis,/, winter. 

hinc, adv. (hin-c, old case form of hie, 
and demonstrative particle ce), from 
this place, hence, from this, on this 
side. 

Hirtius, i, m., Hirtius, the name of a 
Roman gens ; Aulus Hirtius, Aulus 



V48 



Hispania — hum anus 



Hirtius, consul 43 B. C, killed in the 
battle near Mutina. 

Hispania, ae, / (Hispano-ia, His- 
panus), Spain, comprising two prov- 
ijices : Hispania Citerior, north of 
the river Iberus, now the Ebro, and 
Hispania Ulterior, south of that 
river ; hence duae Hispaniae. 

Hispaniensis, e, adj. (Hispano-ensis, 
Hispanus), belonging to Spain, 
Spanish ; bellum Hispaniense, the 
war waged iji Spain by the younger 
Scipio Africanus ; also the war 
waged in Spain by Pompey against 
Sertorius. 

Hispanus, a, um, adj., of Spain, Span- 
ish ; Hispanus, i, m., a Spaniard. 

hodie, adv. {abl. form from hie dies), 
to-day, this day. 

hodiernus, a, um, adj. (hodie-ernus, 
hodie), of to-day, of this day, to- 
day's ; hodiernus dies, this day. 

Homerus, i, m., Homer, the celebrated 
Greek poet. 

homo, hominis, m. andf. {cf humus), 
a man, human being, person. 

honestas, atis, / (hones-tas, honor, 
fro7n stem honos or hones), honor, 
honesty, integrity, virtue. 

honeste, 6;fl'z'. {old abl. <?/ honestus), 
honorably. 

honesto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (hones- 
tus), to honor, dignify; se hones- 
tare, to distinguish one's self; to 
grace, embellish. 

honestus, a, um, adj. (hones-tus, 
honor, from stejn honos or hones), 
honored, respected, distinguished, 
noble ; worthy, respectable, honor- 
able, eminent. 



honor or honos, oris, m., honor, re- 
pute, esteem ; a post of honor, pub- 
lic office ; honoris causa, out of 
respect. 

hon5rificus, a, um, adj. (honor-i-fic-us, 
honor, and cf facio), honorable, 
conferring honor ; sup. honorifi- 
centissimus. 

hora, ae,/ {Greek), an hour. 

horribilis, e, adj. (horri-bilis, horreo, 
to shudder) , terrible, horrible, dread- 
ful. 

(hortatus), hortatu, abl. sing, m., the 
only form found in Cicero (horta- 
tus, hortor), exhortation, advice, 
encouragement. 

Hortensius, i, m., Hortensius, the name 
of an illustrious Roman gens; the 
most distinguished was the orator, 
Q. Hortensius Hortalus, Quintus 
Hortensius, consul 6g B.C., see 64. 

hortor, ari, atus sum, v. dep., to in- 
cite, instigate; to encourage, exhort, 
urge. 

hospitium, ii, n. (hospit-ium, hospes, 
guest), friendship, hospitality. 

hostilis, e, adj. (host-ilis, hostis), 
pertaining to the enemy, hostile ; 
hostilis expugnatio, a capture by 
the enemy. 

hostis, is, m. arid f, an enemy, a foe, 
a public enemy. 

hue, adv. {case for 771 ^hie), hither, 
to this place ; to this point, so far. 

humanitas, atis, / (humano-tas, 
humanus), humanity, kindness ; 
culture, liberal education, refinement. 

hiimanus, a, um, adj. {cf homo, 
humus), human ; of refined cul- 
ture, polished, cultivated. 



liuiuilis — illinc 



V49 



humilis, e, adj. (humo-lis, humus), 
low, humble, poor, weak, insignifi- 
cant, ignoble. 

humus, i, ?;z., the earth, ground ; 
humi, loc, on the ground. 

I 

iace5, iacere, iacui, v. intr., to he ; 
to lie dead ; to have fallen. 

iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum, v. tr. (cf. 
iaceo), to throw, throw out, hurl; 
to lay. 

iacto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (iac-to, 
freq. of iacio), to throw, cast ; to 
discuss, talk about ; to toss about ; 
to display ; se iactare, to display 
one's self, live ; se sumptuosius 
iactare, to live too extravagantly. 

iactiira, ae, /. (iac-tura, iacio), a 
throwing away ; a loss, sacrifice, 
damage ; expenditure. 

iactus, lis, m. (iac-tus, iacio), a 
throwing, hurling, casting. 

iam, adv., now, already, at once ; in- 
deed, truly, moreover, again ; iam 
pridem, long since ; non iam, no 
longer. 

ianua, ae,/, a door. 

lanuarius, a, um, adj., of January. 

ibi, adv. (i-bi ; for i, </ is ; for bi, cf. 
ti-bi), there, in that place. 

ictus, iis, t7i. (ic-tus, ico, to strike), 
a blow, stroke. 

idcirco, adv. (id and circo, ahl. 0/ cir- 
cus, a circle), on that account, for 
that reason, therefore. 

idem, eadem, idem, dem. pron. (is- 
dem), the same ; ego idem, I also. 

ideo, adv. (id-eo, this for this reason), 
for this reason, therefore. 



idoneus, a, um, adj., fit, suitable, meet, 
proper. 

idiis, uum, / //., the Ides, the i^th of 
March, May, July, and October ; 
the i^th of the other months. 

ieiunus, a, um, adj., meager, poor, 
humble. 

igitur, conj., therefore, accordingly, 
consequently ; then, to resume, as 
I was saying, I say. 

ignarus, a, um, adj. (in and gnarus, 
knowing), ignorant, inexperienced. 

ignavia, ae, / (ignavo-ia, ignavus, 
slothful, cowardly), cowardice ; list- 
lessness, inactivity. 

ignis, is, m., fire. 

ignominia, ae, / (ignomino-ia, *igno- 
minus, nameless, (g)nomen), dis- 
grace, dishonor, ignominy. 

ignoratio, onis,/ (ignora-tio, ignoro), 
ignorance. 

ignoro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (igna- 
rus), not to know, be ignorant of. 

ignosco, ignoscere, ignovi, ignotum, 
V. tr. and intr. (ignoscens, not 
recognizing, forgiving; in-(g)no- 
scens, nosco), to pardon, forgive, 
excuse. 

ignotus, a, um, adj. (in-(g)notus), 
unknown ; ignotus, i, m., a stran- 
ger. 

Ilias, adis or ados,/ {Greek), the 
Iliad, Homer''s celebrated poem on 
the Trojan war. 

ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron., that ; he, 
she, it ; the former. 

illinc, adv. (illin-C, old case form of 
ille, and deJHonstrative particle ce), 
from that place, thence, on that 
side. 



vso 



Illyricus — iiupetro 



illyricus, a, um, adj. (Illyr-icus, 
Illyrii, the Illyrians), Illyrian ; II- 
lyricum mare, the part of the Adri- 
atic bordering upon lllyria. 

imago, imaginis, / {cf. imitor), an 
image, likeness, portraiture. 

imbecillitas, atis, / (imbecillo-tas, 
imbecillus, weak), weakness, fee- 
bleness. 

imberbis, e, adj. (in and barba, 
beard), beardless. 

imbuo, buere, bui, butum, v. tr., to 
wet, moisten. 

imitatio, onis, / (imita-tio, imitor), 
an imitation. 

imitator, oris, m. (imita-tor, imitor), 
an imitator, one who follows the 
same pursuits. 

imitor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (imi- 
tor, freq. of *imo ; cf imago), to 
copy, imitate. 

immanis, e, adj. (in-man-is, manus, 
good), immense, enormous, vast ; 
monstrous, savage. 

immanitas, atis,/ (immani-tas, im- 
manis), enormit}', heinousness ; 
savageness, barbarism, cruelty. 

"immaturus, a, um, adj. (in-matu- 
rus), untimely, premature. 

immineo, ere, v. intr. (in ajid mineo, 
to project), to project over, over- 
hang ; to be near, impend, 
threaten. 

imminuo, minuere, minul, miniitum, 
V. tr. (in-minuo), to diminish ; to 
encroach upon, impair, injure. 

immitto, mittere, misi, missum, 
V. tr. (in-mitto), to send into, 
throw into ; to send or dispatch 
against. 



immo, adv., nay rather, nay more. 

immortalis, e, adj. (in-mortalis), im- 
mortal, eternal. 

immortalitas, atis, / (immortali- 
tas, immortalis), immortality. 

impedio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
(in-ped-io, pes), to entangle; to 
hinder, detain, suspend, obstruct, 
impede. 

impello, pellere, puli, pulsum, v. tr. 
(in-pello), to drive against ; to 
urge, urge on, impel ; to incite, 
move, persuade, induce. 

impendeo, pendere, v. intr. (in-pen- 
deo), to overhang, be near, impend, 
threaten. 

impensa, ae, / (impensus, a, um ; 
impendo, to weigh out, expend), 
cost, charge, expense. 

imperator, 5ris, m. (impera-tor, im- 
pero), a commander, general. 

imperatorius, a, um, adj. (impera- 
tor-ius, imperator), appropriate to 
a commander, of a commander. 

imperitus, a, um, adj. (in-peritus), 
inexperienced, unskilled, ignorant, 
unacquainted with. 

imperium, ii, n. (imper-ium, im- 
pero), command, order, direction ; 
authority, power, sway, dominion ; 
empire, government. 

impero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (in- 
paro), to command, order. 

impertio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
(in and partio = partior), to share ; 
to bestow, impart. 

impetro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (in 
and patro, to bring to pass), to 
accomplish, effect ; to obtain, se- 
cure, procure ; to obtain by request. 



impetus — inauditiis 



V5I 



impetus, us, 771. (impet-us, impeto, 

to assail), an attack, assault, onset; 
violence, fury, force. 

impietas, atis, / (impio-tas, im- 
pius), irreverence ; disloyalty, 
treason. 

impius, a, um, adj. (in-pius), ir- 
reverent, ungodly, impious. 

implico, are, avi and ui, atum aiid 
itum, V. tr. (in and plico, to fold), 
to entangle, involve ; to interlace, 
unite. 

imploro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (in and 
ploro, to cry aloud), to entreat, be- 
seech, implore. 

importunus, a, um, adj. {lit. without 
a harbor; in-portu-nus, portus), 
not suitable ; wicked, unfeeling, 
wanton, savage. 

improbitas, atis, / (improbo-tas, 
improbus), wickedness, depravity ; 
impudence, boldness, audacity. 

improbo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (in- 
probo), to disapprove. 

improbus, a, um, adj. (in and probus, 
upright), bad, wicked, depraved, 
base ; seditious, violent ; shameless, 
bold, impudent. 

improvidus, a, um, adj. (in and 
providus, foreseeing, cf. provideo), 
inconsiderate, improvident, not 
foreseeing or anticipating. 

impriidens, entis, adj. (in-prudens), 
not foreseeing, unaware, ignorant ; 
inconsiderate, imprudent. 

impiibes , eris, adj. (in and pubes, 
adult), not having reached man- 
hood, youthful. 

impudens, entis, adj. (in and pudens, 
modest), shameless, bold, impudent. 



impudenter, adv. (impudent-i-ter, 
impudens), impudently, shame- 
lessly. 

impudentia, ae, / (impudent-ia, im- 
pudens), impudence, shamelessness. 

impudicus, a, um, adj. (in and pudi- 
CUS, chaste), unchaste, shameless, 
lewd. 

impiinitas, atis, /. (impuni-tas, im- 
punis, unpunished), exemption 
from punishment, impunity, pardon. 

impunitus, a, um, adj. (in and puni- 
tus, /. /. of punio), unpunished. 

impiirus, a, um, adj. (in and purus, 
pure), impure, infamous, vile. 

imus, a, um, sup. of inferus. 

in, prep, with ace. and abl. 

I. With the acc. : i. Of spaee, 
into, to ; among, against ; toward, 
in ; 2, Of time, up to, till, into, for ; 
3, Of other relations, on, about, 
respecting, toward, against, for, as, 
in, into. 

II. With the abl. : \, Of space, 
in, upon, over, among, at, within ; 
2, Of time, in, during, at, in the 
course of ; 3, Of other relations, in, 
on, upon, in the case of. 

III. In COMPOSITION {jD. is gener- 
ally assimilated before m, and often 
before X, generally changed to m 
before b atid p), in, into, on, at, 
against. 

in, inseparable particle, un-, im-, in-, 
not. 

inanis, e, adj., empty ; vain, useless, 
idle, groundless. 

inauditus, a, um, adj. (in and audi- 
tus, /. /. ^/ audio), unheard of, un- 
usual, strange. 



V 52 



iuauratus — iiidico 



inauratus, a, um, adj. (/. /. of inauro, 
to gild, aurum), gilded. 

incendium, ii, n. (incend-ium, in- 
cendo),a fire, conflagration, burning. 

incendo, cendere, cendi, censum, v. 
tr. (in and *cando, cf. candeo, to 
glow), to set fire to, set on fire, 
kindle, burn ; to inflame, arouse, 
stir up, excite. 

incensio, onis, / (incend-tio, in- 
cendo), a burning. 

inceptum, i, n. (^netit. of p. p. ofm- 
cipio), an undertaking, attempt, 
beginning. 

in-certus, a, um, adj., uncertain, in- 
definite, doubtful. 

in-cido, cidere, cidi, casurus, v. intr. 
(cado), to fall upon, come upon 
unexpectedly ; to fall into ; to oc- 
cur, happen. 

in-cido, cidere, cidi, cisum, v. tr. 
(caedo, to cut), to cut into, cut ; to 
carve, engrave. 

in-cipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
and intr. (capio), to seize upon, 
lay hold of; to begin, commence. 

incitamentum, i, n. (incita-mentum, 
incito, to set in motion), an induce- 
ment, incentive. 

in-clino, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and 
intr. (*clino, to bend), to turn, in- 
cline. 

in-cludo, cliidere, clUsi, clusum, v. tr. 
(claudo), to inclose, confine, wrap 
up. 

incoho, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and 
i)itr., to begin, make a beginning. 

in-columis, e, adj. (*columis (us), 
hurt), unimpaired, uninjured, un- 
harmed, safe. 



incommodum, i, n. {jieut. of incom- 
modus, inconvenient), inconven- 
ience, trouble ; detriment, injury, 
misfortune ; defeat, loss. 

in-consideratus, a, um, adj. (con- 
sideratus, p. p. of considero), un- 
advised, inconsiderate, thoughtless, 
heedless. 

incorrupte, adv. {old abl. of incor- 
ruptus, uncorrupted), uncorruptly, 
justly, without prejudice. 

in-crebesco {for increbresco), cre- 
bescere, crebui, v. intr. incept. 
(crebresco, to become frequent, 
creber), to grow frequent, become 
common. 

in-credibilis, e, adj., incredible, ex- 
traordinary, unparalleled. 

in-crep5, crepare, crepui, crepitum, 
V. intr. (crepo, to rattle), to make 
a noise. 

in-cumbo, cumbere, cubui, cubitum, 
V. intr. {cf cubo, to lie down), to 
lean upon ; to apply one's self to, 
exert one's self for, devote one's 
self to, attend to. 

inde, adv. (im-de ; im, case form of 
is), from that place, thence. 

in-demnatus, a, um, adj. (damnatus, 
p.p. o/damno), uncondemned, un- 
sentenced. 

index, icis, ;«. and f (in and dex 
= dic-s, dico), an informer, wit- 
ness. 

indicium, ii, «. (indic-ium, indico), 
information, discovery, disclosure, 
evidence, proof, testimony. 

indico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (index), 
to indicate ; to expose, reveal, be- 
tray. 



indico — ingenuus 



V53 



in-dico, dicere, dixi, dictum, v. tr., to 
declare publicly,proclaim, announce, 
declare ; to appoint, fix, enjoin. 

indigne, adv. {old abl. d?/ indignus), 
undeservedly ; unworthily, dishon- 
orably, shamefully. 

in-dignus, a, um, adj., unworthy. 

in-duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, v. tr., 
to bring, conduct, or lead in, intro- 
duce ; to move, excite, influence, 
persuade ; animum inducere, to 
determine. 

industria, ae, / (industrio-ia, indus- 
trius), industry, application, dili- 
gence, activity. 

industrius, a, um, adj., industrious, 
active, diligent, assiduous. 

inedia, ae, / (in-ed-ia, in, not, and 
edo, to eat), fasting. 

in-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. tr. and intr., to 
go into, enter ; enter upon, begin, 
commence, initiate. 

in-ers, ertis, adj. (ars), indolent, slug- 
gish, slothful, unmanly. 

inertia, ae, /. (inert-ia, iners), inac- 
tion, inactivity. 

in-expiabilis, e, adj. (expia-bilis, 
expio, to purify), unpardonable. 

in -f amis, e, adj. (fama), infamous, 
disreputable. 

in-felix, icis, adj. (felix, prosperous, 
happy), unhappy, unfortunate, 
wretched, ill-fated. 

in-fero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. tr., to 
bear, convey, or throw into ; to 
occasion, cause, produce, inflict ; 
to place or lay upon ; bellum in- 
ferre, to make or wage war. 

inferus, a, um, compar. inferior, sup. 
infimus or imus, adj., situated 



below or underneath, low ; inferi, 
//., those in the under-world, the 
dead ; inferior, lower, inferior ; 
infimus, lowest ; last, deepest, 
humblest ; imus, lowest, the lowest 
part of. 

infestus, a, um, adj. (in-fes-tus, cf. 
*fendo, to strike), hostile, trouble- 
some, dangerous ; unsafe, insecure. 

infimus, a, um, see inferus. 

in-finitus, a, um, adj. (finitus,/./. of 
finio, to bound), unbounded, bound- 
less, unlimited, indefinite, vast. 

infirmo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (tnfir- 
mus), to weaken, invalidate, im- 
pair ; to disprove, refute. 

in-firmus, a, um, adj., weak, feeble, 
powerless. 

infitiator, oris, m. (infitia-tor, in- 
fitior), a denier ; one who denies a 
debt, a debtor. 

infitior, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (in- 
fitiae, denial), to deny, disown. 

in-flammo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(flammo, to inflame), to set on 
fire, fire ; to inflame, excite. 

in-flo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (flo, to 
blow), to inspire, animate; to in- 
flate, puff up. 

in-formo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(formo, to form), to mold, form, 
train, educate. 

ingenium, ii, n. (in-gen-ium, geno = 
gigno), native talent, talent, ability, 
genius. 

in-gens, gentis, adj., vast, enormous, 
very great, huge, 

in-genuus, a, um, adj. (gen-uus, 
geno = gigno), born of free par- 
ents, free-born. 



V54 



ingratiis ~ inretio 



in-gratus, a, um, adj., unwelcome, 
disagreeable, unpleasant, unaccept- 
able; ungrateful. 

in-gravesco, gravescere, v. intr. 
(gravesco, to become heavy, incept. 
from gravis), to increase, grow 
worse. 

in-gredior, gredi, gressus sum, v. dep. 
(gradior, to step), to go into, enter ; 
to enter upon, begin, engage in. 

in-hio, are, avi, atum, v. intr. (hio, 
to gape), to open the mouth for or 
upon. 

in-humanus, a, um, adj., inhuman, 
savage. 

inhumatus, a, um, adj. (in and p. p. 
of\\.MvaSi, to bury), unburied. 

in-ibi, adv., there, in that place, near 
at hand. 

in-icio, icere, ieci, iectum, v. tr. 
(iacio), to throw or cast into; to 
put or lay upon ; to inspire, cause, 
occasion. 

inii, see ineo. 

inimicitia, ae, / (inimico-tia, inimi- 
cus), enmity, hostility. 

in-imicus, a, um, adj. (amicus), un- 
friendly, hostile, inimical; inimicus, 
i, nt., a foe, personal enemy. 

iniquitas, atis, / (iniquo-tas, ini- 
quus), unevenness ; injustice, un- 
fairness. 

in-iquus, a, um, adj. (aequus), un- 
equal, uneven; unjust, unreasonable. 

inire, see ineo. 

initio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (initium), 
to consecrate, dedicate. 

initium, ii, n. (init-ium, ineo), a 
beginning, origin, commencement. 

iniiiria, ae,/ (in-iur-ia; in, not, and 



ius, right), injury, wrong, violence, 

injustice, damage, harm, insult ; 

iniuria, unjustly. 
iniuriose, adv. {old abl. of iniuriosus, 

unjust), wrongfully, unjustly, un- 
lawfully, 
(in-iussus), in-iussii, abl. sing, m., the 

only form in tise (ius-sus, iubeo), 

without the command. 
in-iustus, a, um, adj., unjust. 
inlatus, a, um, /. p. of infero. 
inlecebra, ae, /. (inlice-bra, inlicio), 

enticement, attraction, allurement, 

power of enticing. 
in-licio, licere, lexi, Iectum, v. tr. 

(Iacio, to entice), to allure, entice, 
inliistris, e, adj. (in-luc-stris, cf. 

lux), bright, clear ; illustrious, dis- 
tinguished, honorable ; remarkable, 

important ; festive. 
inlustro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (inlus- 

tris), to bring to light, make plain; 

to illustrate, honor, adorn. 
in-nocens, entis, adj. (nocens, pres. 

p. (7/"noceo), harmless, blameless, 

innocent. 
innocentia, ae, / (innocent-ia, in- 
nocens), innocence, blamelessness, 

uprightness, integrity. 
in-numerabilis, e, adj. (numera-bilis, 

numerable), innumerable, countless. 
inopia, ae, / (inop-ia, inops, without 

means), want, scarcity, destitution. 
inquam, v. def, to say. 
in-repo, repere, repsi, v. intr. (repo, 

to creep), to creep in, get in, gain 

admittance. 
in-retio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 

(rete, a net), to ensnare, entangle, 

involve. 



iiirumpo — mstruiiientuiii 



V55 



in-rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum, v. 
tr. and inlr., to break or rush into, 
force one's way into, burst open. 

in-ruo, ruere, rui, v. intr., to rush in, 
force one's ^Yay into. 

inruptio, onis, / (inrup-tio, in- 
rumpo), a breaking into, invasion, 
attack. 

in-scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum, 
V. tr., to write upon, write, inscribe. 

in-sepultus, a, um, adj. (sepultus, 
/. /. (7/sepelio), unburied. 

in-sequor, sequi, seciitus sum, v. dep., 
to follow after, pursue ; to follow, 
ensue. 

in-servio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. intr., 
to endeavor to please, pay atten- 
tion to, act with regard for or refer- 
ence to. 

in-sideo, sidere, sedi, sessum, v. intr. 
(sedeo, to sit), to reside, become 
seated. 

insidiae, arum, / pi. (insid-iae, in- 
sideo), an ambush, ambuscade ; 
stratagem, artifice ; treachery, a 
plot. 

insidiator, oris, 7n. (insidia-tor, in- 
sidior), one lying in ambush or in 
wait, a waylayer. 

insidior, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (in- 
sidiae, to lie in ambush or in wait, 
form an ambuscade; to plot against. 

insidiosus, a, um, adj. (insidia-osus, 
insidiae), dangerous, insidious. 

in-sido, sidere, sedi, sessum, v. tr. 
and intr. (sido, to sit down), to sit 
down in, occupy ; to become fixed 
or rooted in. 

insigne, is, n. {neut. of insignis), a 
distinctive mark, badge, sign. 



in-signis, e, adj. (signum), remark- 
able, distinguished. 

in-simulo, are, avi, atum, v. tr.., to 
charge, blame, accuse, allege. 

in-solens, entis, adj. {pres. p. of 
soleo), arrogant, haughty, insolent. 

insolenter, adv. (insolent-i-ter, in- 
solens), in an unusual manner; im- 
moderately, haughtily, insolently. 

insolentia, ae, /. (insolent-ia, inso- 
lens), haughtiness, arrogance, inso- 
lence. 

in-solitus, a, um, adj. {p. p. ^/ soleo), 
unwonted; unusual, uncommon. 

inspecto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {freq. 
of inspicio, to look at), to look at, 
view, behold ; inspectante prae- 
tore, in the sight of the praetor. 

in-sperans, antis, adj. {pres. p. of 
spero), not hoping or expectmg. 

in-speratus, a, um, adj. (/. p. of 
spero), unhoped for, unexpected. 

in-stituo, stituere, stitui, stitutum, 
V. tr. (statuo), to put or place 
into; to begin, commence ; to de- 
termine, fix upon ; to train up, 
educate. 

institiitum, i, n. {jieid. of p. p. of 
instituo), mode of life, habit, ob- 
servance, custom, institution. 

in-sto, stare, stiti, staturus, v. intr., 
to stand upon ; to draw near, ap- 
proach, be at hand ; to press upon, 
pursue, threaten. 

instructus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of in- 
struo), equipped, provided, fur- 
nished; instructed, trained, versed. 

instriimentum, T, n. (instru-mentum, 
instruo), utensil, tool, instrument, 
implement ; means. 



V56 



iiistruo — iiitervalluni 



in-struo, struere, struxi, structum, 
V. tr. (struo, to build), to build 
into ; to arrange in order, array, 
marshal ; to instruct. 

insula, ae,/, an island. 

in-sum, esse, fui, futurus, v. intr., to 
be or exist in, reside. 

integer, gra, grum, adj. (in-teg-er, 
cf. ta(n)go), untouched, unim- 
paired, unbroken, whole ; fresh, 
vigorous, not exhausted ; loyal, 
pure, upright ; re Integra, before 
anything was done, at the outset. 

integre, adv. {old abl. of integer), 
wholly ; justly, irreproachably, hon- 
estly. 

integritas, atis, / (integro-tas, in- 
teger), integrity, blamelessness. 

intellego, legere, lexi, lectum, v. tr. 
(inter-lego, to choose between), to 
understand, perceive, know, com- 
prehend, feel assured. 

in-tendo, tendere, tendi, tentum, v. 
tr. and intr., to stretch out, direct 
toward, aim ; to purpose, intend. 

in-ter, prep, with ace. (ter, adv. end- 
ing ; cf. forti-ter) : \, Of space, 
between, among, with ; inter fal- 
carios, into the street of the scythe- 
makers ; inter se, together ; inter 
sese aspiciebant, they looked at 
each other ; 2, Of time, during, in 
the course of; 3, In composition 
{unchanged except in intellego), 
between, together, sometimes involv- 
ing the idea of interruption or 
ruin. 

inter-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, v. 
tr., to go between, interpose ; to 
intervene. 



intercessio, onis, / (interced-tio, in- 
tercedo), an intervention, interpo- 
sition ; the veto of a tribune. 

inter-clud5, cliidere, cliisi, cliisuni, v. 
tr. (claudo), to close ; to interrupt. 

inter-dum, adv., sometimes, occasion- 
ally, now and then. 

inter-ea, adv. (is), meanwhile, in the 
meantime. 

inter-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. intr., to be 
lost, perish, go to ruin. 

inter-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
(facio), to destroy, kill, slay, murder. 

interim, adv. (inter-im, cf inter), 
meanwhile, in the meantime. 

inter-imo, imere, emi, emptum, v. 
tr. (emo, to take), to kill, slay, 
destroy. 

interior, ius, sup. intimus, adj. {cf 
inter), inner, interior. 

interitus, us, m. (inter-i-tus, intereo), 
destruction, death, ruin. 

internecio, onis,/. ( internee -io, inter- 
neco, to slay), a massacre, slaughter, 
destruction, extermination. 

internecivus, a, um, adj. (internee - 
ivus, inter-neco), utterly destruc- 
tive, destructive. 

inter-pono, p5nere, posui, positum, 
V. tr., to place between, interpose, 
introduce. 

inter-rogo, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
ask, question, inquire. 

inter-sum, esse, fui, futiirus, v. intr., 
to be between ; hoe interest, there 
is this difference ; to be present, 
take part in; to attend to; interest, 
impers., it concerns, is important. 

inter-vallum, i, n. (vallus, a stake), 
an interval, distance. 



interventus — isse 



V57 



interventus, us, m. (interven-tus, 
intervenio, to come between), in- 
tervention, interposition, aid. 

intestinus, a, um, adj. (intus-tinus, 
intus), intestine, civil, domestic. 

intimus, a, um, adj., sup. 0/ interior ; 
intimus, 1, in., a most intimate or 
very close friend, a bosom friend. 

intra, prep, with ace. {orig. abl. of 
inter), within, in, during. 

intro-duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, v. 
tr. (intro, within), to lead or con- 
duct within, introduce. 

in-tueor, tueri, tuitus sum, v. dep., to 
look at, look or gaze upon. 

intuli, see infero. 

intus, adv. (in-tus), on the inside, 
within. 

in-ultus, a, um, adj. {p.p. ^/ulciscor), 
unpunished. 

in-uro, urere, ussi, iistum, v. tr. (uro, 
to burn),, to burn into, brand upon, 
brand ; to stamp, impress, imprint. 

in-usitatus, a, um, adj., unusual, 
uncommon, strange, extraordinary. 

in-utilis, e, adj., unserviceable, use- 
less, unprofitable. 

in-veni5, venire, veni, ventum, v. tr., 
to come upon ; to find, meet with, 
discover ; to achieve. 

in-vestigo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(vestigO, to track), to investigate, 
trace out, find out. 

in-veterasco, veterascere, veteravi, 
V. intr. (veterasco, to grow old, 
freq. from vetus), to grow old ; 
to become established. 

in-victus, a, um, adj. (p. p. of vinco), 
unconquered, invincible, unconquer- 
able. 



in- video, videre, vidi, visum, v. intr., 
to look upon with envy ; to envy. ' 

invidia, ae, / (invid-ia, invidus), 
envy, jealousy, hatred, unpopularity, 
malice. 

invidiosus, a, um, adj. (invidia-osus, 
invidia), occasioning or producing 
unpopularity, hatred, or odium ; 
odious, detestable. 

invidus, a, um, adj. (invid-us, in- 
video), malignant, envious. 

in-vigilo, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to lie 
awake for ; to watch over, care for. 

invisus, a, um, adj. (/>. p. of invideo), 
odious, offensive, hated, detested. 

invito, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to invite, 
summon. 

invitus, a, um, adj., unwilling, reluc- 
tant, with regret. 

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, deterininative pron. 
(is-pse), self, himself, herself, itself; 
he, she, it ; just, exactly, very, pre- 
cisely. 

ira, ae,/, anger, wrath. 

iracundia, ae, / (iracund-ia, iracun- 
dus), a hasty temper, anger, wrath, 
passion. 

iracundus, a, um, adj. (ira-cundus, 
ira), passionate, excited, angry. 

irascor, irasci, v. dep. {incept, from 
ira), to be angry or offended. 

iratus, a, um, adj. (irascor), angry, 
incensed against. 

is, ea, id, determinative pron., he, 
she, it ; this, that ; such ; id 
temporis, at that time ; eo, on this 
apcount ; eo, quod, on this account, 
because ; eo with the co??tparative 
may often be rendered by the. 

isse, perf. infinitive ofQO. 



V58 



iste — iuste 



iste, ista, istud, determinative pron. 
(is-te, that there), this, that, that 
of yours. 

ita, adv. (i-ta, is), so, thus, to such a 
degree, in this manner, in such a 
manner ; ita ut, just as. 

Italia, ae, / (Italo-ia, Italus, an 
Itahan), I, Italy; 2, as distinguished 
from Latium, Southern Italy, called 
also Magna Graecia. 

Italicus, a, um, adj. (Ital-icus, 
Italus), Itahan ; Italicum bellum, 
the Social or Marsian war. 

Ita-que, conj., and so, therefore; ac- 
cordingly, hence, then. 

item, adv. (i-tem, is), in like man- 
ner, likewise, also. 

iter, itineris, n. {cf. eo), a journey, 
march ; a way, route, road. 

iterum, adv., again, a second time ; 
itenim et saepius, again and again. 

itiirus, a, um, see eo. 

iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussum, v. tr., to 
command, order, direct, give or- 
ders. 

iiicunditas, atis, / (iucundo-tas, iu- 
cundus), gratification, delight, en- 
joyment. 

iiicundus, a, um, adj. (iuv-i-cundus, 
iuvo), pleasant, agreeable, delight- 
ful, pleasing. 

iudex, icis, m. (ius a7td dex = dic-s, 
dico), a judge, juror. 

iudicialis, e, adj. (iudicio-alis, iudi- 
cium), of or belonging to the 
courts of justice, judicial. 

iiidicium, ii, n. (iudic-ium, iude\), a 
judgment ; trial ; sentence, opin- 
ion, decision ; the power of judg- 
ment, discernment, choice, purpose. 



iudico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (iudex), 
to pronounce a sentence or judg- 
ment ; to judge, adjudge ; to pro- 
nounce, declare ; to determine, 
conclude, decide, resolve ; to con- 
sider, think. 

iugulum, i, n. (iugo-lum, iugum, a 
yoke), the collar-bone; the throat, 
neck. 

lugurtha, ae, m., Jugurtha, a king of 
Numidia conquered by C. Marius, 
107 B. C. 

Julius, i, Julius, the name of a Rojnan 
gens ; see Caesar. 

iungo, iungere, iiinxi, iiinctum, v. tr., 
to bind, bind or connect together, 
fasten together. 

Junius, a, um, adj., of June. 

liinius, i, ;;/., Junius, the name of a 
Roma 71 gens ; see Brutus. 

luppiter, lovis, ;//., Jupiter, the su- 
preme god of the Romans. 

iiirgium, ii, n., a strife, quarrel, con- 
tention. 

iuro, are, avi, atum, v. intr. (ius), 
to take an oath, swear, promise 
under oath ; ius iurandum, an 
oath. 

iiis, iiiris, n., right, privilege, law, 
justice ; power, authority ; ius belli, 
the right or rule of war ; iure, by 
right, justly; ius iiirandum, iuris 
iiirandi n. (iuro), an oath. 

iussi, see iubeo. 

(iussus), iussu, abl. sing, m., the only 
form in use (ius-sus, iubeo), by or 
with the command or order; meo 
iussu, by my orders. 

iiiste, adv. {old abl. of iustus), justly, 
with justice. 



iustitia — largiti5 



V59 



iustitia, ae,/ (iusto-tia, iustus), jus- 
tice, fair dealing, uprightness. 

iustus, a, um, adj. (ius-tus, ius), 
just, right, fair ; proper, appropriate ; 
regular, genuine. 

iuventus, iitis, / (iuven-tus, iu- 
venis, young), the age of youth, 
youth; young persons, the youth, 
the young, young men. 

iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum, v. tr., to 
help, aid, assist. 

ivi, see eo. 

K 

Kal., abbreviation o/Kalendae. 
Kalendae, arum, / //., the Calends, 
the first day of the month. 



li.ffor Lucius, Lucius, a Roman prae- 

nomen. 
labe-facio, facere, feci, factum, v. tr , 

(cf. labo, to totter), to shake, dis- 
turb, overthrow. 
labefacto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {freq. 

0/ labefacio), to cause to totter, 

disturb ; to destroy. 
labes, is, / (lab-es, labor, to fall), a 

stain, blot, disgrace. 
labor, labi, lapsus sum, v. dep., to 

fall, slip down ; to fail in duty ; to 

err, mistake, commit a fault. 
labor, 5ris, vi., labor, toil, hardship, 

fatigue, effort, exertion, work. 
laboriosus, a, um, adj. (labor-i-osus, 

labor), laborious, toilsome. 
laboro, are, avi, atum, v. intr. and 

tr. (labor), to toil, labor, strive ; to 

labor for. 
lacesso, lacessere, lacessivi or ii, 



lacessitum, v. tr. (lac-esso, intens. 
of lacio, to entice), to excite, pro- 
voke, exasperate ; to attack, assail. 

lacrima, ae, / ( Greek) , a tear. 

lactans, antis, pres. p. (lacto, to 
suck, take milk, lac, milk), sucking. 

Laeca, ae, m., Laeca, a fatiiily nayne ; 
M. Porcius Laeca, Marcus Laeca, 
a confederate of Catiline. 

laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum, v. tr., 
to strike; to injure, harm. 

Laelius, i, m., Laelius, the 7tame of a 
Roman gens; C. Laelius, Gaius 
Laelius, surnamed the Wise, consul 
140 B.C., the friend of Scipio 
Africanus the Younger. 

laetitia, ae, / (laeto-tia, laetus), 
joy, gladness, delight, exultation. 

laetor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (laetus), 
to rejoice, exult. 

laetus, a, um, adj., joyful, glad. ' 

lamentatio, onis, / (lamenta-tio, 
lamentor), lamentation, wailing, 
weeping, lamenting. 

lamentor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (la- 
mentum, bewailing), to lament, 
bewail, weep over. 

languidus, a, um, adj. (langui-dus, 
langueo, to be weak), dull, slug- 
gish, stupid. 

lapsus, a, um, p. p. 0/ labor. 

lar, laris, m., a household divinity ; 
lar familiaris {as a symbol of home), 
. hearth and home. 

largior, iri, itus sum, v. dep. (largus, 
bountiful), to give bountifully, be- 
stow, supply. 

Iargiti5, onis, / (largi-tio, largior), 
a giving, bestowal ; bribery, cor- 
ruption. 



v6o 



larg-itor — Leiitulus 



largitor, oris, 7n. (largi-tor, lar- 
gior), one %vho gives largely, a 
liberal person. 

late, adv. {old abL 0/ latus, broad), 
widely, extensively; longe lateque, 
far and wide. 

latebra, ae, / (late-bra, lateo), a 
hiding-place, lurking-place, retreat. 

lateo, ere, ui, v. intr., to be con- 
cealed, lie hidden ; to lurk ; to 
remain unnoticed. 

Latiniensis, is, m. (Latino-ensis, 
Latinus), Latiniensis, a stirname ; 
Q. Caelius Latiniensis, Quintus 
Latiniensis, a tribune of the people. 

Latinus, a, um, adj. (Latio-inus, 
Latium), Latin, in the Latin lan- 
guage; Latina, Latin works. 

Latium, i, n., Latium, a district in 
central ftaly. 

lator, oris, in. (la-tor, latus, /. /. of 
fero), a mover or proposer {of a 
law). 

latro, onis, ;«., a robber, bandit, 
brigand ; a pirate. 

Iatr5cinium, ii, n. (*latrocino-ium, 
cf. latrocinor), robbery, plundering, 
brigandage ; a band of robbers. 

latrocinor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
(*latrocinus, latro), to engage in 
robbery. 

latus, eris, n., the side; the body, 
person. 

latus, a, um, p. p. of fero. 

laudo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (laus), 
to praise, commend. 

laureatus, a, um, adj. (laurea-tus, 
laurea, laurel), adorned or wreathed 
with laurel. 

iaus, laudis, /., praise, glory, renown, 



fame, honor, reputation ; prowess, 
worth. 

lectulus, i, m. (lecto-lus, lectus), a 
couch, bed. 

lectus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of lego, to 
collect), chosen, select, excellent. , | 

lectus, i, ;;/., a couch, bed. | 

legatio, 5nis, / (lega-tio, lego), an 
embassy ; . the office of lieutenant, 
lieutenancy. 

legatus, i, m. {p. p. of lego, to de- 
pute), an ambassador, legate, envoy; 
a lieutenant. 

legio, onis, /. (leg-io, lego, to col- 
lect), a legion, consisting, in the 
time of Cicero, of ten cohorts of in- 
fantry ; the legions %vere usually 
designated by numbers, prima, se- 
cunda, etc. 

legitimus, a, um, adj. (leg-i-timus, 
lex), legal. 

lego, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to depute, 
send on an embassy ; to appoint 
lieutenant. 

lego, legere, legi, lectum, v. tr., to 
collect, bring together ; to choose, 
select; to read. 

lenio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
(lenis), to assuage, mitigate, alle- ! 
viate. 

lenis, e, adj., gentle, mild, lenient. 

lenitas, atis, f. (leni-tas, lenis), gen- 
tleness, softness, lenity. 

leno, onis, m., a pander, an agent. 

Lentulus, i, m., Lentulus, a fafnily 
naine in the Cornelian gens: I, 
P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura, Pub- 
lius Lentulus, consul 7/ B.C., 
expelled from the senate bnt read- 
mitted by his reelection to the prae- 



lentils — licet 



v6i 



torship for the year 6j B. C, ojie 
of the leaders in the conspiracy of 
Catiline; 2, Cn. Cornelius Len- 
tulus, Gnaeus Lentulus, a tribune 
of the plebs who was made legatus the 
following year ; 3, Cn. Cornelius 
Lentulus Clodianus, Gnaeus Len- 
tulus, consul 72 B.C., subsequently 
one of Pompeys lieutSnants in the 
•war with the pirates; 4, L. Corne- 
lius Lentulus, Lucius Lentulus, one 
of the praetors in the year 8g B.C. 

lentus, a, um, adj. (len-tus, cf lenis), 
pliant, flexible; dilatory, slow. 

lepidus, a, um, adj. (lep-idus, cf 
lepor, charm), elegant, effeminate. 

Lepidus, i, /;/., Lepidus, a Roman 
family name; i, M. Aemilius 
Lepidus, Marcus Lepidus, consul 
78 B.C. ; 2, M'. Aemilius Lepidus, 
Manius Lepidus, consul 66 B. C. 

levis, e, adj., light ; unimportant, 
trifling, trivial, slight, worthless ; 
capricious, fickle, impulsive. 

levitas, atis, / (levi-tas, levis), 
lightness ; fickleness, inconstancy, 
capriciousness, worthlessness. 

leviter, adv. (levi-ter, levis), lightly, 
slightly ; ut levissime dicam, to 
say the least. 

Iev5, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (levis), 
to make light, lighten, diminish ; 
to relieve, alleviate, mitigate ; to 
aid, assist. 

lex, legis, /. (lego, to collect), a law, 
ordinance, decree, statute, bill. 

libellus, i, m. (libro-lus, liber, book), 
a small book, a book ; a short com- 
position ; a petition, memorial. 

libenter, adv. (libent-i-ter, libens. 



pres. p. of libet), willingly, cheer- 
fully, gladly. 

liber, era, erum, adj., free, unre- 
strained, independent. 

Liber, eri, m., Liber, an Italian deity, 
identified with the Greek Bacchus. 

liber, bri, 7u., a book, work, treatise. 

liberalis, e, adj. (libero-alis, liber), 
liberal, generous. 

liberalitas, atis, / (liberali-tas, li- 
beralis), generosity, liberality, kind- 
ness, munificence. 

liberatio, onis,/. (libera-tio, libero), 
acquittal, discharge, 

liberator, oris, m. (libera-tor, libero) > 
a liberator, deliverer. 

libere, adv. {old abl. of liber, free), 
freely, unreservedly, boldly. 

liberi, orum, m.pl. {pi. of liber, free), 
children. 

libero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (liber, 
free), to free, liberate, release, de- 
liver, acquit. 

libertas, atis, / (libero-tas, liber), 
freedom, liberty. 

libertinus, a, um, adj. (liberto-inus, 
libertus, a freedman), of or belong- 
ing to a freedman ; libertinus 
homo, a freedman ; libertinus, ^ 
m., a freedman. 

libet, libere, libuit or libitum est, 
V. impers., it pleases, is pleasing or 
agreeable. 

libido, inis, /. (lib-ido, libet), lust, 
desire, passion, wantonness. 

licentia, ae,/ (licent-ia, McQns, pres. 
p. of licet), license, freedom. 

licet, licere, licuit or licitum est, 
V. impers., it is lawful, allowable, 
permitted ; one may or can. 



v62 



Ijicinius — liucullus 



Licinius, i, m., Licinius, the name of 
a Ronian gens ; see Archias, Cras- 
sus, Lucullus, andWrnendi. 

Ligarius, i, tn., Ligarius, the name of 
a Roma7i gens: I, Q. Ligarius, 
Quintus Ligarius ; see Inti'oduction, 
p. 219; 2, T. Ligarius, Titus Li- 
garius, the brother of Quintus. 

lingua, ae, /., the tongue ; speech, 
language. 

linum, i, n., flax; Hnen; a string, 
thread, line. 

Iiquefaci5, facere, feci, factum, v. tr. 
(liqueo, to be fluid, facio), to melt, 
liquefy. 

lis, litis,/., strife, dispute. 

littera, ae, /., a letter of the alpha- 
bet ; litterae, pL, letters of the 
alphabet ; an epistle, letter, dis- 
patches ; records; literature, books, 
literary works. 

litteratus, a, um, adj. (littera-tus, 
littera), educated, learned. 

litiira, ae,/ (li-tura, lino, to smear), 
an erasure, blotting out, correc- 
tion. 

loco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (locus), to 
place, set ; with gerundive, to con- 
tract (to have done) ; conlocandum 
locare, to contract to have placed. 

Locrensis, e, rz^^'.^Locro-ensis, Locri), 
of Locri, a Greek city in southern 
Italy ; Locrenses, ium, m. pi., the 
Locrians, inhabitants of Locri. 

locuples, etis, adj. (loco-ple-tus, cf 
plenus), rich in lands; rich, 
wealthy, opulent. 

locupleto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (lo- 
cuples), to enrich ; pass., to enrich 
one's self, to become or grow rich. 



locus, i, m., pi. loci, m., and loca, 
n., a place, spot, region, locality, 
position ; an occasion, opportunity ; 
condition, rank, station ; loco 
movere, to dislodge from one's po- 
sition ; uno loco, in one respect ; 
summo loco natus, born of a dis- 
tinguished family. 

locutus, a, um, p. p. of loquor. 

longe, adv. {old abl. of longus), at a 
distance, far away, far off ; widely, 
greatly, far ; for a long time, long ; 
longe lateque, far and wide. 

longinquitas, atis,/ (longinquo-tas, 
longinquus), distance, remote- 
ness. 

longinquus, a, um, adj. (longo-in- 
quus, longus ; quus = cus), long ; 
far, distant, remote. 

longiusculus, a, um, adj. (longius- 
culus, diminutive ^/longior, ius), 
rather long, somewhat long. 

longus, a, um, adj., long {of space 
a7id time) ; tedious. 

loquor, loqui, locutus sum, v. dep., to 
speak, say, tell, declare. 

Lucius, i, m., a Roman praenomen. 

liictuosus, a, um, adj. (luctu-osus, 
luctus), sad, woeful. 

luctus, us, ;;/. (lug-tus, lugeo), grief, 
woe, sorrow. 

Liicullus, i, m., Lucullus, the name of 
a prominent Roman family : I, L. 
Licinius Lucullus, Lucius Lucullus, 
a favorite officer in Sulla's army 
and subsequently a distinguished 
commander in the Mithridatic ivar, 
see p. 155 ; 2, M. Licinius Lucul- 
lus, Marcus Lucullus, the brother of 
Lucius. 



luclus — male-dictum 



V63 



ludus, 1, w., a play, game ; a school ; 

ludi, onim, m. pL, public games, 

plays, spectacles. 
lugeo, ere, luxi, luctum, v. tr., to 

mourn, lament, grieve for. 
lumen, inis, n. (luc-men, luceo, to 

shine), light, luminary. 
luo, luere, lui, v. tr., to loose; to 

pay, suffer {a penalty^. 
lupinus, a, um, adj. (lupo-inus, 

lupus, a wolf), of 01' belonging to 

a wolf. 
lustro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (lus- 
trum, an expiatory offering, cf. luo), 

to purify ; to traverse. 
lux, lucis,/., light, daylight ; relief. 
luxuria, ae, / (luxuro-ia, *luxurus, 

luxus, excess), extravagance, luxury, 

excess. 

M 

M., for Marcus, Marcus or Mark, a 
Roman praeno?}ien. 

M'., for Manius, Manius, a Roman 
praenomen. 

Macedonia, ae,/, Macedonia, a coun- 
try north of Greece. 

machinator, oris, m. (machina-tor, 
machinor), a contriver, inventor. 

machinor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (ma- 
china, a device), to contrive, de- 
vise, design, plot. 

mact5, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to pun- 
ish, visit, afflict. 

macula, ae,/, a blot, stain. 

madef acio, f acere, feci, factum, v. tr. 
(madeo, to be wet, facio), to wet, 
moisten. 

Maelius, i, ;;/., Maelius, the name of a 
Ro77ian gens : Sp. Maelius, Spurius 
Maelius, slain by Servilius Ahala, 



43g B. C. ; see note on Ahala, p. 2>2>y 

1.13. 

maeror, oris, m. (maereo, to mourn), 
grief, sorrow', mourning, sadness. 

maestitia, ae, / (maesto-tia, maes- 
tus, sad), sadness, sorrow, grief, 
dejection, melancholy. 

magis, adv. (mag-is, cf. magnus ; is 
is a compar. suffix^), more, in a 
higher degree, rather, better. 

magister, tri, m. {cf. magis and msig- 
nus), a master, chief; magister 
equitum, master of the horse, see 1 10. 

magistratus, iis, w. (magistra-tus, 
magister), a magisterial offtce, mag- 
istracy ; a magistrate, officer. 

magnifice, adv. {old abl. of magnifi- 
cus), grandly, gloriously. 

magnificus, a, um, adj. (magno-ficus, 
magnus, facio), splendid, magnifi- 
cent. 

magnitude, inis, / (magno-tudo, 
magnus), greatness, size, magni- 
tude. 

magnus, a, um, compar. maior, sup. 
maximus, adj., great, large, much, 
numerous, important, mighty, pow- 
erful ; maior, maximus, ivith or 
without natu, older, elder ; oldest, 
eldest ; maiores, //., ancestors. 

Magnus, i, m., Magnus, a Roman cog- 
jiomen, the Great ; Cn. Pompeius 
Magnus, see Pompeius. 

maior, us, see magnus. 

male, peius, pessime, adv. {old abl. 
^/ malus), badly, ill; unsuccess- 
fully, unfortunately ; scarcely. 

male-dictum, i, n. (dictum, netit. of 
p. p. of dico), a foul accusation, 
slanderous story, reproach. 



v64 



maleficiuDi — Marcellus 



maleficium, ii, n. (malefico-ium, 
male, facio), an evil deed ; mis- 
chief, damage, harm. 

malleolus, i, m. (malleo-lus, malleus, 
a hammer), a fire-dart. 

malo, malle, malui, v. tr. (mage- 
volo, magis, volo), to choose 
rather, prefer. 

malum, i, n. {jieut. of malus), an 
evil, calamity. 

malus, a, um, compar. peior, sup. 
pessimus, adj., bad, evil, injurious, 
destructive ; poor. 

mandatum, i, n. {netit. of p. p. of 
mando), a charge, commission, 
message ; injunction, order, com- 
mand. 

mando, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to com- 
mit to one's charge, consign, confer ; 
to commission ; to order, command, 
bid. 

mane, adv., in the morning, early in 
the morning. 

mane5, manere, mansi, mansum, v. 
intr., to remain, stay ; to continue, 
last ; with in, to abide by, adhere to. 

manicatus, a, um, adj. (manica-tus, 
manicae, sleeves), provided or fur- 
nished w^ith long sleeves, long- 
sleeved. 

manifesto, adv. {abl. <?/manifestus), 
plainly, clearly, evidently, mani- 
festly. 

manifestus, a, um, adj. (manu-fes- 
tus, cf infestus) , manifest, detected, 
clear, plain, evident. 

Manilius, i, m., Manilius, the name of 
a Roman gens ; C. Manilius, Gaius 
Manilius, tribune of the people, author 
of the Manilian law. 



Manilius, a, um, adj. (Manilius), of 
Manilius, Manilian ; lex Manilla, 
the Manilian law, which made Poin- 
pey sole commander in the war 
against Mithridates. 

Manius, i, m., Manius, a Roman prae- 
nomen. 

Manlianus, a, um, adj. (Manlio-anus, 
Manlius), of Manlius, Manlian. 

Manlius, i, »z., Manlius, the na?ne of a 
Roman gens : I, C. Manlius, Gaius 
Manlius, a prominent partisan and 
agent of Catiline; 2, L. Manlius 
Torquatus, see Torquatus. 

mano, are, avi, v. intr., to spread, 
flow, diffuse or extend itself. 

mansuete, adv. {old ahl. of mansue- 
tus, tame), mild, kindly, with gentle- 
ness. 

mansuetiido, inis, / (mansueto-tudo, 
mansuetus, tame, mild; mansuesco, 
to accustom to the hand), mild- 
ness, gentleness, clemency. 

manubiae, arum, / //. {cf manus), 
spoils, booty. 

manus, iis, f, a hand ; art ; hand- 
writing ; an armed body, force, 
band ; vis et manus, violent 
hands. 

Marcellus, i, m., Marcellus, the name 
of a distinguished Roman family : 
I, M. Claudius Marcellus, Marcus 
Marcellus, the Roman general who 
took Syracuse in the second Punic 
tvar; 2, M. Claudius Marcellus, 
Marcus Marcellus, consul 5/ B. C, 
see Introduction, p. 206 ; 3, C 
Claudius Marcellus, Gaius Mar- 
cellus, the brother or cousin of the 
consul. 



Marcius — medius 



V65 



Marcius, i, m., Marcius, the name of a 
Roman gens; L. Marcius, Lucius 
Marcius, a Roman knight, a friend 
of Ligarius. 

Marcus, i, in., Marcus or Mark, a 
Romaji praenomen. 

mare, is, n., the sea. 

maritimus, a, um, adj. (mari-timus, 
mare), maritime, naval ; bordering 
upon the sea, lying on the seacoast. 

maritus, i, m. (mar-itus, mas, a 
male), a husband, married man. 

Marius, i, iti., Marius, the name of a 
Roman gens; C. Marius, Gaius 
Marius, the celebrated Roman gen- 
eral who conquered the Cimbri and 
the Teutones, and was seven times 
consul. 

marmor, oris, n., marble. 

Mars, Martis, ;;/., Mars, the god of 
war ; war, battle. 

Martius, a, um, adj. (Mart-ius, Mars), 
of Mars ; campus Martius, the field 
of Mars; see plan of Rome ; legio 
Martia, the legion Martia or the 
legion of Mars. 

Massilia, ae, /, Marseilles. 

Massiliensis, e, adj. (Massilia-ensis, 
Massilia), of Marseilles; Massili- 
enses, ium, m. pi., Massilians, the 
inhabitants of Massilia or Marseilles. 

mater, tris, /, a mother, matron ; 
mater familias, the mother of a 
family, a matron. 
matiire, adv. {old abl. of maturus), 
seasonably ; soon, early, speedily, 
quickly, rapidly. 
matiiritas, atis, / (maturo-tas, ma- 
turus), full development, ripeness, 
maturity. 



mature, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and intr. 
(maturus), to mature; to hasten, 
make haste. 
maturus, a, um, adj., ripe, mature, 
early, speedy. 

Mauretania, ae, /, Mauretania, a 
country of northwestern Africa, 
now Morocco. 

maxime, adv. {old abl. of maximus 
and sup. ^/"magis), very greatly; 
especially, principally, mainly. 

maximus, a, um, szip. ^/magnus. 

Maximus, i, m., Maximus, a family 
name ; (). Fabius Maximus Cunc- 
tator, Quintus Fabius, dictator 
siy B.C., the famous Roman 
general who bofjled Hannibal by 
delay. 

Medea, ae, /, the daughter of Aeetes, 
king of Colchis. She is said to have 
eloped with Jason, the leader of the 
Argonatttic expedition. 

medeor, eri, v. dep., to remedy, heal. 

medicina, ae, / (medico-ina, medi- 
cus), a remedy, medicine. 

medicus, i, m. (med-icus, medeor), a 
physician. 

mediocris, e, adj. (medio-cris, me- 
dius), middling, moderate, ordi- 
nary. 

mediocriter, adv. (mediocri-ter, medi- 
ocris), moderately, in a moderate 
degree. 

meditor, ari, atus sum, v. dep., to 
meditate, contemplate ; pass., to be 
designed. 

medius, a, um, adj., the middle of, in 
the middle or midst, in the middle 
of, mid- ; media aestate, in mid- 
summer. 



y66 



medius — miles 



medius fidius, adv. ( = me Dius 
Fidius iuvet, may the God of truth 
help me), most truly, certainly, in- 
deed. 

mehercule, mehercules, adv. ( = me 
Hercules iuvet, may Hercules help 
me), in very truth, assuredly, in- 
deed. 

melior, co?npar. of bonus. 

melius, compar. of bene. 

membrum, i, «,, a member, limb. 

memini, nisse, z^. /r. (r/ mens), to 
remember, recollect, bear in mind. 

Memmius, i, w., Memmius, the name 
of a Roman gens ; C. Memmius, 
Gaius Memmius, a candidate for the 
consulship loo B. C, said to have 
been murdered at the instigation of 
Saturninus and G land a. 

memor, oris, adj., mindful. 

memoria, ae, / (memor-ia, memor), 
memory, recollection, remem- 
brance ; records ; the period of 
recollection, memory, time ; me- 
moria tenere, to remember. 

mendacium, ii, n. (mendac-ium, 
mendax, lying), a falsehood. 

mendicitas, atis, / (mendico-tas, 
mendicus, indigent), beggary, in- 
digence. 

mens, mentis, / {cf memini), the 
mind, soul, disposition ; the in- 
tellectual faculties, understanding, 
reason, thought, judgment, discern- 
ment ; a design, intention, purpose. 

mensis, is, m., a month. 

mentio, onis, / (men-tio; cf. mens, 
memini), a mention. 

mercator, oris, m. (merca-tor, mercor, 
to traffic, merx), a trader, merchant. 



merces, edis, / (merc-ed-s, merx), 

hire, pay, wages, reward. 

mereo, merere, merui, meritum, v. 
tr., also mereor, mereri, meritus 
sum, V. dep., to deserve, merit, be 
worthy of; to earn, gain, acquire. 

merito, adv. {abl. t?/ meritum), ac- 
cording to desert, deservedly, justly. 

meritum, i, n. {nettt.ofp.p. ^/mereo), 
desert, merit ; favor, kindness, ser- 
vice, benefit. 

merx, mercis, /, wares, goods, mer- 
chandise. 

met, a7i e??iphatic suffix added to per- 
sonal proiiouns, self. 

metator, oris, m. (meta-tor, metor, 
to measure), a measurer, surveyor. 

Metellus, i, m ., Metellus, a fajjiily 
name: i, Q. Caecilius Metellus, 
Quintus Metellus, surnamed Numi- 
dicusy^r his victories over Jugiirtha, 
king of A^umidia ; 2, Q. Caecilius 
Metellus, Quintus Metellus, son of 
Q. Metellus Numidicus, surnamed 
Pius because of his devotion to his 
exiled father ; 3, Q. Caecilius Metel- 
lus Celer, Quintus Metellus, praetor 
6j B.C., consul 60 B.C. ; 4, Q. Cae- 
cilius Metellus, Quintus Metellus, 
a tribune of the plebs ; 5, M. Cae- 
cilius Metellus, Marcus Metellus, a 
friend of Catiline, whom Cicero in 
irony calls vir optimus. 

metuo, ere, metui, v. tr. (metus), to 
fear, dread. 

metus, us, m., fear, dread, terror. 

mens, a, um, poss. pron. (ego, mei), | 
my, mine. 

miles, itis, m. (mil-it-s, cf. mille), 
a soldier ; soldiery. 



inilitaris — iiioderatus 



M67 



militaris, e, adj. (milit-aris, miles), 
of or belonging to a soldier, mili- 
tary, warlike ; res militaris, mili- 
tary affairs. 

militia, ae, / (milit-ia, miles), mili- 
tary service, warfare; militiae, /f^a- 
tive, in the field. 

mille, subs, and adj. indecL, a thou- 
sand; milia, ium, n. pi., thousands. 

minae, arum,///., threats, menaces. 

minime, adv. {old abl. 0/ minimus), 
least of all, least, by no means. 

minimus, a, um, adj. (min-imus, cf. 
minuo ; tised as sup. of parvus), 
least, smallest. 

minitor, ari, atus sum, v. dtp. {freq. 
i?/ minor), to threaten, menace. 

minor, ari, atus sum, v. dep., to 
threaten, menace. 

minor, us, adj. (min-ior, cf. minuo ; 
used as compar. (/parvus), smaller, 
less ; the less, the younger. 

Minucius, i, in., Minucius, a compan- 
ion of Catiline. 

minuo, minuere, minui, miniitum, v. 
tr., to make less, diminish, lessen ; 
to weaken, impair. 

minus, adv. {iieut. 0/ minor), less; 
not ; si minus, if less, if not. 

miror, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (mirus), to 
wonder or marvel at, be astonished at. 

mirus, a, um, adj., wonderful, marvel- 
ous, extraordinary, strange. 

misceo, ere, miscui, mixtum, v. tr., 
to mix, mingle, blend ; to stir up, 
devise, prepare. 

Misenum, i, n., Misenum, a town and 
harbor on the coast of Campania. 

miser, era, erum, adj. , wretched, piti- 
able, unfortunate, lamentable. 



miserabilis, e, adj. (misera-bilis, 
miseror), pitiable, miserable. 

miserandus, a, um, adj. {gerundive 
of miseror), to be pitied, pitiable, 
wretched. 

misereor, misereri, miseritus sum, v. 
dep. (miser), to pity. 

miseret, miserere, miseritum est, v. 
impers. (miser), it distresses, excites 
pity ; me miseret, I pity. 

miseria, ae, / (miser-ia, miser), 
misery, wretchedness, woe. 

misericordia, ae, / (misericord-ia, 
misericors), pity, compassion, 
mercy, clemency. 

misericors, cordis, adj. (misero-cor-s, 
miser and cor, heart), compassion- 
ate, pitiful, merciful. 

miseror, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (miser), 
to lament, bewail, deplore ; to com- 
miserate, pity. 

Mithridates, is or i, m., Mithridates, a 
king of Pontus conquered by Pompey. 

Mithridaticus, a, um, adj. (Mithridat- 
icus, Mithridates), pertaining to 
Mithridates, Mithridatic ; Mithri- 
daticum bellum, the zoar waged by 
the Romans against Mithridates. 

mitis, e, adj., mild, merciful, gentle. 

mitto, mittere, misi, missum, v. tr., 
to send, dispatch. 

mixtus, a, um, adj. {p. p. 0/ misceo), 
mixed, miscellaneous. 

moderate, adv. {old abl. of modera- 
tus), with moderation, calmly, 
moderately. 

moderatio, onis, / (modera-tio, mo- 
deror), moderation. 

moderatus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of 
moderor), prudent, of self-control. 



moderor — niulto 



moderor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (cf. 
modus), to manage, check, moder- 
ate. 

modestus, a, um, adj. (modes-tus, 
modus), discreet, scrupulous. 

modo, adv. {abl. 0/ modus), only; just, 
even, merely; just now, recently; 
non modo . . . sed etiam or verum 
etiam, not only . . . but also ; non 
modo . . . verum, not to say . . . 
but. 

modus, i, m., measure, extent, quan- 
tity ; limit, moderation ; manner, 
way, style, mode, kind. 

moenia, ium, n. pi. {cf. mums), de- 
fensive walls, the walls of a town ; 
a city. 

moles, is, / i^cf. molestus), a huge, 
massive structure ; mass, burden. 

moleste, a^z^. {old abl. ^molestus), 
with difficulty or trouble; moleste 
ferre, to take it ill, be annoyed, be 
vexed. 

molestia, ae, / (molesto-ia, moles- 
tus), trouble, annoyance, vexation. 

molestus, a, um, adj. {cf. moles), 
troublesome, disagreeable, annoy- 
ing. 

molior, iri, itus sum, v. dep. (moles), 
to endeavor, attempt, undertake ; 
to contrive, plot, devise, 

mollis, e, adj., gentle, lenient, easy ; 
weak, feeble. 

mone5, monere, monui, monitum, 
V. tr., to admonish, advise, warn ; to 
instruct, counsel ; eos hoc moneo, 
I give them this advice. 

monitum, i, n. {neut. of p. p. of 
moneo), a warning, admonition. 

monstrum, i, n. (mon-s-trum, 



moneo), an ill omen, evil portent; 
monster. 

monumentum, i, n. (monu-mentum, 
moneo), a monument, memorial, 
record. 

mora, ae, /, a delay, hindrance, ob- 
stacle. 

morbus, i, m. {cf morior), sickness, 
disease, illness. 

morior, mori or moriri, mortuus sum, 
V. dep. {cf mors), to die. 

mors, mortis,/ {cf morior), death. 

mortalis, e, adj. (mort-alis, mors), 
mortal ; mortalis, is, m., a mortal, 
human being. 

mortuus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of 
morior), dead. 

mos, moris, ?//., manner, custom, 
usage, practice ; //,, character, 
morals. 

motus, lis, m. (mov-tus, moveo), a 
movement, action ; a political move- 
ment, tumult, excitement, disturb- 
ance. 

moveo, movere, movi, m5tum, v. tr., 
to move, set in motion, actuate ; to 
excite, affect, influence ; loco mo- 
vere, to dislodge from one's position. 

mucro, onis, w., a point, edge ; a dag- 
ger, sword. 

mulier, eris,/, a woman. 

muliercula, ae, / (mulier-cula, mu- 
lier), a little woman, a woman. 

multitudo, inis,/ (multo-tudo, mul- 
tus), a great number, multitude, 
crowd, number. 

multo, adv. {abl. o/multus), by far, 
much. 

multo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (multa, 
a fine), to fine, punish. 



inultum — naviciilarius 



v6g 



multum, adv. (ace. of multus), much, 
very, greatly. 

multus, a, urn, compar. plus, siip. 
plurimus, adj., much, many, numer- 
ous, frequent ; ita multi, so many. 

Mulvius, a, um, adj., INIulvian ; pons 
Mulvius, the Mulvian bridge, one 
of the bridges over the Tiber, see 
p. 125. 

municeps, ipis, m. and f (one who 
assumes the duties, muni-cep-s, 
munia, duties, capio), a citizen of 
a municipium or free town, citizen. 

miinicipium, ii, n. (municip-ium, 
municeps), a free town, municipal- 
ity. 

munio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. {cf 
moenia), to defend, protect, cover, 
secure. 

miinitus, a, um, adj. (p. p. t^/munio), 
fortified, protected, secure. 

miinus, muneris, n., service, office, 
function ; favor, present, gift, en- 
dowment ; munera, //., festivals, 
games. 

Miirena, ae, m., Murena, a family 
name ; L. Licinius Murena, Lucius 
Murena, an incompetent comm-ander 
i7i the second Mithridatic war, re- 
called by Sulla. 

miirus, i, m. {cf moenia), a wall, 
rampart. 

Musa, ae, / {Greelz), a muse, one of 
the nine goddesses who presided over 
the liberal arts. 

Mutina, ae, /., Mutina, now Modena, 
a tozun in Cisalpine Gaul. 

miito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {probably 
for mOY -to from mov-eo),to change, 
alter. 



mutus, a, um, adj., mute, speechless, 

dumb. 
Mytilenaeus, a, um, adj. (Mytilene), 

belonging to Mytilene, a city on the 

island of Lesbos. 

N 

nactus, a, um, /./. c/nanciscor. 

nam, (TCi;?;'., for ; now. 

nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum, 
V. dep., to get, obtain, acquire ; to 
meet with, find. 

nascor, nasci, natus sum, v. dep. 
(gna-scor, cf gi-gn-o), to be born, 
arise, proceed. 

Nasica, ae, m., Nasica, a family 
name ; P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica 
Serapio, Publius Nasica, consul 
1^8 B.C., leader of the attack on 
7 'iberins Gracch us. 

natio, onis, / (na-tio, nascor), a 
race, nation, people. 

natiira, ae, / (na-tura, nascor), na- 
ture ; natural disposition, charac- 
ter, inclination. 

natus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of nascor), 
born ; destined, constituted by na- 
ture. 

naufragus, a, um, adj. (navis, 
frango), shipwrecked ; ruined. 

nauticus, a, um, adj. (nauta-cus, 
nauta, sailor), of or belonging to 
sailors, nautical, naval. 

navalis, e, <7c^'.(navi-alis, navis), of 
or belonging to ships, naval ; na- 
vale bellum, the zuar against the 
pirates, by B.C. 

navicularius, ii, m. (navi-cula- 
arius, navis), a shipmaster, ship- 
owner. 



V70 



navigatio — nequaqiiam 



navigatio, onis, / (naviga-tio, na- 
vigo), sailing, navigation; com- 
merce. 

navigo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
(navis, ago), to sail, go by ship, 
navigate ; to set sail. 

navis, is,/, a ship, vessel. 

ne, adv. and conj., not, that not, so 
that not, in order that not, lest ; 
ne . . . quidem, not even. 

ne, interj., indeed, truly. 

ne, interrog. particle, enclitic : in di- 
rect questions it simply indicates 
the interrogative character of the 
sentence ; in indirect questions, 
vi^hether. 

ne, negative prefix, not, un-, in-. 

Neapolitanus, a, um, adj. (Neapoli- 
t-anus, Neapolis, Naples), of 
Naples, Neapolitan ; Neapolitan!, 
omm, m. pi., Neapolitans, inhabit- 
ants of Neapolis or Naples. 

nec, see neque. 

necessario, adv. {abl. ^/necessarius), 
by necessity, of necessity, neces- 
sarily. 

necessarius, a, um, adj. (necessi- 
arius, necesse), necessary, needful, 
indispensable ; unavoidable ; criti- 
cal, pressing ; necessarius, ii, m., 
a relative, kinsman, friend. 

necesse, <7<^'. indecl. {cf. ne and cedo), 
necessary, unavoidable, indispensa- 
ble. 

necessitas, atis, / (necessi-tas, ne- 
cesse), necessity, need. 

necessitudo, inis, / (necessi-tudo, 
necesse), relationship, intimacy, 
alliance, connection. 

nec-ne, conj., or not. 



neco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (nex), to 
kill, put to death. 

ne-fandus, a, um, adj. (ne and fari, 
to speak), not to be spoken of, 
wricked, heinous, abominable, exe- 
crable. 

nefarie, adv. (old abl. of nefarius), 
vi^ickedly, execrably, abominably. 

nefarius, a, um, adj. (nefar-ius, ne- 
fas), impious, abominable, wricked. 

ne-fas, n. indecl., something contrary 
to the divine will, sin, crime. 

neglegenter, adv. (neglegent-i-ter, 
neglegens, pres. p. of neglego), 
negligently, carelessly. 

neglego, legere, lexi, lectum, v. tr. 
(nec and lego, to collect), not to 
heed ; to neglect, disregard, shght. 

nego, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (neg = 
nec, cf neglego), to refuse, deny, 
decline ; to say no or not, declare 
not. 

negotior, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (ne- 
gotium), to do business, trade. 

negotium, ii, n. (nec-otium), busi- 
ness, occupation ; difficulty, trouble, 
labor. 

nemo, inis, m. and f (ne and hemo 
= homo), no one, nobody. 

nempe, adv. and conj. (nam-pe), 
forsooth, namely. 

nepos, otis, m., a grandson ; a spend- 
thrift, prodigal. 

nequam, compar. nequior, sup. ne- 
quissimus, adj. indecl. (perhaps 
ne-quam, but cf. ne-queo, not to be 
able), worthless, vile. 

ne-quaquam, adv. (quaquam, in any 
way, quisquam), by no means, not 
at all. 



neque — noii 



v/i 



ne-que, or nee, conj. and adv., and 
not, also not, but not, nor ; neque 
. . . neque, nee . . . nee, neither 
. . . nor. 

nequitia, ae,/ (nequi-tia, nequam), 
remissness, negligence ; worthless- 
ness, vileness, villany, 

nervus, i, m., a nerve, sinew; force, 
power, strength. 

ne-seio, seire, scivi or seii, scitum, 
V. tr., not to know, to be ignorant ; 
nescio an {lit. I know not whether), 
perhaps, I am inclined to think ; 
neseio quis or qui, quae, quid or 
quod, some one, somebody, some- 
thing; neseio quo modo, neseio 
quo paeto, somehow or other, in 
some way. 

ne-ve, conj. (ne, not, ve, or), or not, 
and not, nor. 

nex, necis,/, a violent death, murder, 
slaughter, death. 

nihil, n. indecl., and nihilum, i, «., 
nothing ; in no respect, not, not at 
all ; non nihil, somewhat. 

nihil-dum, adv., not at all as yet, not 
yet, as yet not. 

nihilum, see nihil. 

Nilus, i, 9)1., the Nile, the river in Egypt. 

ni-mirum, adv. (ni = ne), without 
doubt, indisputably, doubtless. 

nimis, adv., too much, too. 

nimium, adv. {ace. of nimius), too, 
too much. 

nimius, a, um, adj. (nim-ius, nimis), 
beyond measure, excessive, too 
great, too much. 

ni-si, conj. (ni = ne), if not, unless, 
except. 

nisus, a, um, /. /. of nitor. 



niteo, nitere, nitui, v. intr., to shine, 
be brilliant, 

nitidus, a, um, adj. (niti-dus, niteo), 
sleek, neat, spruce. 

nitor, niti, nisus or nixus sum, v. 
dep., to rest upon, rely upon. 

nix, nivis,/, snow. 

nobilis, e, adj. (no-bilis, nosco), 
known, distinguished, noted ; high- 
born, of noble birth, noble. 

nobilitas, atis, / (nobili-tas, no- 
bilis), celebrity, renown. 

noeens, entis, adj. {pres. p. of no- 
eeo), injuring, guilty ; as noujt, an 
offender, evil-doer. 

noeeo, ere, ui, itum, v. intr. {cf 
nex), to harm, hurt, injure. 

noetii, /, only in the abl. {abl. of 
*noetus = nox), by night, in the 
night. 

nocturnus, a, um, adj. (noet-urnus, 
nox), by night, nightly, in the 
night, nocturnal. 

nolo, nolle, n51ui, v. tr. and intr. 
(ne ajid volo), to be unwilling ; not 
to wish ; to refuse, object. 

nomen, inis, n. (no-men, noseo), a 
name, title, designation ; suo 
nomine, on his own account, in his 
own name ; sine nomine, without 
signature. 

nominatim, adv. (nomina-tim, no- 
mino), by name, expressly. 

n5min5, are, avi, atum, v. tr, 
(nomin-o, nomen), to name, call, 
call by name, mention. 

non, adv., not, no ; non nemo, some 
one, somebody ; non nuUus, some 
one, some ; non numquam, some- 
times, at times. 



Y 'J2 



nondum — oblect5 



non-dum, adv., not yet. 

non-ne, inte7'7'og. particle^ not ? 

n5sc5, noscere, novi, notum, v. tr. 
(no-SCO, with inceptive ending), to 
become acquainted with, learn ; 
perf,, to know, understand. 

nos-met, ourselves; see met. 

noster, tra, trum, poss. pron. (nos- 
ter, nos), our, ours. 

nota, ae,/ (no-ta, nosco), a mark, 
brand, stamp ; reproach, disgrace. 

noto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (nota), to 
mark, designate, note. 

notus, a, um, adj. (/, p. ^/ nosco), 
known, famiUar, manifest. 

novem, num. adj., nine. 

November, bris, adj. (Novem-ber, 
novem), of November. 

novi, see nosco. 

novus, a, um, adj., new, strange, un- 
common ; novae res, a revolution. 

nox, noctis,/, night. 

Nucerinus, a,um, a^'. (Nuceria-inus, 
Nuceria), of Nuceria, a town in 
Campania. 

nudius tertius, adv. (nunc dies ter- 
tius, lit. now the third day), day 
before yesterday. 

niidus, a, um, adj., naked, uncovered 
bare ; unprotected, exposed ; with 
out an outer garment. 

niillus, a, um, adj. (ne-ullus), not any 
no, none ; non nullus, some one 
some ; quae nulla, none of which. 

num, interrog. particle : in direct ques- 
tions i??iplying a negative answer ; 
in indirect questions, whether. 

Numantia, ae, /, a city ijt Spain cap- 
tured by the younger Scipio Africa- 
nus. 



numen, inis, n. (nu-men, nuo, to 

nod), the divine will or power. 

numerus, i, m., number ; rank, posi- 
tion ; enumeration. 

Numidicus, a, um, adj. (Numida- 
cus, Numida, a Numidian), Nu- 
midian, a cognomen of Q. Caecilius 
Metellus, given him for his victories 
over the Numidians ; see Metellus. 

numquam, adv. (ne-umquam), never, 
at no time ; non numquam, some- 
times. 

nunc, adv., now, at present. 

nSntius, ii, m. (novent-ius, * noveo, 
to be new, novus), a messenger, 
courier ; a message, news, tidings ; 
an order. 

niiper, adv., newly, recently, not long 
ago. 

niiptiae, arum, / pi. (nupt-iae, nubo, 
to marry), marriage, wedding. 

niitus, us, m. (nu-tus, *nuo, to nod), 
a nod, will, pleasure, command. 



0, inter j., O ! oh ! 

ob, prep, with ace, on account of, in 
consideration of, for. In composi- 
tion (b is assimilated before c, f, g, 
and'p'), before, in the way, against. 

ob-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. intr., to go to ; 
to attend to ; to perform, execute, 
do, accomplish. 

ob-icio, icere, ieci, iectum, v. tr. 
(iacio), to throw, place, or set 
against ; to place in the way, offer, 
present. 

oblatus, a, um,^. p. of ofiero. 

ob-lecto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (lacto, 
to entice), to delight, please. 



oblige — obtuli 



V73 



ob-ligo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ligo, 
to bind), to oblige, place under 
obligation ; to pledge, mortgage. 

ob-lino, linere, levi, litum, v. tr. 
(lino, to smear), to besmear, be- 
daub, cover. 

oblitus, a, um,/./. o/oblino. 

oblitus, a, um,/./. ^/obliviscor. 

oblivio, onis, / (obliv-io, cf. oblivi- 
SCOr), forgetfulness, oblivion. 

obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus suAi, 
V. dep. (oblivi-scor, cf. oblivio), 
to forget, lose all recollection of. 

ob-oedio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. intr. 
(audio), to obey. 

ob-orior, iri, ortus sum, v. dep., to 
arise, spring up, appear ; to fall or 
shine upon. 

ob-ruo, ruere, rui, riitum, v. tr., to 
overwhelm, bury, hide. 

obsciire, adv. {old abl. of obscurus), 
obscurely, indistinctly. 

obsciiritas, atis, / (obscuro-tas, ob- 
scurus), uncertainty, obscurity. 

obscuro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ob- 
scurus), to hide, conceal, obscure, 
cover. 

obscurus, a, um, adj., obscure, un- 
known, secret, not generally known. 

ob-secro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (sacer, 
sacred), to implore, beseech, en- 
treat, conjure, supplicate. 

Ob-secundo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
(secundo, to favor, secundus), to 
favor, comply with. 

obses, idis, m. and f (one who is 
guarded, obsideo), a hostage, surety, 
pledge. 

ob-sideo, ere, sedi, sessum, v. tr. 
(sedeo, to sit), to sit down before. 



besiege, invest, blockade ; to watch 
for an opportunity. 

obsidio, onis, / (obsid-io, obsideo), 
a siege, investment, blockade. 

ob-sisto, sistere, stiti, v. intr. (sisto, 
to place, stand), to set one's self 
against ; to resist. 

obs-olesco, olescere, olevi, oletum, 
V. intr, incept, (obs = ob, olesco, 
to grow), to wear out, decay, grow 
obsolete, lose force. 

ob-sto, stare, stiti, staturus, v. 
intr., to withstand, thwart, hinder, 
check. 

ob-strepo, strepere, strepui, strepi- j 
tum, V. tr. (strepo, to make a 
noise), to make a noise against, 
drown. 

ob-stupefacio, facere, feci, factum, 
V. tr. (stupefacio, to stun), to 
stupefy, overpower, astound, amaze. 

ob-stupesco, stupescere, stupui, 
V. intr. (stupesco, to become as- 
tonished), to be or become stupe- 
fied, amazed, overcome. 

ob-sum, esse, fui, futiirus, v. intr., to 
be prejudicial ; to injure. 

ob-tempero, are, avi, atum, v. intr., 
to comply with, conform to, submit 
to, obey. 

ob-tineo, tinere, tinui, tentum, v. tr. 
(teneo), to hold, possess, retain; 
to maintain, show ; to gain, ac- 
quire, obtain. 

ob-tingo, tingere, tigi, v. intr. 
(tango), to fall to one's lot, befall, 
happen, take place, occur. 

ob-trecto, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
(tracto), to oppose, decry. 

obtuli, see offero. 



V74 



occasio — oiiiitto 



occasio, onis, / (occad-tio, occido), 

an occasion, opportunity, favorable 
moment. 

occasus, us, 771. (occad-tus, occido), a 
fall, downfall. 

occidens, entis, ;;z. (^p7'es. p. of oc- 
cido, sc. sol), the west. 

occidio, 5nis, / (occid-io, occido), 
slaughter, great slaughter. 

occido, cidere, cidi, casum, v. i7itr. 
(ob-cado), to fall cr go down; to 
perish, die, be lost. 

occido, cidere, cidi, cisum, v. /r. (ob- 
caedo), to cut down, kill, slay. 

occliido, cludere, cliisi, cliisum, v. tr. 
(ob-claudo), to close, shut. 

OCCUlte, adv. {old abl. of OCCultus), 
secretly, privately. 

occulto, are, avi, atum, v. /r. {freq. 
<9/occulo, to hide), to hide, conceal, 
secrete. 

occultus, a, um, adj. (/. /. of occulo, 
to hide), hidden, concealed, secret. 

occup5, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ob- 
capio), to take possession of, seize, 
occupy ; to invade, invest ; OCCU- 
patus, busy, occupied. 

occurro, currere, curri, cursum, v. 
i7it7'. (ob-curro), to run to meet; 
to meet, come to, go to, arrive ; 
to engage in ; to oppose, counter- 
act ; to occur, present itself. 

Oceanus, i, w., the ocean, the Atlan- 
tic Ocean. 

Octavianus, a, um, adj. (Octavio- 
anus, Octavius), of Octavius, Octa- 
vian ; Octavianus, i, 7/1., Octavi- 
anus or Octavian, the 7iai}ie assumed 
by C. Octavius after his adoptio7i by 
Julius Caesar, see Caesar. 



Octavius, i, w., Octavius, the name of 
a Ro77ian gejis : i, Cn. Octavius, ^ 
Gnaeus Octavius, co7isul in Sj B.C. i 
zuith Ci7i7ia, whom he drove out ^ 
of the city ; 2, L. Octavius, Lucius 
Octavius, S071 of G/iaeus, co7isul 75 
B. C. ; 3, Cn. Octavius, Gnaeus 
Octavius, consul 76 B. C. ; 4, C. 
Octavius, afteriuards Augustus, see 
Caesar. 

OCulus, i, ;;/., an eye. 

odi, odisse, v. def, to hate, detest. 

odium, ii, it. (od-ium, odi), hatred, 
animosity, enmity. 

offendo, fendere, fendi, fensum, v. tr. 
and i7itr. (ob aitd *fendo, to strike), 
to offend, err, give offense ; to hurt, 
harm, wound. 

offensi5, onis,/ (offend-tio, offendo), 
an offense ; displeasure, aversion ; 
disaster. 

offensus, a, um, adj. (/. /. of of- 
fendo), offensive, displeasing, odi- 
ous. 

offer5, ferre, obtull, oblatum, v. tr. 
(Ob-fero), to bring before, present, 
offer ; to expose, subject. 

officium, ii, n. (op-fic-ium ; ops, 
facio), a service, kindness, favor ; 
ofhce, business, duty, employment, 
obligation. 

off undo, fundere, fudi, fusum, v. tr. 
(ob-fundo), to overspread, flood, 
fill. 

olim, adv., formerly, long ago. 

omen, inis, 11., an omen. 

omitto, mittere, misi, missum, v. tr. 
(ob-mitto), to let go, let fall; to 
lay aside, not to use ; to neglect, 
disregard. 



oinnino — opus 



V75 



omnino, adv. {abl. o/*omni-nus, om- 
nis), altogether, at all, entirely, 
utterly, wholly. 

omnis, e, adj., all, every, the whole, 
complete. 

onus, eris, n., a load, burden, freight, 
cargo. 

opera, ae, / (oper-a, opus), pains, 
exertion, labor ; operae pretium 
est, it is worth while ; care, atten- 
tion ; aid, service, means, agency. 

Opimius, i, m., Opimius, the naine of 
a Ro77ia7i gens; L. Opimius, Lu- 
cius Opimius, consul 121 B.C., 
clothed with dictatorial powers for 
the safety of the state. 

opimus, a, um, adj., rich, fruitful, 
fertile. 

Opinio, onis, / (opin-io, opinor), 
opinion, supposition, belief; ex- 
pectation ; latius opinione, more 
widely than you think. 

opinor, ari, atus sum, v. dep., to 
think, suppose, imagine, conjecture. 

opitulor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (opi- 
tulus ; ops and tulo = fero), to aid, 
help, assist, succor. 

oportet, oportere, oportuit, v. impers., 
it is necessary, needful, proper, be- 
coming ; one must, ought. 

oppeto, petere, petivi or petii, peti- 
tum, V. tr. (ob-peto), to meet, en- 
counter. 

Oj)pidum, i, n., a town, walled town. 

oppono, ponere, posul, positum, v. tr. 
(ob-pono), to set or place against; 
to oppose, place opposite ; to pre- 
sent. 

opportiJnitas, atis, / (opportuno- 
tas, opportunus), fitness, conven- 



ience, favorable situation, fortunate 
circumstance, advantage. 

opportunus, a, um, adj. (ob-portu- 
nus, before the harbor, portus), fit, 
suitable, timely. 

oppositus, us, m. {cf p. p. of op- 
pono), a placing before, opposing, 
interposition, protection. 

opprimo, primere, pressi, pressum, 
V. tr. (ob-premo), to press against, 
press down ; to oppress, overpower, 
crush, distress ; to surprise, fall 
upon, seize, overtake. 

oppugno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ob- 
pugno), to fight against, oppose, 
resist ; to attack, assault, besiege, 
storm. 

(ops), opis,/ {noin., dat., voc. sing, 
not in use'), power, strength ; aid, 
assistance, help; opes,//., means, 
wealth, resources, interests ; author- 
ity, influence. 

optatus, a, um, adj. {p. p ^/ opto), 
wished, desired ; agreeable, pleas- 
ant, desirable. 

optimas, atis, ju. and f (optimo-as, 
Optimus), one of the best men, an 
aristocrat ; //., the best or chief 
men, the aristocracy. 

optime, adv. {old abl. o/optimus), 
sup. of bene. 

optimus, a, um, adj. (op-timus, cf 
ops), sup. of bonus. 

opto, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to select, 
choose ; to desire, hope, wish. 

opus, eris, n., work, labor, art; a 
military work or structure ; a deed, 
action, performance ; magnoopere, 
greatly ; quanto opere, how 
greatly, how much ; tanto opere, 



V76 



ora — palain 



so greatly ; need, necessity ; opus 
est, it is necessary, there is need. 

ora, ae,/, the margin, coast, border; 
ora maritima, the sea-coast. 

orati5, onis,/. (ora-tio, oro), a speak- 
ing, speech, harangue, oration, 
words. 

orbis, is, w., a circle ; orbis terrae or 
terranim, the world, the earth. 

ordior, ordiri, orsus sum, v. dep., to 
begin, set about, commence. 

ordo, inis, vi., a row or series, order ; 
rank, class, degree, body. 

oriens, entis, m. {pres. p. o/.orior, sc. 
sol), the rising ; the quarter where 
the sun rises, the east. 

orior, oriri, ortus sum, v. dep., to rise, 
arise, begin. 

ornamentum, i, n. (orna-mentum, 
orno), an ornament, decoration, 
distinction, honor ; equipment. 

ornate, adv. {old abl. of ornatus), 
gracefully, elegantly. 

ornatus, a, um, adj. (/. p. of orno), 
furnished, equipped, fitted out, pos- 
sessed of, provided with ; honorable. 

orno, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to fit out, 
furnish, equip ; to adorn, honor, 
distinguish, celebrate. 

oro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (os, oris), 
to speak ; to beseech, entreat, im- 
plore, pray, beg. 

orsus, a, um., p. p. ^/ordior. 

ortus, us, in. (or-tus, orior), the rising. 

OS, oris, n., the mouth ; the face, 
countenance, features. 

ostendo, tendere, tendi, tentum, v. tr. 
(obs = ob and tendo), to show, dis- 
close, exhibit, manifest, prove ; to 
tell, declare, make known. 



ostento, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {freq. 

of ostendo), to show frequently, 

exhibit, show, display. 
Ostiensis, e, adj. (Ostia-ensis, Ostia), 

of or at Ostia, the port of Rome at 

the mouth of the Tiber. 
ostium, ii, n. {cf os), a mouth, en- 
trance ; Oceani ostium, the Straits 

of Gibraltar. 
otiosus, a, um, adj. (otio-osus, 

Otium), at peace, quiet, peaceful, 

peaceable, off one's guard. 
otium, ii, n., leisure, rest, repose, 

tranquilUty, quiet, retired life. 
ovans, antis, adj. (pres. p. of ovo, to 

rejoice), rejoicing; triumphant; in 

an ovation. 



P., for Piiblius, Publius, a Roman 
praenomen. 

pacatus, a, um, adj. {p. p. o/paco), 
pacified, peaceful, subdued, reduced 
to subjection, quiet, calm. 

paciscor, pacisci, pactus sum, v. 
dep., to covenant, agree upon, 
appoint. 

paco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (pax), to 
bring into a state of peace and 
tranquillity, tranquillize, pacify ; to 
subdue, subjugate. 

pactum, i, «. {neut. of p. p. of pa- 
ciscor), an agreement, compact; 
manner, way. 

pactus, a, um, /. /. o/paciscor. 

paene, adv., almost, nearly. 

paenitet, paenitere, paenituit, v. 
impers., it causes regret, makes 
repent ; me paenitet, I repent. 

palam, adv., openly, publicly. 



Palatiuni — parvulus 



NJ7 



I 



Palatium, i, n., the Palatine Hill, 
one of the most important of the 
seven hills of Rome. On it was 
erected the royal residence of the 
Caesars, called Palatium from, the 
name of the hill. Hence our word 
palace. Many wealthy and dis- 
tinguished citizens, as Catithis, 
Cicero, and Catiline had their resi- 
dences on the Palatine. See note on 
p. 87,1. 4- 

Pamphylia, ae, /, Pamphylia, a coun- 
try of Asia Minor on the Mediter- 
rajiean. 

Pansa, ae, m., Pansa, a fatnily name ; 
C. Vibius Pansa, Gaius Pansa, 
consul 4j B.C., slain in the battle 
near Mutina. 

Papirius, i, m., Papirius, the name of 
a Roman gens ; see Carbo. 

Papius, a, um, adj. (Papius), of or 
belonging to Papius, Papian ; lex 
Papia, the Papian law, proposed 
by the tribtme C Papius. It re- 
quired the rejnoval of all foreigners 
from Rome. 

par, paris, adj., equal, like, similar. 

paratus, a, um, adj. {p., p. o/paro), 
prepared, equipped, provided, fur- 
nished ; ready, willing. 

parco, parcere, peperci, parsum, v. 
intr. {cf parens, frugal), to spare, 
not to injure ; to preserve. 

parens, entis, m. and f (par-ens, 
cf. pario), a father or a mother, a 
parent. 

pareo, parere, parui, paritiirus, v. 
intr., to obey, comply with, submit to. 

paries, parietis, m., a wall, wall of a 
house, house wall. 



Parilia (Palilia), ium, n. pi. (Pali- 
ilis. Pales, a divinity worshiped 
by shepherds'), the Parilia, feast of 
Pales, held April 21. 

pario, parere, peperi, partum, v. tr., 
to bring forth, bear ; to gain, ac- 
quire, secure, bring about, procure. 

Parma, ae, /, Parma, a towji of Cis- 
alpine Gaul, captured by Antony 
through treachery. 

Parmensis, e, adj. (Parma-ensis, 
Parma), of Parma; Parmenses, 
ium, m. pi., the inhabitants of 
Parma. 

paro, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to prepare, 
provide, furnish. 

parricida, ae, m. and f (parri-cid-a ; 
parri = pari, par ; cid = caed in 
caed-o), a parricide, murderer, 
assassin. 

parricidium, ii, n. (parricida-ium), 
murder, destruction ; treason, rebel- 
lion. 

pars, partis, /, a part, portion, 
share ; place, direction, regian ; 
party, side. 

particeps, ipis, in. and f (parti-cep-s, 
pars, capio), a participant, sharer. 

partim, adv. (part-im, pars), partly, 
in part ; partim . . . partim, either 
... or, some . . . others. 

partior, iri, itus sum, v. dep. (pars), 
to divide. 

partus, a, Mm., p. p. 0/ pario. 

parum, comp. minus, sup. minime, 
adv. (par(v)-um, parvus), little, 
too little, not enough. 

parvulus, a, um, adj. (parvo-lus, 
parvus), small, slight, unimportant ; 
little, young. 



Y7^ 



parvus — pecus 



parvus, a, um, compar. minor, sup. 
minimus, adj., small, slight, unim- 
portant, insignificant, narrow. 

passus, a, um,/./. ^/patior. 

passus, iis, m. (pad-tus, pa(n)do, to 
spread, as in the act of walking), a 
step, double step, pace ; in measure, 
five Roman feet ; mille passus, 
5000 Roman feet, a mile, i.e. a Ro- 
man mile = about 48^0 English feet. 

pastio, onis, /. (pas-tio, pasco, to 
feed), pasturing, pasturage. 

pastor, oris, m. (pas-tor, pasco, to 
feed), a shepherd. 

patefacio, facere, feci, factum, v. tr. 
(pateo,facio),to throw open, open ; 
to make known, disclose, bring to 
light. 

pateo, patere, patui, v. ijitr., to be 
open, exposed. 

pater, tris, m., a father ; pater fa- 
milias, the father of a family, father; 
patres, //., fathers, forefathers, 
ancestors ; patres conscripti, con- 
script fathers, the customary appel- 
lation of the senators. 

patiens, entis, adj. {pres. p. of pa- 
tior), patient. 

patientia, ae,/. (patient-ia, patiens), 
patience, endurance. 

patior, pati, passus sum, v. dep., to 
suffer, support, bear, endure. 

patria, ae,/ {fem. <?/patrius), father- 
land, native land, country, one's 
country. 

patricius, a, um, adj. (patr-icius, 
patres), pertaining to the patres 
or senators, patrician ; patricius, ii, 
m., a patrician, a person of senato- 
rial rank, one of the Ro^nan nobility. 



patrimonium, ii, n. (patr-i-monium, 
pater), patrimony, ancestral estate, 
inheritance. 

patrius, a, um, adj. (patr-ius, pater), 
fatherly, ancestral, paternal. 

patro, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to bring 
to pass, bring about. 

pauci, ae, a, adj. {rare in sing.), few, 
not many. 

paulisper,«t/z/. (paul-is-per; paulum, 
per ; for is, cf. mag-is), for a little 
while, for a short time. 

paulo, adv. {abl. 0/ paulus, little), a 
little, somewhat ; paulo ante, a 
little while ago, a little before. 

'^d.vXViVSX, adv. {ace. c/ paulus, little), 
a Httle, somewhat. 

Paulus, i, >n., Paulus, a family name ; 
L. Aemilius Paulus, Lucius Paulus, 
who, iji 168 I^.C, conquered Ferses, 
king of Macedonia. He zvas the 
father of Scipio Africanus Minor. 

pax, pacis, / {cf pac-iscor), peace, 
tranquillity, quiet ; pace tua, with 
your permission. 

pecco, are, avi, atum, v. intr., to 
transgress, err, offend, do injustice. 

pect5, pectere, pexi, pexum, v. tr. 
{cf pecten, a comb), to comb. 

pectus, oris, n., the breast ; the 
mind. 

pecuarius, a, um, adj. (pecu-arius, 
pecu, cattle), of or pertaining to 
cattle; pecuaria {sc. res), ae, /, 
stock-raising, cattle-breeding. 

peciinia, ae, / {cf pecus), property, 
riches ; money, a sum of money ; 
banking. 

pecus, udis,/, a single head of cat- 
tle ; a brute. 



peclester — perlicio 



V79 



pedester, tris, tre, adj. (pedit-tris, 
pedes, foot-soldier, pes), on foot ; 
pedestres copiae, infantry. 

peior, us, coiupar. of malus. 

peius, compar. of male. 

pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum, v. tr., 
to drive out or away, expel ; to 
rout, drive back, discomfit ; to 
overpower, conquer. 

Penates, ium, m. pi., the Penates, 
guardian deities of the household 
and of the state. 

pendeo, pendere, pependi, v. intr., 
to hang, rest, depend. 

penetro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and 
intr. {cf penitus), to enter, pene- 
trate, reach. 

penitus, adv., deeply, far within, in- 
wardly ; exclusively. 

pensito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {freq. 
of penso, to weigh), to pay. 

peperci, see parco. 

peperi, see pario. 

per, prep, with ace. : i, Of place, 
through, over, during ; 2, Of time, 
through, during, for ; 3, Of other 
relations, by means of, by, with, on 
account of, for, through the agency 
of ; per me, by my own efforts, so 
far as I am concerned ; per deos, 
by the gods ! In composition, thor- 
oughly, completely, very. 

per-adulescens, entis, adj., very 
young. 

per-agro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(ager), to go through, travel 
through. 

per-brevis, e, adj., very brief, very 
short. 

per-cello, cellere, culi, culsum, v. tr. 



{for celdo, cf clades), to smite, cast 
down, overthrow, ruin, destroy. 

per-cipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
(capio), to take fully, receive, ac- 
quire, obtain ; to perceive, learn, 
hear, hear of, comprehend. 

percontor, ari, atus sum, v. dep., to 
inquire, make inquiries. 

per-cutio, cutere, cussi, cussum, v. 
tr. (quatio, to smite), to strike 
through, strike. 

perditus, a, um, adj. {p. p. ^/ per- 
do), lost, abandoned, bad, ruined ; 
perditae res, desperate or criminal 
enterprises. 

per-do, dere, didi, ditum, v. tr. (do, 
to place), to destroy, ruin ; to lose. 

per-diico, ducere, duxi, ductum, v. 
tr., to lead, bring, or conduct 
through ; to convey, lead, bring. 

peregrinor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
(peregrinus), to go abroad, travel. 

peregrinus, a, um, adj. (peregri- 
nus, pereger, abroad), foreign, pro- 
vincial. 

per-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. intr., to pass 
away, perish, be destroyed or lost. 

perfectio, onis, / (perfic-tio, per- 
ficio), a completion, perfecting, ap- 
complishment. 

perfectus, a, um, adj. (/. /. of per- 
ficio), finished, perfect, complete, 
excellent. 

per-fero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. tr., to 
bear or carry through ; to bring, con- 
vey ; to endure, suffer, undergo, bear. 

per-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
(facio), to finish, complete, achieve, 
perfect ; to bring to pass, accom- 
plish, cause, effect. 



v8o 



perf ringo — persequor 



per-fringo, fringere, fregi, fractum, 
V. tr. (frango), to break through, 
burst through, force one's way 
through, 

per-fnior, frui, fructus sum, v. dep., 
to enjoy, enjoy to the full. 

perfugium, ii, n. (perfug-ium, per- 
fugio), a place of refuge, shelter, 
refuge, resort. 

per-fungor, fungi, functus sum, v. 
dep., to fulfill, perform ; to endure, 
go through with, reach the close of. 

pergo, pergere, perrexi, perrectum, 
V. intr. (per-rego), to go straight 
through ; to go on, continue, pro- 
ceed, advance. 

per-horresco, horrescere, horrui, v. 
tr. (horresco, to shudder), to shud- 
der at, contemplate with horror. 

periclitor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
(pericl-itor, freq. of periculor, to 
try, periculum), to make a trial of ; 
to endanger, imperil ; to be in peril. 

periculosus, a, um, adj. (periculo- 
osus, periculum), full of danger, 
dangerous, perilous, hazardous. 

periculum, i, n. (peri-culum, *pe- 
rior, to try ; cf. ex-perior, to try, 
.test), a trial, attempt, experiment ; 
risk, danger, peril, hazard ; a case, 
trial in court, suit, lawsuit. 

per-inde, adv., exactly, in the same 
manner, just as. 

per-iniquus, a, um, adj., very unfair, 
very unjust. 

peritus, a, um, adj. (peri-tus ; cf. 
experior, to try, and periculum), 
experienced, skilled, acquainted 
with. 

per-magnus, a, um, adj.^ very great. 



per-maneo, manere, mansi, man- 
sum, V. intr., to remain, stay, con- 
tinue, endure, persist. 

per-mitto, mittere, misi, missum, v. 
tr., to send through, cast, hurl ; to 
give up, concede, surrender ; to in- 
trust, commit; to suffer, permit. 

per-modestus, a, um, adj., very 
modest. 

per-moveo, movere, movi, motum, 
V. tr., to move deeply, stir up, ex- 
cite ; to induce, influence, persuade, 
prevail upon ; to arouse, affect. 

permultum, adv. {ace. ^/permultus), 
very much. 

per-multus, a, um, adj., very much ; 
//., very many, in great numbers. 

pernicies, ei,/ (per-nic-ies, cf nex), 
destruction, ruin, disaster, calamity, 
mischief. 

perniciosus, a, um, adj. (pernicie- 
osus, pernicies), dangerous, trai- 
torous ; destructive, ruinous. 

per-nocto, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
(nox), to pass the night. 

perpetuus, a, um, adj. (per-pet-uus, 
peto), constant, uninterrupted, per- 
petual, continual, continuous ; in 
perpetuum, forever. 

per-saepe, adv., very often, very fre- 
quently. 

per-scribo, scribere, scripsi, scrip- 
tum, V. tr., to write out, record, 
report. 

per-sequor, sequi, secutus sum, v. 
dep., to follow perseveringly, follow 
up ; to pursue, press upon ; to pro- 
ceed against, prosecute, punish ; to 
avenge ; to perform, execute, ac- 
complish. 



Perses — Pharsalius 



V8l 



Perses, ae, m., Perses or Perseus, the 
last king of Macedonia, conquered 
by Ltuius Paulus at Pydna, i6S 
B.C. 

perseverantia, ae, / (perseverant-ia, 
persevere, to persevere), persever- 
ance, steadfastness, constancy. 

per-solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum, v. 
tr., to pay in full, to pay. 

persona, ae, /, a person, personage, 
character. 

per-spicio, spicere, spexi, spectum, 
V. tr. (specio, to look), to see or 
look through ; to examine, inspect ; 
to perceive, observe, ascertain. 

per-suadeo, suadere, suasi, suasum, 
V. tr., to convince, persuade, pre- 
vail upon. 

per-terreo, terrere, terrui, territum, 
V. tr. (terreo, to frighten), to frighten 
greatly, terrify. 

pertimesco, timescere, timui, v. intr. 
{incept, of per-timeo), to become 
greatly alarmed, to fear greatly. 

pertinacia, ae, / (pertinac-ia, per- 
tinax), obstinacy, pertinacity. 

pertinax, acis, adj. (per-tin-ax, 
teneo), obstinate, stubborn. 

per-tineo, tinere, tinui, v. intr. 
(teneo), to stretch out ; to extend 
to, reach ; to aim at, tend ; to per- 
■ tain to, concern, relate to. 

per-turbo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
(turbo, to disturb), to throw into 
confusion or disorder, agitate ; to 
confuse, mislead, disturb, embarrass. 

per-vad5, vadere, vasi, vasum, v. tr. 
and intr. (vado, to go), to spread 
through, penetrate, pervade ; to 
reach, arrive at. 



pervagatus, a, um, adj. {p. p. ^/per- 
vagor, to roam about), wide-spread, 
well-known. 

per-venio, venire, veni, ventum, v. 
intr., to come to, arrive at, reach, 
attain, pass. 

pervulgatus, a, um, adj. (/. /. of 
per-vulgo, to spread abroad), wide- 
spread, common, trite. 

pes, pedis, in,, the foot ; as a meas- 
tire, a Roman foot = about ii% 
inches. 

pessime, stip. of male. 

pessimus, sup. of malus. 

pestifer, fera, ferum, adj. (pesti-fer, 
pestis, fero), ruinous, baneful, de- 
structive. 

pestis, is,/, destruction, ruin, death ; 
a pest, curse, bane. 

petitio, onis, / (peti-tio, peto), a 
thrust, blow, attack. 

peto, petere, petivi or petii, peti- 
tum, V. tr., to repair to, go to ; to 
attack, assail ; to aim at, ask, seek, 
demand, solicit ; to seek to obtain, 
strive after. 

petulantia, ae, / (petulant-ia, petu- 
lans, wanton), wantonness, bold- 
ness, viciousness. 

pexus, a, um, /. /. of pecto. 

Pharnaces, is, m., Pharnaces, the son 
of Mithridates and king of the Bos- 
phorus. 

Pharsalicus, a, um, adj. (Pharsalo- 
icus, Pharsalus), of Pharsalus, a 
city in Thessaly, tvhere Caesar de- 
feated Ponipey, Pharsalian. 

Pharsalius, a, um, adj. (Pharsalo- 
ius, Pharsalus), of Pharsalus, Phar- 
salian ; see Pharsalicus. 



V82 



Philippus — Pompeius 



Philippus, 1, m., Philip, a proper 
na?ne: I, Philippus, Philip V., 
king of Macedonia, conquered by the 
Romans at Cyjioscephalae, igy B. C. ; 
2, L. Marcius Philippus, Lucius 
Philip, consul gi B.C., quick at 
repartee. 

philosophus, i, m. {Greek), a phi- 
losopher. 

Picenus, a, um, adj. (Picenum), 
Picene, of Picenum, a district on the 
eastern coast of central Italy. 

pie, adv. {old abl. o/pius), dutifully, 
loyally, affectionately. 

pietas, atis, /. (pio-tas, plus), duti- 
ful conduct, piety, devotion ; loy- 
alty ; fraternal affection ; integrity, 
uprightness. 

pigneror, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (pig- 
nus, a pledge), to take as a pledge ; 
to claim as one's own, to claim. 

pila, ae, /., a ball; ball-playing, the 
game of ball, 

pinguis, e, adj., fat ; rude, dull, gross. 

pius, a, um, adj., pious, dutiful, affec- 
tionate. 

Pius, i, /»«., Pius, the surname of Q. 
Caecilius Metellus, the son of Q. Cae- 
cilius Metellus Numidicus ; see Me- 
tellus. 

placed, placere, placui, placitum, v. 
intr., to please, be acceptable to, 
satisfy ; to seem good, be resolved 
on, be ordered, be decided. 

placo, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to ap- 
pease, reconcile, propitiate, please. 

plane, adv. (ip/a'rt^/ ^/planus, plain), 
plainly, clearly, distinctly ; entirely, 
completely. 

plebs, plebis, and plebes, plebei or 



plebi, /, the commons or common 
people, as distinguished frotn the 
patricians ; the populace, people. 

plenus, a, um, adj. (ple-nus, cf. *pleo, 
to fill), full, entire, complete, whole. 

plerumque, adv. {ace. d?/ plerusque), 
for the most part, mostly, commonly, 
very often. 

plerus-que, pleraque, plerumque, adj., 
rare in the sing, (ple-rus, cf. *pleO, 
to fill), a large part, most ; pi., the 
most, very many, a great part. 

Plotius, 1, m., Plotius, the name of a 
Ro7nan gens; L. Plotius, Lucius 
Plotius, a Ronian rhetorician ; see 

p. 200, 1. 2. 

plurimum, adv. {ace. of plurimus), 
very much, especially, exceedingly, 

plurimus, a, um, adj., sup. of multus, 
rare in the sing., the most, the 
greatest number of, very many ; 
quam plurimi, as many as possible, 

plus, pluris, adj., co??ipar. of multus, 
more, several. 

pliis, adv., compar. of multum, more. 

poena, ae,/. {Greek), a fine, penalty, 
punishment, satisfaction. 

Poenus, 1, m., a Phoenician, a Car- 
thaginian, 

poeta, ae, m. {Greek), a poet, 

polio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr., to 
polish, finish nicely, 

polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum, 
V. dep. (por-liceor, to hold forth ; 
liceo, to offer for sale), to promise, 
offer, 

Pompeius, i, m., Pompeius or Pompey, 
the name of a Roman gens; Cn. 
Pompeius Magnus, Gnaeus Pom- 
peius or Pompey, the celebrated 



Pomptinus — posui 



V83 



Roman general and statesman ; see 

p. 154. 

Pomptinus, i, w., Pomptinus, a family 
najne ; C. Pomptinus, Gaius Pomp- 
tinus, a praetor under Cicero. See 
note on p. 124, 1. 23. 

pondus, eris, n. (pond-us, cf. pendo, 
to weigh), weight, burden. 

pono, ponere, posui, positum, v. tr., 
to put, place, set, lay ; castra po- 
nere, to pitch a camp, to encamp ; 
to take off, lay aside, lay down. 

pons, pontis, m., a bridge. 

pontifex, icis, ;;/. (pont-i-fec-s, pons 

I and facio ; original meaning ob- 
scure^, a high-priest, pontiff; their 
chief or president 7vas called ponti- 
" fex maximus. 

Pontus, i, ?n., Pontus, an important 
^ country in Asia Minor, south of the 

■ Euxine. 

popina, ae, /., an eating-house, cook- 
shop. 

popularis, e, adj. (populo-aris, popu- 
lus), popular, devoted to the people, 

■ ' acceptable to the people ; belong- 

■ YCig or pertaining to the popular es 
or democratic party. 

populus, i, m., a people, nation ; the 

common people. 
por, inseparable particle (r is assimi- 
lated before 1 and s), forth, before, 

near. 
porta, ae, /. (por-ta, cf portus), a 

gate, entrance, passage. 
portentum, i, n. {neut. of p. p. of 

portendo, to point out), a portent, 

monster, prodigy. 
portus, us, m. (por-tus, cf porta), a 

harbor, port. 



positus, a, um, adj. (/. /. ^/pono), 
situated, placed, lying. 

possessio, onis, / (possid-tio, possi- 
deo, to possess), a possessing, pos- 
session ; property, estate. 

possum, posse, potui, v. intr. (pote = 
potis, able, and sum), to be able, 
can ; to have influence or power ; 
to avail, be able to accomplish ; 
plurimum posse, to be very pow- 
erful, have very great influence. 

post, adv., afterward, later ; post 
quam, after ; prep, with ace, after, 
behind, since. 

postea, adv. (post-ea, is), afterward, 
after this, later. 

posteritas, atis, /. (postero-tas, pos- 
terus), posterity, futurity, the 
future ; in posteritatem, for the 
future. 

(posterus), a, um, lompar. posterior, 
sup. postremus, adj. (post-erus, 
post), coming after, following, next 
ensuing ; posterum, i, n., the fu- 
ture ; in posterum, for the future, 
into the future ; posteri, orum, m. 
pi., coming generations, descend- 
ants, posterity. 

posthac, adv. (post-hac, hie), here- 
after, after this, in future. 

postremo, adv. {abl. 0/ postremus), 
at last, finally. 

postremus, a, um, adj. {sup. of pos- 
terus), the last, in the rear, hind- 
most. 

postulatio, onis, / (postula-tio, 
postulo), a demand, request. 

postulo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {cf 
posco), to demand, ask, request. 

posui, sec pono. 



v84 



potens — praef ectus 



potens, entis, adj. {pres. p. of pos- 
sum), able, powerful, influential, 
mighty, strong. 

potestas, atis, / (potes-tas, cf. potis, 
able), ability, power ; legal power, 
right ; leave, permission. 

potior, potiri, potitus sum, v. dep. 
(poti-or, potis, able), to become 
master of, acquire, gain, get, obtain. 

potius, sup. potissimum, adv. 
{cojnpar. of potis, able), rather, 
in preference, sooner. 

potui, see possum. 

prae, prep, with abl, before ; prae se 
ferre, to acknowledge openly ; in 
comparison with ; for, on account 
of; hi compositio7t, before, very. 

praebeo, bere, bui, bitum, v. tr. (prae- 
habeo), to hold forth, reach out ; to 
offer, extend, present ; to show, ex- 
hibit ; to give, furnish, supply, afford. 

praeceps, cipitis, adj. (prae-cipit-s, 
caput), head foremost, headlong, 
hasty, precipitate ; headstrong, ob- 
stinate. 

praeceptum, i, n. {neui. of p. p. of 
praecipio), an order, direction, 
command ; advice, counsel, precept. 

prae-cipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
(capio), to take beforehand ; to 
give orders, prescribe, admonish, 
advise, direct, instruct. 

praecipue, adv. i^old abl. of praeci- 
puus), especially, principally, chiefly. 

praecipuus, a, um, adj. (praecip-uus, 
praecipio), particular, especial, ex- 
traordinary, peculiar. 

praeclare, adv. {old abl. of prae- 
clarus), very clearly ; excellently, 
nobly, gloriously. 



prae-clarus, a, um, adj., very bright, 
remarkable, extraordinary, excel- 
lent, distinguished, illustrious. 

praeco, onis, m., a herald. 

praeconium, ii, n. (praecon-ium, 
praeco), a heralding, publishing, 
proclaiming. 

prae-curro, currere, cucurri or curri, 
cursum, v. intr. (curro, to run), to 
run before, hasten ; to surpass, 
excel, outstrip. 

praeda, ae, / (prae-heda ; cf. 
pre-he(n)do, to seize), property 
taken in war, booty, plunder, spoil. 

praedator, oris, m. (praeda-tor, 
praedo, to plunder), a robber, plun- 
derer. 

praedicatio, onis, / (praedica-tio, 
praedico), mention, assertion, state- 
ment ; praise, commendation. 

prae-dico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (dico, 
to proclaim), to make known, pro- 
claim, declare, say, tell, affirm ; to 
celebrate, speak of; to boast. 

prae-dico, dicere, dixi, dictum, v. tr., 
to say or state first or beforehand, 
premise ; to foretell, predict. 

praeditus, a, um, adj. (prae and 
datus,/./. of do), endowed, gifted ; 
provided with, possessed of. 

praedium, ii, n., an estate. 

praedo, onis, m. (praed-o, praedo, 
to plunder), a robber; a pirate. 

praefectura, ae, / (praefec-tura, 
praefectus), a prefecture, an Ital- 
ian town governed by a Roman pre- 
fect. 

praefectus, i, w. {p. p. <?/ praeficio), 
an overseer, leader, commander, 
prefect. 



praef ero — praetextatus 



V85 



I 



prae-fero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. tr., 
to bear before ; to prefer, choose 
rather, esteem more. 

prae-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
(facio), to set over; place in au- 
thority over, appoint to the com- 
mand of. 

prae-mitto, mittere, misi, missum, 
V. tr., to send before, send ahead or 
in advance. 

praemium, ii, n. (prae-em-ium, that 
which is taken first from the booty, 
emo, to take), profit, advantage ; 
reward, distinction. 

Praeneste, is, «. and f., Praeneste, a 
town in Latiuni southeast of Rome, 
now Palestrina. 

prae-pono, p5nere, posui, positum, 
V. tr., to put or set before ; to place 
in command of, appoint over. 

prae-ripio, ripere, ripui, reptum, 
V. tr. (rapio), to snatch away, 
seize beforehand ; to anticipate. 

prae-scribo, scribere, scripsi, scrip- 
turn, V. tr., to write before, place 
before in writing ; to direct, order, 
appoint, command, prescribe. 

praesens, entis, adj. {pres. p. ^/prae- 
sum), present, in person. 

praesentia, ae, / (praesent-ia, prae- 
sens), the present ; presence, 

prae-sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum, 
V. tr., to feel or perceive beforehand, 
foresee, observe, look forward. 

praesertim, adv. (prae-ser-tim, sero, 
to join), especially, particularly, 
chiefly. 

prae-sideo, sidere, sedi, sessum, 
V. intr. (sedeo, to sit), to preside 
over ; to guard, protect, defend. 



praesidium, ii, n. (praesid-ium, prae- 
sideo), a defense, protection, help, 
assistance, support, aid, security ; 
a guard, garrison, force. 

praestans, antis, adj. {pres. p. of 
praesto), standing before, excelling ; 
eminent, conspicuous, preeminent, 
superior, excellent, extraordinary. 

praesto, adv. {cf praesto, stare), pres- 
ent, at hand, ready. 

prae-sto, stare, stiti, stitum and sta- 
tum, V. tr. and intr., to stand 
before, surpass, excel, be superior 
to ; to discharge, accomplish, per- 
form, carry into effect ; to show, ex- 
hibit ; to guarantee, vouch for ; to 
preserve. 

praestolor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. {cf. 
praesto, adv.), to await, wait for. 

prae-sum, esse, fui, v. intr., to be 
before, be in command of, have the 
charge of, preside over. 

praeter, p7'ep. with ace. (prae-ter), 
past by, beyond ; except, beside ; . 
contrary to, against. 

praeterea, adv. (praeter-ea, is), be- 
sides, beyond this, moreover. 

praeter-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. tr., to 
pass or go by; to omit, pass over, 
neglect. 

praeteritus, a, um, adj. {p.p. of-pia.e- 
tereo), past, gone by, departed. 

praeter-mitto, mittere, misi, mis- 
sum, V. tr., to let go, pass by, omit, 
overlook. 

praeter-quam, adv., beyond, besides, 
except. 

praetextatus, a, um, adj. (praetexta- 
tus, praetexta), clad in the toga 
praetexta, in boyhood. 



yS6 



praetextus — privo 



praetextus, a, urn, ad/, (p. p. o/prae- 
texo, to border), bordered ; tOga 
praetexta, the toga bordered with 
purple, worn by Roman boys and by 
magistj'ates ; in praetexta, in boy- 
hood. 

praetor, oris, w. (prae-i-tor ; i, stem of 
eo, ire), a praetor, a magistrate jiext 
in rank to the consul ; see 92-96. 

praetorius, a, um, adj. (praetor-ius, 
praetor), relating to the praetor, 
praetorian. 

praetiira, ae,/ (prae-i-tura, cf. prae- 
tor), the office of praetor, praetor- 
ship. 

pravitas, atis,/ (pravo-tas, pravus), 
depravity, perverseness. 

pravus, a, um, adj. (crooked), wicked, 
vicious, perverse ; bad, unjust. 

preces, um, f. pi., sing, not used in 
the orations, requests, prayers, en- 
treaties. 

precor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (preces), 
to ask, beg, pray, beseech, entreat, 
supplicate. 

premo, premere, pressi, pressum, v. 
tr,, to press, press hard upon, press 
down ; to burden, load ; to harass, 
annoy, distress ; to overpower. 

pretium, ii, n., worth, value, price ; 
operae pretium est, it is worth 
while. 

pridem, adv., a long time ago, long 
since. 

pridie, adv. (pris = prius, and die), 
on the day before. 

primo, adv. {abl. 0/ primus), at first, 
in the first place. 

primum, adv. {ace. of primus), first, 
at first, in the first place, in the 



beginning ; ut or cum primum, as 
soon as ; quam primum, as soon as 
possible. 

primus, a, um, adj., sup, of prior 
(pris-mus ; pris = prius), the first, 
the first part of, the beginning of; 
the foremost, principal, most influ- 
ential ; in primis, especially. 

princeps, ipis, adj. and subst., m. and 
f (primo-cep-s, primus and capio\ 
the first in order or rank, foremost, 
chief, most eminent ; a leading man, 
leader, chief, author. 

principatus, iis, m. (priucip-atus, 
princeps), the first place, the chief 
position, rule, sovereignty. 

principio, a^z/. {abl. ^/ principium), 
in the first place, at first, ^at the 
beginning. 

principium, ii, 7t. (princip-ium, prin- 
ceps), the beginning, commence- 
ment, origin. 

prior, prius, compar. adj., sup. pri- 
mus (pri-ior, cf. pro), former, 
previous ; prior nox, last night, the 
night before. 

pristinus, a, um, adj. (pris-tinus, 
pris = prius), former, early, primi- 
tive, pristine. 

prius, adv. {neut. of prior), before, 
sooner, previously ; prius . . . quam, 
before, sooner than. 

privatus, a, um, adj. (/./. ^/ privo), 
belonging to an individual, private, 
personal ; res privatae, private af- 
fairs, private life ; privatus, i, m., a 
private citizen, one who holds no 
public office. 

privo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (privus, 
separate), to deprive. 



pro — profligo 



V87 



pro, prep, with abl., before, in front 
of; for, for the advantage of, for 
the protection of, in behalf of; in 
proportion to, in comparison with, 
according to ; on account of, in 
return for ; as, for ; pro consule, for 
a consul, with consular power, as 
proconsul; pro eo ac mereor, ac- 
cording to my deserts ; in composi- 
tion (^generally pro, hut prod is 
sometim-es found before vozuels), forth, 
forward, before, for. 

pr5, interj., O ! ah ! 

pro-avus, i, m., a great-grandfather. 

probatus, a, um, adj. {p.p. ^/probo), 
tried, tested, proved ; good, excel- 
lent, acceptable. 

probitas, atis, / (probo-tas, probus, 
upright), integrity, uprightness, 
goodness, worth. 

probo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (probus, 
upright), to approve, be satisfied 
with ; to prove, show, demonstrate. 

procella, ae, /, a storm, tempest. 

processio, onis, /. (pro-ced-tio, pro- 
cedo, to go forth), an advance. 

pro-creo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (creo, to 
bring forth) , to produce, give birth to. 

procul, adv.^ (pro-cul), afar off, far, in 
the distance, from afar. 

prociiratio, onis, / (procura-tio, pro- 
euro), the care, charge, superin- 
tendence. 

prod-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. intr., to go 
forth, advance, proceed, march for- 
ward. 

prodigium, ii, n. (prod-igium, prod 
= pro and *agium, frojn ago, or 
♦agio = aio), a prophetic sign; a 
prodigy, monster. 



pr5digus, a, um, adj. (prod-ig-us, 
prod and ago), prodigal, lavish, pro- 
fuse. 

pro-do, dere, didi, ditum, v. tr., to 
give forth, publish, make known ; 
to hand clown, transmit, bequeath ; 
to give up, betray, surrender, aban- 
don. 

proelium, ii, «., a battle, ccmbat. 

profectio, onis, / (profec-tio, pro- 
ficiscor), a going away, departure. 

profecto, adv. {= pro facto), actually, 
certainly, in truth, assuredly, doubt- 
less. 

profectus, a, um, p. p. (5/proficiscor. 

pro-fero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. tr., to 
bear forth, bring out, produce, bring 
forward. 

professio, onis, / (profit-tio, pro- 
fiteor), a public declaration, regis- 
tration. 

pro-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
(facio), to make progress, advance ; 
to accomplish, effect, obtain. 

proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum, 
V. dep. (profici-scor, incept, of 
proficio), to put one's self for- 
ward ; to set out, go, march, depart, 
proceed. 

pro-fiteor, fiteri, fessus sum, v. dep. 
(fateor), to declare publicly, confess 
openly, acknowledge, avow ; to en- 
ter one's name, register ; to profess ; 
to offer freely, propose, promise. 

pr5fligatus, a, um, adj. {p.p. t/pro- 
fligo), vile, abandoned, profligate. 

pro-fligo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (fligo, 
to strike), to strike to the ground, 
overthrow, conquer, defeat, over- 
come. 



v88 



prof ugio — proscriptio 



pro-fugio, fugere, fugl, fugitum, v. 

intr., to flee before or from, flee, 
escape ; to take refuge, flee for 
refuge. 

pro-fundo, fundere, fudi, fusum, v. 
tr., to pour forth, sacrifice ; to 
squander, lavish, dissipate. 

pro-gredior, gredi, gressus sum, v. 
dep. (gradior, to step), to go for- 
ward, advance, proceed. 

pro-hibeo, hibere, hibui, hibitum, v. 
tr. (habeo), to hold back, check, 
restrain, prevent, keep fron\ ; to 
save from, protect, preserve. 

pro-icio, icere, ieci, iectum, v. tr. 
(iacio), to throw forth, cast away, 
cast out ; to give up, reject, fling 
away, lay down. 

pro-inde, adv., hence, therefore, ac- 
cordingly. 

prolate, are, v. tr. (Jreq. of profero), 
to delay, put off, defer. 

prolatus, a, um,/./. ^/profero. 

promissum, i, n. {neut. of p. p. of 
promitto), a promise. 

pro-mitto, mittere, misi, missum, v. 
tr,f to promise. 

pr5mptus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of promo, 
to take out), ready, active, prompt. 

promulgo, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
publish, promulgate ; to propose. 

propago, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (*pro- 
pag-us, cf pro and pa(n)g-o, to 
fasten, applicable to layers in propa- 
gatbig plants'), to propagate, in- 
crease, enlarge, add to ; to prolong, 
continue. 

prope, compar. propius, sup. prox- 
ime, adv. (pro-pe), near, close by ; 
nearly, almost. 



propinquus, a, um, adj. (prope-in- 
quus, prope; quus^cus, cf lon- 
ginquus) , near, neighboring ; nearly 
related, akin ; propinquus, i, ;«., a 
relative, kinsman. 

propior, propius, szip. proximus, 
compar. adj. (prope-ior), nearer. 

propius, adv. (^compar. of prope), 
nearer, more nearly. 

pro-pono, ponere, posui, positum, v. 
tr., to set before ; to set forth, ex- 
pose to view, display, present ; to 
propose, purpose, design, deter- 
mine. 

propraetor, oris, m. (pro-praetor), a 
propraetor, one who, having been 
praetor at Rojne, became governor 
of a province the follozuing year ; 
see 95. 

proprius, a, um, adj., peculiar, one's 
own, characteristic, appropriate, 

propter, prep, with ace. (prope-ter), 
near, near by ; on account of, by 
reason of; as adv., near, at hand, 
near by. 

propterea, adv. (propter-ea, is), there- 
fore, for that reason, on that ac- 
count. 

propudium, ii, n. (pro-pud-ium, pro 
and pudet), a shameful action ; a 
vile wretch, villain. 

propugnaculum, i, n. (propugna- 
culum, pro-pugno), a bulwark, 
protection, defense. 

propulso, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (pro- 
pul-so, /r^?^. of pro-pello),to drive 
back, keep off, ward off, repulse. 

proscriptio, onis, / (proscrib-tio, 
pro-scribo), a proscription, confis- 
cation. 



prosequor — puerilis 



V89 



pro-sequor, sequi, secutus sum, 

V. dep., to follow, accompany, attend, 
escort. 

prospere, adv. {old abl. of prosperus, 
fortunate), prosperously, success- 
fully, fortunately. 

pro-spici5, spicere, spexi, spectum, 
V. tr. (specie, to look), to look 
forward; to provide for, take care 
of, consult for. 

pro-sterno, sternere, stravi, stra- 
tum, V. tr., to prostrate, overthrow, 
destroy. 

pro-sum, prodesse, profui, v. intr., 
to be useful, be of service, benefit, 
profit ; to avail, conduce. 

providentia, ae,/ (provident-ia,/r(?w 
=, pi-es.p. tf/provideo), foresight, fore- 

^ thought. 

^ pro-video, videre, vidi, visum, v. tr. 
and intr., to foresee ; to discern ; 
to make provision for, provide for, 
take care of, look out for. 

provincia, ae, /, a province ; office, 
function. 

provincialis, e, adj. (provincia-alis, 
I provincia), relating to a province, 

provincial. 

pro-voc5, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
call forth or out ; to provoke, incite. 

proxime, adv. {old abl. o/proximus), 
very near ; very recently, last. 

proximus, a, um, adj. {sup. of pro- 
pior), nearest, next, adjacent ; 
most familiar, most intimate ; fol- 
lowing, ensuing ; previous, last ; 
proximus, 1, a relative ; //. proximi, 
kindred. 

prudens, entis, adj. {for providens, 
pres. p. of provideo), foreseeing. 



foreknowing, with one's eyes open ; 
prudent, sagacious, discreet, judi- 
cious ; parum prudens, without 
sufficient forethought. 

priidentia, ae, / (prudent-ia, pru- 
dens), sagacity, foresight, wisdom, 
prudence, discretion. 

pruina, ae, /, hoar-frost, frost. 

publicanus, i, m. (publico-anus, 
publicus), a farmer of the public 
revenue. 

piiblicatio, onis, / (publica-tio, pu- 
blico), confiscation. 

publice, adv. {old abl. of publicus), 
publicly ; by public authority. 

Publicius, i, m., Publicius, the name 
of a Roman gens ; also the name of 
one of Catiline'' s folloivers. 

piiblico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (publi- 
cus), to make public property, con- 
fiscate. 

publicus, a, um, adj. (pub-li-cus, from 
pub-es, an adult, and popu-lus), of 
or belonging to the state, public 
common ; official, legal ; indicium 
publicum, a state trial. 

Piiblius, i, m., Pubhus, a Roma^i 
praenomen. 

pudet, pudere, puduit or puditum 
est, V. impers., it makes ashamed, 
it shames. 

pudicitia, ae,/ (pudico-tia, pudicus, 
modest), modesty, chastity, virtue, 

pudor, oris, w. (pud-or, pudet), the 
sense of shame ; respect, regard, 
decency ; modest worth. 

puer, eri, m., a boy, lad, child ; ex 
puero, from boyhood. 

puerilis, e, adj. (puero-ilis, puer), 
boyish, childish, youthful. 



VQO 



pueritia — quamquam 



pueritia, ae, / (puero-tia, puer) , boy- 
hood. 

pugna, ae,/ (pugno), a battle, com- 
bat, contest, action, engagement, 

pugno, are, avi, atum, v. intr. (pug- 
nus, fist), to fight, contend, give 
battle. 

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, adj., 
beautiful ; noble, excellent, glorious, 
honorable. 

pulchre, adv. {old abl. of pulcher), 
beautifully, successfully. 

pulsus, a, um, /. p. of pello. 

pulvinar, aris, «. (pulvino-aris, pul- 
vinus, a cushion), a couch or seat 
of the gods ; see note on p. 134, 1. 14. 

punctum, i, n. {neut. of p. p. ^/pungo, 
to prick), a point, moment. 

Punicus, a, um, adj. (Poen-icus, 
Poenus, a Carthaginian), Punic, 
Carthaginian; bellum Punicum, 
Punic War, war against Carthage. 

piinio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. {cf 
poena), to punish. 

purgo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (puro- 
ago, purus,pure), to cleanse, purge; 
to clear, free ; to acquit, exculpate. 

purpura, ae, /, purple ; the purple 
badge of senatorial or equestrian 
rank. 

purpuratus, i, m. (purpura-tus, pur- 
pura), one clad in purple, a high 
officer at court, prime minister. 

puts, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to reckon, 
consider, esteem ; to think, believe; 
to decide, judge. 



Q., for Quintus, Quintus, a Rotnan 
praenomeii. 



qua, adv. {abl. ^7/ qui), in which place, 
where. 

quadriduum, i, n. (quattuor, and cf. 
dies), a space of four days, four 
days' time. 

quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesi- 
tum, V. tr., to seek, search for, pro- 
cure, obtain ; ask, inquire, demand; 
to examine into, investigate. 

quaesitor, oris, m. (quaes-i-tor, as if 
frofn *quaesio, for quaero), an 
investigator, investigating officer, 
prosecutor. 

quaeso, quaesumus, old forms of I 
quaero, quaerimus, to ask-, beg. 

quaestio, onis,/ (quaes-tio, quaero), 
an investigation, prosecution. 

quaestor, oris, m. (quaes-tor, quae- 
ro), a quaestor, an officer intrusted 
with the care of the public money, a 
paymaster, treasurer, see 103-105. 

quaestSrius, a, um, adj. (quaestor- 
ius, quaestor), quaestorian, per- 
taining to the office of quaestor. 

quaestus, us, m. (quaes-tus, quaero), 
a gaining, gain, acquisition ; in 
quaestu, at interest. 

qualis, e, adj. (qua-lis, qui and quis), 
of what sort or kind, of what nature ; 
as, such as. 

quam, adv. and conj. {ace. ^/qui and 
quis), in what manner, how ; as, 
than ; quam diu, how long ? as 
long as ; with superlatives, possible, 
as possible ; quam plurimi, as 
many as possible ; quam primum, 
as soon as possible. 

quam-quam, conj. {cf. quisquis), 
although, though, albeit ; and yet, 
however. 



Quamvis — quia 



V^l 



quam-vis, adv. and conj. (vis, you 
wish, fro77i volo), as much as you 
wish, however much, however. 

quando, a^z^. (quam-do), when ; afte}- 
ne or si, at any time, ever ; quando 
quidem, since indeed, inasmuch as. 

quantum, adv. {ace. of quantus), 
how much ? as much as. 

quantus, a, urn, adj. (quam-tus), 
how great? how much? how impor- 
tant? wi/h or withotit tantus, as, 
such as, as great as, as much as. 

quantus-cumque, quantacumque, 
quantumcumque, adj. (cumque, 
however), of what extent soever, 
however great, however httle. 

qua-propter, adv. (qua, abl. ^/qui), 
wherefore, on which account, why. 

quartus, a, um, num. adj. {cf. quat- 
tuor), fourth. 

quasi, conj. (qua-si, qua, ace pi. of 
qui), as if, just as if, as it w^ere, as 
though. 

quasso, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {freq. 
of quatio, to shake), to shake. 

qua-tenus, adv. (qua, abl. <yqui and 
quis; tenus, as far as), how long, 
how far. 

quattuor, mim. adj., four. 

que, conj., enclitic, and. 

querela or querella, ae, / (quer-ela, 
queror), a complaint. 

querimonia, ae, / (queri-monia, 
queror), a complaint. 

queror, queri, questus sum, v. dep., 
to complain, lament, be\\ ail. 

qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who, 
which, what, that ; idem . . . qui, 
the same ... as ; qua re, where- 
fore, for which reason, therefore ; 



at the beginning of a sentence this 
pronoun should ojten be rendered by 
a personal or demonstrative pronoun, 
he, she, it, they ; this, that, these, 
those. 

qui, quae, quod, interrog. pron. as 
adj., which ? what ? what kind of? 
see quis. 

qui, qua or quae, quod, indef. pron. 
as adj., generally used after si, nisi, 
ne, num, any, some ; see quis. 

quia, conj. (qui) , because, inasmuch as. 

qui cumque, quae -cumque, quod- 
cumque, indef. pron. (cumque, 
however), whoever, whichever, 
whatever, whatsoever, every possi- 
ble, all. 

quid, see quis. 

quidam, quaedam, quoddam or quid- 
dam, indef pron. (qui-dam), cer- 
tain, a certain one, some one, some- 
body, something; somewhat; a 
sort of, a kind of, as it were. 

quidem, adv. (qui-dem), indeed, 
truly, at least, certainly ; but, how- 
ever ; ne . . . quidem, not even. 

quies, etis, /. (quie-ts, cf quiesco), 
rest, quiet, repose. 

quiesco, quiescere, quievi, quietum, 
V. intr. {cf quies), to keep quiet 
or still, be silent. 

quietus, a, um, adj. {p. p. ^/quiesco), 
at rest, calm, quiet, peaceful, undis- 
turbed. 

quin, conj. (qui-ne ; qui, abl. and 
nom. ) , how not ? that not, but that ; 
after negative expressions of doubt 
and uncertainty, that, to ; after 
verbs of hindering, from ; quin 
etiam, nay even, moreover. 



V92 



quinquagiiita — quotienscumque 



quinquaginta, rnqn. adj. (quinque), 
fifty. 

quinque, num. adj., five. 

quintus, a, um, num. adj. (quinque- 
tus, quinque), fifth. 

Quintus, i, m., Quintus, a Roman 
praenomen. 

Quirites, ium, m. pi., Quirites, Ro- 
mans, Roman citizens. 

quis, quid, used substantively : i, as 
hiterrog. pron., who? what? quid, 
in exclatnatioJts, what ! how ! z« 
questions, why ? wherefore ? quid 
est quod, why is it that ? quid vero, 
why indeed, ofteji used in transi- 
tions, again, furthermore; 2, as in- 
definite pron., generally used after 
si, nisi, ne, num, any one, some 
one, anything, something. 

quis-nam or qui-nam, quae-nam, 
quid-nam or quod-nam, interrog. 
pron., who, which, or what, pray ? 
what, forsooth ? 

quispiam, quaepiam, quidpiam or 
quodpiam, indef. pron. (quis and 
qui), any, some, any one, some one, 
anything, something. 

quis-quam, quicquam, indef. pron., 
any one, anything ; nec quisquam, 
and no one. 

quis-que, quae-que, quid-que or 
quod-que, indef. pron., whatever 
it be, each, every, whatever, any, 
all ; optimus quisque, all the best 
men. 

quis-quis, quicquid, abl. quo-quo, 
indef. pron., rare except in these 
three forms, whoever, whosoever, 
whatever, whatsoever, every one, 
each, every, all. 



qui-vis, quae-vis, quid-vis or quod- 
vis, indef pron. (vis, you wish, 
fro?7i VOlo) , who or what you please, I 
any whatever, any one, anything, 1 
every one, everything. 

quo, adv. {case form of quis and 
qui) : I, interrog., whither ? to 
what place ? how far ? quo usque, 
how long ? 2, rel., to which, 
whither, where; as far as ; habere 
quo, to have a plaxe to which ; 3, 
indef., with si, to any place, any- 
where. 

quo, conj. {abl. of qui), that, in order 
that; quo minus, that not, from; 
quo minus occideret, that he might 
not kill or to keep him from killing. 

quo-ad, conj. (to which point), so long 
as, as far as ; until, till. 

quo-cumque, adv. (cumque, however), 
whithersoever, in what way soever ; 
quocumque ventum sit, wherever 
they have come. 

quod, conj. {ace. o/qui), that, in that ; 
because ; in so far as, as to this ; 
now ; quod si, but if, now if, if 
therefore, if then. 

quondam, adv. (quom-dam ; quom = 
cum), once, formerly. 

quoniam, conj. (quom-iam ; quom = 
cum), since now, because, whereas, 
since. 

quoque, adv., also, likewise. / 

quot, adj. indecl. {cf quis and qui), 
how many? as many as. 

quot-annis, adv. {abl. o/annus) , every 
year, yearly. 

quotiens, adv. (quot), how often ? 
how many times ? as often as. 

quotiens-cumque, adv. (cumque. 



quotas — redargue 



V93 



however), as often soever as, as 
often as. 
quotus, a, urn, adj. (quot-itus, quot), 
vi^hich or what in number or order ? 
how many ? quotus quisque, how 
many ? how many in all ? how few ? 



rapina, ae, / (rap-ina, rapio), rob- 
bery, plundering, pillage. 

rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum, v. tr., to 
carry or hurry away, lead on in haste. 

ratio, onis, / (rat-io, cf. ratus, /. p. 
of reor, to think), a reckoning, 
account, calculation, computation ; 
transaction, affair ; respect, regard, 
concern, consideration, care ; judg- 
ment, understanding, reason, plan, 
method, system, course, way, di- 
rection, conduct ; manner, nature, 
relation ; science, knowledge ; 
rationes, //., plans for business, 
business ; interests. 

re, see red. 

Reatinus, a, um, adj. (Reat-inus, 
Reate), of Reate, a toxvn of the 
Sabines, 

recens, entis, adj., new, recent, fresh. 

recessus, us, m. (reced-tus, re-cedo, 
to retreat), a retreat, recess, hiding- 
place. 

re-cipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
(capio), to take back, get back, re- 
gain, recover ; to receive, accept, 
admit, allow ; to undertake, prom- 
ise ; se recipere, to betake one's 
self, withdraw, retire ; to recover, 
collect one's self. 

re-cito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (cito, to 
call out), to read aloud. 



re-clamo, are, avi, atum, v. intr., to 
cry out or exclaim against. 

re-cognosco, cogn5scere, cognovi, 
cognitum, v. tr., to review, recog- 
nize, consider, recollect, recall to 
mind. 

re-colo, colere, colui, cultum, v. tr., 
to exercise or practice again, resume, 
review. 

reconciliatio, onis, / (reconcilia-tio, 
reconcilio), a restoration, renewal, 
reestablishment. 

re-condo, condere, condidi, condi- 
tum, V. tr., to put away ; to hide, 
conceal. 

re-cordor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (cor, 
heart), to call to mind, recall, rec- 
ollect, remember. 

re-cre5, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (creo, 
to cause to grow), to refresh, rein- 
vigorate, recover, recruit. 

recta, adv. {abl. fern, of rectus, /. p. 
of XQgO ; sc. via), straightway, di- 
rectly. 

recte, adv. (o/d abl. ^/rectus, /. p. of 
rego), in a straight line ; rightly, 
correctly, well, properly. 

recupero, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
regain, recover. 

recusatio, onis,/ (recusa-tio, recuse), 
an objection. 

re-cus5, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {cf 
causor, to give a reason, causa), to 
refuse, reject, dechne, demur. 

red, re, insep. particle (red before 
vowels, before h, and in red-do ; re 
in other situations'), back, again, in 
return ; sometimes not, un-. 

red-arguo, arguere, argui, argiitum, 
V. tr., to disprove, refute, confute. 



V94 



reddo — relevo 



red-do, dere, didi, ditum, v. hitr., to 
give back, return, restore. 

red-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. intr., to go or 
turn back, return. 

red-igo, igere, egi, actum, v. tr, 
(ago), to drive or bring back ; to 
reduce, render, make. 

redimio, ire, — itum, v. tr., to v^^reathe, 
encircle, crown. 

red-imo, imere, emi, emptum, v. tr. 
(emo, to buy), to buy back ; to 
ransom, release, redeem ; to buy 
up, contract for, farm. 

reditus, us, ;//. (red-i-tus, redeo), a 
return. 

re-duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, v. tr., 
to lead, conduct, bring or convey 
back. 

red-undo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
(undo, to surge), to overflow, be 
full of; to redound, accrue. 

re-fello, fellere, felli, v. tr. (fallo), 
to refute, disprove, rebut. 

re-fercio, fercire, fersi, fertum, v. ir. 
(farcio, to stuFf), to fill, stuff, crowd. 

re-fero, referre, rettuli, relatum, v. 
tr., to bear or bring back, to bring, 
convey, carry ; to restore, return, 
pay back ; to report, announce, re- 
fer, present ; gratiam referre, to 
show gratitude, recompense a favor. 

refert, referre, retulit, v. impers. (res, 
fero), it is for one's advantage, it 
profits, avails; parvi refert, it 
avails little. 

refertus, a, um, /. /. of refercio. 

re-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum, v. tr. 
(facio), to make again or anew ; to 
restore, repair, rebuild ; to invigor- 
ate, refresh. 



re-formido, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 

(formido, to fear), to dread, fear. 

re-fugio, fugere, fiigi, fugitum, 

V. intr., to flee back, run away, go 
back ; to shrink back. 

refiit5, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to re- 
fute, confute, disprove. 

regalis, e, adj. (reg-alis, rex), kingly, 
regal, royal ; nomen regale, the 
name of king. 

regie, adv. {old abl. 0/ regius), tyran- 
nically, despotically. 

Reginus, a, um, adj. (Reg-inus,. Re- 
gium), of ^r belonging to Regium, j 
a toivn in southern Italy ; Regini, ' 
orum, m. pL, the inhabitants of 
Regium. 

regio, onis,/. (reg-io, rego), a direc- 
tion, line ; a boundary, limit ; a 
region, district, territory. 

regius, a, um, adj. (reg-ius, rex), 
royal, regal, kingly, of a king or 
kings. 

regn5, are, avi, atum, v. intr. (reg- 
num), to have royal power, rule, 
reign, govern, be king. 

regnum, i, n. (reg-num, rex), kingly 
government, royal power ; king- 
dom, dominion, sovereignty. 

rego, regere, rexi, rectum, v. tr., to 
keep straight ; to guide, conduct, 
direct, control, govern. 

re-ici5, reicere, reieci, reiectum, v. tr. 
(iacio), to throw back or away ; to 
drive back, reject, cast off. 

relatus, a, um,/. /. ^/refero. 

re-laxo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (laxo, 
to unloose), to unbend, relax. 

re-levo, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to re- 
lieve, ease, deliver. 



religio — repudio 



V95 



I 



religio, 5nis, /, reverence for the 
gods, piety, religion ; scruple ; con- 
scientiousness, scrupulousness; testi- 
mony, plighted word ; religiones, 
pL, religious observances, rites. 

religiosus, a, urn, adj. (religion-osus, 
religio), religious, sacred, holy. 

re-linqu5, linquere, liqui, lictum, 
V. tr. (linquo, to leave), to leave 
behind, abandon ; to omit, leave. 

reliquus, a, um, adj. (relinquo), re- 
maining, the rest ; future, subse- 
quent ; the remainder of, the rest 
of; reliquum facere, to leave ; re- 
liquum, i, «., the remainder, the 
rest. 

re-maneo, manere, mansi, mansum, 
•V. intr., to remain behind, stay. 

remansio, onis, / (reman-sio, sio = 
tio, remaneo), a stay, remaining. 

remex, igis, m. (remo-ig-s ; remus, 
an oar, and 3igo), a rower. 

re-miniscor, reminisci, v. dep. (*min- 
i-scor, xvith incept, ending; cf. 
mens), to recall to mind, recollect, 
remember. 

remissio, onis, / (remit-tio, re- 
mitto), relaxation, recreation ; re- 
missness, slackness ; mitigation. 

remissus, a, um, adj. ( p. p. of re- 
mitto), relaxed, gentle, mild, slack, 
remiss. 

re-mitto, mittere, misi, missum, 
V. tr., to send back ; to slacken, 
rel^x, abate ; to remit ; to give up, 
surrender, sacrifice, resign. 

re-moror, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
(moror, to delay, detain), to detain, 
cause to wait, delay, retard. 

re-moveo, movere, movi, motum. 



V. tr., to move back, remove, reject, 
withdraw, take away. 

re-novo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (novo, 
to make new), to renew, revive. 

re-nuntio, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
bring or carry back word, report, 
announce, declare, proclaim ; to 
declare elected, return. 

re-pello, pellere, reppuli, repulsum, 
V. tr., to drive back, repel, repulse, 
remove. 

repente, adv. {abl. of repens, sudden), 
suddenly, unexpectedly. 

repentinus, a, um, adj. (repent-inus, 
repens, sudden), sudden, unex- 
pected, unlooked for. 

re-perio, reperire, repperi, repertum, 
V. tr. (pario), to procure or find 
again ; to find, meet with ; to dis- 
cover, ascertain, learn, perceive ; to 
obtain, find out, invent, devise. 

re-peto, petere, petivi or petii, peti- 
tum, V. tr., to demand back, ask 
again, demand ; to claim in return ; 
to recall. 

re-porto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (porto, 
to carry), to bring or convey back ; 
to bring off, win. 

reppuli, see repello. 

re-prehendo, hendere, hendi, hen- 
sum, V. tr. (prehendo, to grasp), to 
check, restrain ; to blame, censure, 
reprove, rebuke, find fault with. 

re-primo, primere, pressi, pressum, 
V. tr. (premo), to press back, keep 
back, check, restrain, hinder, re- 
press. 

repudio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (re- 
pudium, rejection), to reject, re- 
fuse, decline, disregard. 



V96 



repugno — retuudo 



re-pugno, are, avi, atum, v. intr., to 
fight or contend against, oppose. 

re-quies, etis,/, rest, repose. 

re-quiro, quirere, quisivi, quisitum, 
V. tr. (quaero), to seek again; to 
look after, search for, ask for ; to re- 
quire, demand, ask ; to miss, look for 
in vain ; to seek with hostile intent. 

res, rei, /., a thing, object, subject, 
matter ; affair, event, occurrence ; 
cause, reason, ground ; benefit, 
profit, advantage ; act, measure ; 
property ; res militaris, military 
matters, the art of warfare ; res 
publica, the common weal, the 
state, republic, public interests ; 
summa res publica, the highest 
welfare of the state ; res adversae, 
adversity ; res gestae, deeds, ex- 
ploits, achievements ; maritimae 
res, naval resources ; res novae, a 
revolution ; privatae res, private 
affairs, private life ; prosperae res 
or res secundae, prosperity ; audita 
re, on hearing of the affair ; quae 
res est, what consideration is there ? 

re-seco, secare, secui, sectum, v. tr. 
(seco, to cut), to cut off, curtail. 

re-servo, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
keep back, reserve, hold in re- 
serve ; to preserve. 

re-sideo, sidere, sedi, v. intr. (sedeo, 
to sit), to be left, remain. 

re-signo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (signo, 
to seal), to annul, destroy. 

re-sisto, sistere, stiti, v. intr. (sisto, 
to place), to remain behind; to 
withstand, resist, oppose. 

re-spicio, spicere, spexi, spectum, v. 
tr. (specio, to look), to look back. 



look upon ; to have a care ifor ; to 
regard, consider ; to review. 

re-spondeo, spondere, spondi, sp5n- 
sum, V. tr., to promise in return ; 
to reply, answer; to be a match 
for, respond. 

responsum, i, n. {neut. of p. p. of re- 
spondeo) , an answer, reply, response. 

re-stinguo, stinguere, stinxi, stinc- 
tum, V. tr. (stinguo, to quench), 
to extinguish, put out, quench. 

re-stituo, stituere, stitui, stitutum, 
V. tr. (statuo), to place back, re- 
place ; to build again, repair, re- 
new ; to give back, restore. 

re-sto, stare, stiti, v. intr., to remain, 
be left, stay behind. 

re-tardo, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to re- 
tard, delay, detain. 

reticentia, ae,/ (reticent-ia, reticeo), 
silence. 

re-ticeo, ticere, ticui, v. intr. and tr. 
(taceo), to be silent, keep silence; 
to keep secret. 

re-tineo, tinere, tinui, tentum, v. tr. 
(teneo), to hold back, detain, 
hinder, prevent ; to retain, keep, 
preserve ; to maintain, hold. 

re-torqueo, torquere, torsi, tortum, 
V. tr. (torqueo, to turn), to turn | 
back, turn. 

retractatio, onis, /. (retracta-tio, re- 
tracto, to draw back), a drawing 
back, withdrawing. 

re-traho, trahere, traxi, tractum, v. 
tr., to drag back, bring back. 

rettuli, see refero. 

re-tundo, tundere, rettudi, retiisum, 
V. tr. (tundo, to beat), to strike or 
thrust back, check. 



reus — sacerdotiuni 



V97 



reus, 1, m. (re-ius, res), an accused 
person, defendant, culprit. 

re-verta, vertere, verti, versum, v. 
intr., and reverter, reverti, rever- 
sus sum, V. dep., to turn back, 
come back, return. 

re-vinc6, vincere, vici, victum, v. tr., 
to convict. 

re-vivisco, viviscere, vixi, v. intr. 
{incept, of re-vivo), to revive, be 
restored to life. 

re-voco, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to call 
back, recall ; to reestablish, re- 
store ; to withdraw. 

rex, regis, m. (reg-s, cf. rego), a 
king, sovereign, monarch. 

Rhenus, i, ;;/., the river Rhine. 

Rhodius, a, um, adj. (Rhodo-ius, 
Rhodus, Rhodes), Rhodian, of 
Rhodes, an island in the Aegean 
sea; Rhodii, orum, m. pL, the 
Rhodians, inhabitants of Rhodes. 

ridiculus, a, um, adj. (ridi-culus, cf. 
rideo, to laugh), ridiculous, absurd. 

ripa, ae,/, bank {^of a river'). 

robur, oris, ??., oak ; strength, power. 

robustus, a, um, adj. (robus-tus, 
robur, for robus), strong, robust. 

rogatii, m. only in abl. sing, (roga- 
tus, rogo), a request, entreaty. 

rogo, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to ask, 
demand, request, beg, solicit ; to 
inquire ; legem rogare, to propose 
or enact a law. 

Roma, ae,/, Rome. 

Romanus, a, um, adj. (Rom-anus, 
Roma), Roman. 

Romulus, i, m., Romulus, the legend- 
ary founder and first king of Rome. 

Roscius, i, in., Roscius, the name of 



a Roman gens ; Q. Roscius, Quin- 
tus Roscius, the celebrated actor in 
the time of Cicero. 

rostrum, i, n. (rod-trum, rodo, to 
gnaw), the beak of a ship ; rostra, 
pL, the Rostra, a platform in the 
Forum fro??i zuhich orators spoke; 
it 7vas adorned with the beaks of 
captured ships. 

Rudinus, a, um, adj. (Rud-inus, 
Rudiae), belonging to Rudiae, a 
town in Calabria. 

rudis, e, adj., unskilled, ignorant, un- 
acquainted with, inexperienced in, 

ruina, ae, / (ru-ina, ruo), downfall, 
fall, ruin, overthrow, destruction. 

rumor, oris, m., a rumor, report, com- 
mon talk, hearsay. 

rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum, v. tr., 
to break, burst, tear, rend. 

ruo, mere, rui, rutum, v. intr., to fall, 
fall down ; to rush, dash, hurry, 
hasten. 

rupi, see rumpo. 

rursus, adv. (re-vorsus, cf re-versus, 
/. /. of reverto), turned back ; 
again, anew, in turn. 

riisticor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (rus- 
ticus), to stay in the country, take 
a vacation. 

riisticus, a, um, adj. (rus-ticus, rus, 
the country), belonging to the 
country, rustic, country ; unculti- 
vated. 

S 

Sabini, orum, m. pi., the Sabines, a 
people of central Italy ; Sabinus, 
a, um, adj., of the Sabines, Sabine. 

sacerdotium, ii, n. (sacerdot-ium, 
sacerdos, priest), the priesthood. 



sacrarium — satis 



sacrarium, ii, n. (sacro-arium, sacer, 
sacred), a sanctuary, shrine ; see 
illustJ-ation, p. 99. 

sacrosanctus, a, um, adj. (sacrum, a 
rite, sancio), sacred, inviolate, in- 
violable. 

sacrum, i, n. (sacer, sacred), a re- 
ligious solemnity or act, rite, cere- 
mony. 

saeculum, \, n. {cf. sero, to sow), a 
generation, an age. 

saepe, adv., often, frequently, many 
times ; saepius, too often. 

saepio, saepire, saepsi, saeptum, v. 
tr. (saepes, hedge), to inclose, sur- 
round, encompass. 

sagatus, a, um, adj. (sago-atus, sa- 
gum), clad in the garb of war, in 
arms. 

sagax, acis, adj. (sag-ax, sagio, to 
perceive), sagacious, shrewd. 

sagum, i, n., a military cloak ; ad 
saga ire, to don the garb of war. 

Salaminius, a, um, adj. (Salamin- 
ius, Salamis), of Salamis, a town 
on the island of Cyprus ; Salaminii, 
orum, m. pi., the citizens of 
Salamis. 

salto, are, avi, atum, v. intr. {Jreq. 
^/salio, to leap), to dance. 

saltus, us, VI., woodland pasture, pas- 
ture. 

salus, utis, / (salvo-ts, salvus), 
safety, security, health, welfare, 
prosperity, preservation. 

saluto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (salus), 
to salute, greet. 

salvus, a, um, adj., safe, saved, pre- 
served, unharmed. 

Samos, i, f., Samos, a city on the 



island of Satnos, off the coast of Asia 
Minor. 

sancio, sancire, sanxi, sanctum, v. 
tr. (cf sacer, sacred), to render 
sacred or inviolable ; to sanction, 
ordain, enact. 

sanctus, a, um, adj. {p.p. c/ sancio), 
sacred, holy, inviolable ; pious, just, 
conscientious, scrupulous. 

sane, adv. {old abl. of sanus), by all 
means, surely, certainly ; very, 
quite, well, right, indeed. 

sanguis, inis, ;;/., blood. 

sanitas, atis, / (sano-tas, sanus), 
soundness, good sense, reason, dis- 
cretion, sanity. 

sano, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (sanus), 
to heal, cure, restore, remedy ; to 
repair. 

sanus, a, um, adj., sound, sensible, 
discreet, rtasonable. 

sapiens, entis, adj. {pres. p. of sapio, 
to be wise), wuse, judicious, sensi- 
ble ; as noun, a wise man, philoso- 
pher, sage. 

sapienter, adv. (sapient-i-ter, sa- 
piens), wisely, with wisdom, sensi- 
bly, judiciously. 

sapientia, ae, / (sapient-ia, sa- 
piens), wisdom, good sense, discre- 
tion. 

Sardinia, ae, f, Sardinia, a large 
island west of Italy. 

satelles, itis, m. and f, an attendant, 
accomplice, partner. 

satietas, atis, / (satio-tas, satis), 
satiety, sufficiency. 

satio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (satis), 
to fill, satisfy, satiate. 

satis, I, adj. or subs., sufficient, 



Saturnalia — scribo 



V99 



enough ; hoc est satis, this is 
sufficient ; satis praesidii, sufficient 
protection ; satis facere, to give 
satisfaction, to do enough for, to 
satisfy ; 2, adv., sufficiently, ade- 
quately ; satis magnus, sufficiently 
large. 

Saturnalia, ium, «. //. (Saturno- 
alis, Saturnus, Saturn), the Sat- 
urnalia, a festival in honor of 
Saturn, beginning on the 17th of 
December. 

Saturninus, 1, ;;/., Saturninus, a fam- 
ily name ; L. Apuleius Saturninus, 
Lucius Saturninus, tribune of the 
people 100 B.C.; see note on p. 88, 
1. 26. 

saucius, a, um, adj., wounded. 

Saxa, ae, in., Saxa, a family name ; 
L. Decidius Saxa, Lucius Saxa, a 
frie7id of Antony. 

saxum, 1, n., a rock. 

scaena, ae, / (^Greek), the stage (^/ 
a theater'). 

scaenicus, a, um, adj. (scaena-cus, 
scaena), belonging to the stage ; 
of the stage ; scaenici artifices, 
players, actors. 

Scaurus, i, m.. Scaur us, a fainily 
name ; M. Aemilius Scaurus, Mar- 
cus Scaurus, a statesvian and orator, 
consul //J B.C., for some years 
princeps senatus. 

scelerate, ^fl'z^. {old abl. ^/sceleratus) , 
wickedly, impiously. 

sceleratus, a, um, adj. (/. /. of 
scelero, to pollute), bad, impi- 
ous, wicked, accursed, infamous, 
vicious ; sceleratus, i, m., a wretch, 
miscreant. 



scelus, eris, n., an evil deed, wicked 
or heinous action, crime, enormity, 
villany, guilt. 

sciens, entis, adj. {pres. p. of scio), 
skillful, skilled, expert ; knowingly, 
purposely, intentionally. 

scientia, ae, / (scient-ia, sciens), 
knowledge, skill, expertness, science. 

sci-licet, adv. (sci, imperative ; you 
may know), indeed, forsooth, of 
course, evidently, undoubtedly. 

scio, scire, scivi or scii, scitum, v. tr. 
{original vieaiiing, to separate, dis- 
tinguish, cf scindo, to separate), to 
know, understand. 

Scipio, onis, m., Scipio, the name of 
a celebrated Roman family : I, P. 
Cornelius Scipio Africanus Maior, 
Scipio Africanus, who brought the 
second Punic war to a close by the 
victory at Zama, 202 B. C. ; 2, P. 
Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Afri- 
canus Minor, Scipio Africanus the 
Younger, who, in the third Punic 
zuar, destroyed Carthage, 14.6 B.C.; 
3, P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Sera- 
pio, Publius Scipio, pontifex maxi- 
m7cs, who, in /jj B.C., led the attack 
upon Tiberius Gracchus. 

sciscitor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
{freq. o/scisco, to seek to know), 
to investigate, learn, ask, examine. 

scortum, i, n., a prostitute ; debauch- 
ery, licentiousness. 

scriba, ae, in. (scrib-a, scribo), a 
public clerk, secretary. 

scrib5, scribere, scrips!, scriptum, 
V. tr., to write, write down ; to en- 
roll ; to communicate by writing ; 
to compose. 



V 100 



scriptor — senteiitia 



scriptor, oris, m. (scrib-tor, scribo), 

a writer, author. 
scriptura, ae, / (scrib-tura, scribo), 

a tax on public pastures ; the pub- 
lic pastures, registered pastures. 

se, sed, insep. particle, apart, aside. 

se-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, v. intr., 
to withdraw, go away. 

se-cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, v. tr., 
to set apart, separate. 

secessio, onis, / (seced-tio, secedo), 
a separation, secession. 

secundus, a, um, adj. {gerundive of 
sequor), following, next; the sec- 
ond ; favorable, successful, fortu- 
nate, prosperous ; secundae res, 
prosperity. 

securis, is, / (sec-uris, seco, to cut), 
a hatchet, ax; the ax in the fasces 
zuas the symbol of power borne before 
magistrates ; a praetor in the prov- 
inces was entitled to six, hence duo- 
decim secures, two praetors. 

seciitus, a, um, /. /. ^/sequor. 

sed, conj., but, but yet, nevertheless ; 
now, I say ; non solum . . . sed 
etiam, not only . . . but also. 

sed, see se. 

sedes, is,/ (sed-es, sedeo, to sit), a 
seat ; a dwelling-place, residence, 
habitation, abode, home. 

seditio, onis, /. (sed-i-tio, a going 
apart ; i, stem of eo), a going aside; 
an insurrection, dissension, civil dis- 
cord, strife, sedition. 

sedo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {cf sedeo, 
to sit), to settle, quiet, end, stop. 

sedulitas, atis,/ (sedulo-tas, sedulus, 
diligent), diligence, attention. 

se-grego, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (grex), 



to set aside, put away, remove, 

separate. 
se-iungo, iungere, iiinxi, iiinctum, 

V. tr.^ to separate, sever, part, 
sella, ae, / (sed-la, sedeo, to sit), a 

seat; a work-bench. 
semel, adv., once, once for all. 
semen, inis, n. (se-men, sero, to 

sow), seed; origin, occasion, ground, 

cause. 
seminarium, ii, n. (semin-arium, 

semen), a nursery, seminary. 
semper, adv., always, continually, 
sempiternus, a, um, adj. (semper- 

ternus, semper), everlasting, per- 
petual, continual, eternal ; vincula 

sempiterna, imprisonment for life. 
Sempronius, a, um, adj. (Sempro- 

nius), of Sempronius, Sempronian ; 

lex Sempronia, a law carried by C. 

Sempronius Gracchus, forbidding 

capital punishment of a Ko?jian 

citize?t without the order of the 

people ; see Gracchus. 
senator, oris, 7n. (sen-a-tor, elder, 

senex), a senator. 
senatorius, a, um, adj. (senator-ius, 

senator), of a senator, senatorial. 
senatus, lis, m. (sen-atus, cf senex), 

the senate, the Roman senate. 
senectus, utis, /. (senec-tus, senex), 

old age. 
senex, senis, adj. (sen-ex, seneo, to 

be old), old, aged ; as noun, an old 

man. 
sensus, lis, m. (sent-tus, sentio), 

feeling, sense, understanding, senti- 
ment, consciousness. 
sententia, ae,/ (sentent-ia, *sentens, 

pres. p. of *sento = sentio), an 



sentina — sestertia 



V lOI 



opinion, thought ; purpose, inten- 
tion, determination, design ; deci- 
sion, judgment, resolution. 

sentina, ae,/, dregs, refuse, rabble. 

sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum, v. tr., 
to discern by the senses ; to per- 
ceive, feel, observe, notice, hear, 
find out, ascertain, learn ; to think, 
judge, suppose, imagine, believe. 

sepelio, sepelire, sepelivi or ii, se- 
pultum, V. tr., to bury, inter ; to 
put an end to, suppress, put out of 
sight. 

Septimus, a, um, num. adj. (septem- 
mus, septem, seven), seventh. 

sepulcrum, i, n. (sepul-crum, se- 
pelio), a sepulcher, tomb. 

sepuMra, ae, / (sepul-tura, se- 
pelio), burial, interment. 

sepultus, a, um,/./. c?/ sepelio. 

sequor, sequi, seciitus sum, v. dep., 
to follow, accompany, attend ; to 
pursue, seek to gain, follow up, aim 
at, attain. 

Ser., for Servius, a Roman praeno- 
fnen. 

Sergius, i, m., Sergius, the name of a 
Ro77ian gens ; see Catilina. 

sermo, onis, m. (ser-mo, sero, to 
join), discourse, speech, conversa- 
tion, talk, remark. 

sero, serius, serissime, adv. {abl. of 
serus, late), late, too late ; serius, 
too late. 

serpo, serpere, serpsi, serptum, 
V. intr.^ to creep, glide ; to spread, 



mcrease. 



serta, orum, n. pi. ( /. /. of sero, to 

join), garlands, wreaths of flowers. 

Sertorianus, a, um, adj. (Sertorio- 



anus, Sertorius), Sertorian, pertain- 
ing to Sertorius, a Roman general 
under Marius, who, after the death 
of Marius, continued the war in 
Spain against Sulla. 
servilis, e, adj. (servo-ilis, servus), 
of or pertaining to a slave, ser- 
vile ; servile bellum, the war 
against Spartacus and his arjfiy of 
gladiators and slaves. 

Servilius, i, ?;z., Servilius, the name 
of a Roman gens : i, C. Servilius 
Ahala, Gaius Ahala, master of the 
horse under the dictator Cincinna- 
tus, 43g B.C.; see note on p. 88, 
1. 13; also no; 2, C. Servilius 
Glaucia, Gaius Glaucia, called also 
C. Servilius, praetor 100 B.C.; 
see note on p. 88, 1. 26 ; 3, P. Servi- 
lius Vatia Isauricus, Publius Ser- 
vilius, consul yg B.C., proconsul of 
Cilicia 78-7^ B. C, during which 
time he rendered ijJiporta?tt service 
in the ivar against the pirates. 

servio, servire, servivi or servii, 
servitum, v. intr. (servus), to 
serve, be or become a slave to, be 
subservient to ; to regard, pay atten- 
tion to, give heed to, busy one's 
self with. 

servitium, ii, ;z.(servo-tium, servus), 
slavery ; slaves. 

servitiis, iitis, / (servo-tus, servus), 
slavery, bondage, servitude. 

Servius, i, m., a Rotnan praenomen. 

servo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (servus), 
to save, keep, preserve, maintain. 

servus, i, ;//., a slave, servant. 

sestertia, n. pi., thousands of ses- 
terces ; sestertia centum, one hun- 



V 102 



Sestius — simulo 



dred thousand sesterces, about 

^4,000. 
Sestius, i, ;;/., Sestius, the na?ne of a 

Roman gens ; P. Sestius, Publius 

Sestius, a quaestor and a friend of 

Cicero. 
severe, adv. {old abl. of severus), 

severely, gravely, seriously. 
severitas, atis,/ (severo-tas, seve- 
rus), harshness, rigor, severity, 

sternness, strictness, 
severus, a, um, adj., severe, strict, 

stern, serious. 
sexaginta, mun, adj. (sex, six), 

sixty. 
sextus, a, um, mwi. adj. (sex-tus, 

sex, six), sixth, 
si, conj., if; whether; si minus, if 

not ; si quando, if ever, when 

once ; quod si, but if. 
Sibyllinus, a, um, adj. (Sibylla-inus, 

Sibylla, a Sibyl), Sibylline. 
sic, adv. (si-ce), so, thus, in such a 

manner ; sic . . . ut, so . . . that, 
sica, ae,/, a dagger, poniard, 
sicarius, ii, m. (sica-arius, sica), an 

assassin, murderer. 
Sicilia, ae, /, Sicily. 
sic-ut, sic-uti, adv., just as, as. 
Sigeum, i, n., Sigeum, a promontory 

on the coast of Troy. 
signator, oris, m. (signa-tor, signo, 

to mark), a signer, witness. 
significatio, onis, /. (significa-tio, 

significo, to show), intimation, 

declaration, nutice, token ; import. 
signum, i, n., a sign, mark, token ; 

a standard, ensign ; a statue, image ; 

a seal, signet. 
Silanus, i, ;«., Silanus, a faynily name; 



D. Junius Silanus, Decimus Sila- 
nus, co7tsnl 62 B.C., zuith L. Licin- 
ius Murena. 

silentium, ii, n. (silent-ium, silens, 
pres. p. of sileo), stillness, silence, 
quiet. 

sileo, silere, silui, v. intr. and tr., to 
be still or silent, keep silence ; not 
to speak of, to keep silent respect- 
ing, pass over in silence. 

Silvanus, i, m., Silvanus, a family 
name ; M. Plautius Silvanus, 
Marcus Silvanus, tribune of the 
people 8g B. C, and one of the authors 
of the lex Plautia-Papiria enacted 
that year. 

silvestris, e, adj. (silva-estris, silva, 
a wood), woody, overgrown with 
woods, wooded. 

similis, e, adj. (sem-ilis, cf semel), 
resembling, like, similar ; veri si- 
milis, Hkely, probable. 

similiter, adv. (simili-ter, similis), 
in like manner, similarly. 

similitiido, inis, / (simili-tudo, si- 
milis), a likeness, resemblance. 

simpliciter, adv. (simplici-ter sim- 
plex, simple), simply, plainly. 

simul, adv. (simul = simile, neut. of 
similis), together, at once, at the 
same time ; simul atque, as soon 
as. 

simulacrum, i, n. (simula-crum, si- 
mulo), an image, likeness, figure, 
statue. 

simulatio, onis, / (simula-tio, si- 
mulo), an assumed appearance, a 
false show ; pretense, deceit, dis- 
guise, seeming. 

simulo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (simul 



simultas — solvo 



VI03 



= simili m similis), to feign, pre- 
tend, counterfeit. 

simultas, atis, / (simul-tas, simul 
= simili in similis), enmity, re- 
sentment, hatred, animosity. 

Sin, conj. (si-ne), but if, if however. 

sine, prep, with ahl., \Aithout. 

singularis, e, adj. (singul-aris, 
singuli), one only, unique, singu- 
lar, matchless, extraordinary, re- 
markable. 

singuli, ae, a, adj. {cf. sem-el), one 
each, separate, single, individual, 
one by one, each, every. 

sino, sinere, sivi, situm, v. tr., to 
place ; to let, permit, allow, suffer. 

Sinope, es and ae, /., Sinope, a city 
on the Euxine. 

sinus, us, m., the bosom ; a bay, gulf, 

sitis, is,/, thirst. 

situs, a, um, adj. {p. p. ^/ sino), 
placed, situated ; situm esse in 
aliquo, to rest with or depend 
upon some one ; to be in one's 
power. 

si-ve or seu, co7tj., or if, and if, or; 
whether; sive . . . sive, if ... or, 
whether ... or. 

Smyrnaeus, a, um, adj. , of Smyrna, 
a city in Ionia ; Smyrnaei, orum, 
m. pi. , the citizens of Smyrna. 

sobrius, a, um, adj. (so = se, sed and 
ebrius, drunken), sober, temperate. 

societas, atis, / (socio-tas, socius), 
fellowship, union, communion, so- 
ciety ; a league, alliance, confeder- 
acy ; a share. 

socius, a, um, adj. (soqu-ius, sequor), 
participating, sharing, joining; 
united, joined, associated, friendly; 



socius, ii, m., an ally, confeder- 
ate ; companion, associate. 
sodalis, is, ni. and /., a companion, 

comrade, 
sol, solis, ni., the sun. 
solacium, ii, n. (solac-ium, *sol-ax, 

solor, to console), comfort, relief, 

solace, consolation. 
soleo, solere, solitus sum, v. semi- 

dep., to be accustomed, be wont, 
solitiido, inis, / (solo-tudo, solus), 

loneliness, soHtude ; a lonely place, 

desert, wilderness. 
sollicitati5, onis, / (sollicita-tio, 

sollicito), solicitation, tampering 

with, instigation. 
sollicito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (solli- 

citus), to move, stir up, rouse, in- 
stigate, incite, provoke, tamper with ; 

to urge to rebellion ; to induce, 

persuade. 
sollicitudo, inis, / (sollicito-tudo, 

soUicitus), disquiet, anxiety, care, 

concern, solicitude. 
sollicitus, a, um, adj. (sollo-citus ; 

sollus, whole, attd citus, p. p. of 

cieo, to put in motion), agitated, 

anxious, solicitous. 
solum, i, n., the ground, bottom, 

base ; the soil, land, region, 
solum, adv. (solus), only, merely. 
solus, a, um, adj., alone, single, sole. 
soliitio, onis, / (solu-tio, solvo), 

payment. 
soliitus, a, um, adj. {p. p. 0/ solvo), 

unrestricted, lax, heedless, remiss, 

slack. 
solvo, solvere, solvi, soliitum, v. tr. 

(se-luo ), to loose, untie, unbind; to 

release ; to pay. 



V 104 



somnus — statiio 



somnus, i, m. (sop-nus, cf. sopor, 
sleep), sleep ; drowsiness. 

sono, sonare, sonui, sonitum, v. tr. 
(sonus), to utter, give utterance to. 

SOnus, 1, m., a noise, sound. 

soror, oris,/, a sister. 

sors, sortis, /, a lot, fate, destiny, 
fortune, chance. 

sortltus, us, m. (sorti-tus, sortior, to 
choose by lot), a casting of lots, 
choice by lot. 

Sp., foj' Spurius, Spurius, a Roman 
praenome7i. 

spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsum, 
V. tr., to scatter, spread ; to report. 

spatium, ii, n., space, distance, ex- 
tent ; a space of time, period. 

species, ei, / (spec-ies, specio, to 
look), a seeing, look, sight ; the 
external appearance, shape, form, 
figure ; a show, resemblance, pre- 
tense, cloak. 

specto. are, avi, atum, v. tr. {freq. 
c/specio, to look), to look or gaze 
at, observe ; to look ; to regard, 
respect, care for. 

speculator, oris, m. (specula-tor, 
speculor), a spy. 

speculor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (spe- 
cula, a watch-tower), to spy out, 
watch, explore, observe. 

sper5, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {cf. spes), 
to hope, trust, expect, look for, 
long for. 

spes, spei, / {from root spe, to ex- 
pand ; cf spa-tium), hope, expec- 
tation. 

spiritus, lis, m, (spiri-tus, spiro, to 
breathe), a breath ; spirit, soul ; 
haughtiness, pride, arrogance. 



splendor, oris, m. (splend-or, 
splendeo, to shine), splendor, 
brilliancy, magnificence ; honor, 
dignity. 

spolio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (spo- 
lium), to strip, rob, plunder, pil- 
lage ; to deprive, despoil. 

spolium, ii, n., spoil, plunder. 

spondeo, spondere, spopondi, spon- 
sum, V. tr., to promise, pledge 
one's self. 

sponte, abl. f (*spons, cf spondeo), 
of free will, of one's own accord, 
voluntarily, willingly, freely ; by 
one's self, without the aid of others ; 
tua sponte, of your own accord, 

Spurius, i, m., Spurius, a Roman 
praenomen. 

squalor, oris, m. (squaleo, to be 
filthy), filthiness; mourning apparel. 

stabilio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, v. tr. 
(stabilis), to make firm, fix, make 
steadfast, establish. 

stabilis, e, adj. (sta-bilis, sto), firm, 
stable, stea'lfast, enduring. 

stabilitas, atis, / (stabili-tas, sta- 
bilis), firmness, stability, strength. 

Statilius, i, m., Statilius, the name 
of a Roman gens ; L. Statilius, 
Lucius Statilius, a Roman knight 
and a partisan of Catiline. 

statim, adv. (sta-tim, sto), on the 
spot, forthwith, straightway, imme- 
diately, at once. 

Stator, oris, m. (sta-tor, sto), stayer, 
defender ; one of the appellations 
of Jupiter. 

statua, ae, / (statu-a, status), a 
statue, image. 

statuo, statuere, statui, statutum, v. 



i 



status — siiblatiis 



V 105 



tr. (status), to put, place, set, set 
up, establish ; to fix, decide, deter- 
mine, conclude. 

status, us, m. (sta-tus, sto), stand- 
ing, position ; condition, situation, 
state. 

sterno, sternere, stravi, stratum, 
V. tr., to prostrate, cast down, 
throw down, overthrow. 

stimulus, 1, m., a goad, spur, incen- 
tive, stimulus. 

stipendium, ii, n. (stipi-pend-ium ; 
*stips, stipis, a contribution, pen- 
do, to weigh out, pay), a tax, tribute. 

stirps, stirpis,/, the trunk of a tree; 
a stem, stock. 

sto, stare, steti, statum, v. intr., to 
stand. 

stratus, a, um,/. /. <?/ sterno. 

strepitus, us, m. (strepi-tus, strepo, 
to make a noise), a noise, din, con- 
fusion, tumult. 

studeo, studere, studui, v. intr., to 
be eager or zealous, apply one's self 
to, attjnd to, cultivate ; to devote 
one's self to, pay particular atten- 
tion to ; to be eager for, desire, 
wish, strive for. 

studiose, adv. {old abl. ^/studiosus), 
eagerly, zealously, carefully, atten- 
tively. 

studiosus, a, um, adj. (studio-osus, 
studium), fond of, devoted to. 

studium, ii, n. (stud-ium, studeo), 
assiduity, zeal, eagerness ; fond- 
ness, taste, inclination, desire ; at- 
tachment, devotion, good will ; exer- 
tion, pursuit, endeavor ; party strife. 

Stulte, adv. {old abl. of stultus), 
foolishly. 



stultitia, ae, / (stulto-tia, stultus), 

folly, stupidity, foolishness. 
stultus, a, um, adj., foolish, simple, 

silly. 
stuprum, i, n., debauchery. 
suadeo, suadere, suasi, suasum, v. 

tr. and intr., to advise, recommend, 

persuade. 
suavitas, atis, / (suavi-tas, suavis, 

pleasant), sweetness ; attractiveness. 
sub, prep, with ace. and abl., under. 

In composition {generally sub, but b 

is assimilated before C, f, g, and p, 

and often before m and r ; \i is 

dropped before sp ; subs, shortened 

to sus or su, occurs in a few zvords'), 

under, down, from under ; in place 

of ; secretly, slightly. 
sub-eo, ire, ii, itum, v. intr. and tr., 

to go or come under ; to undergo, 

submit to, sustain, endure, suffer, 

encounter. 
sub-ici5, icere, ieci, iectum, v. tr. 

(iacio), to throw or cast down; to 

hurl from beneath ; to place under; 

to present, hand up ; to palm off, 

forge. 
subiector, oris, m. (subiec-tor, sub- 

icio), one who substitutes, a forger. 
sub-igo, igere, egi, actum, v. tr. 

(ago), to drive under ; to put 

down, conquer, subjugate, subdue ; 

to compel, constrain, 
subito, rtc/y. {abl. of subitus), quickly, 

suddenly, unexpectedly, speedily, 

on a sudden. 
subitus, a, um, adj. {p. p. of subeo), 

sudden, unexpected. 
sublatus, a, um, /. /. ^/suffero ; also 

of tollo. 



V io6 



suboles — superior 



suboles, is,/ (sub-oles, sub-olesco, to 

grow up), offspring ; population, 

sub-ripi5, ripere, ripui, reptum, v. tr. 
(rapio), to snatch away secretly, 
steal, take away by treachery. 

subsellium, ii, n. (sub-sell-ium, 
sella), a bench, seat. 

subsidium, ii, n. (sub-sid-ium, se- 
deo, to sit), support, aid, assist- 
ance; subsidia belli, the sinews 
of war. 

sub-sum, esse, v. intr., to be under, 
be concealed ; to be near at hand, 
be close ; to approach. 

succedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, v. 
intr. and tr. (sub-cedo), to go 
under ; to go toward, approach ; 
to follow, follow or come after, take 
the place of, succeed. 

suffero, sufferre, sustuli, sublatum, 
V. tr. (sub-fero), to suffer, bear, 
endure. 

suffragium, ii, n. (suffrag-ium, suf- 
f ragor, to vote for) , voting ; a vote, 
voice, suffrage. 

sui, pers. pron., of himself, herself, 
itself, themselves. 

Sulla, ae, m., Sulla, a fatnily name; 
L. Cornelius Sulla, Lucius Sulla, 
the famous dictator and the bitter 
opponent of Marius. 

Sullanus, a, um, adj. (Sulla-anus, 
Sulla), of Sulla. 

Sulpicius, i, m., Sulpicius, the name 
of a Roman gens: I, C Sulpicius 
Galba, Gaius Sulpicius, praetor 
63 B.C., see p. 126, 1. 18 ; 2, P. 
Sulpicius Rufus, Publius Sulpicius, 
the tribune who, in 88 B.C., pro- 
posed a bill to confer the chief co77i- 



mand in the Mithridatic war upon 
Marius, see note on p. 134, 1. 25. 

sum, esse, fui, futiirus, v. intr., to 
be, exist, be present, stay, abide ; 
%vith predicate gen., to pertain, be- 
long, be the part, property, nature, 
sign, duty, or custom of: with two 
datives, to serve, afford, contribute ; 
with dat. of possessor, to have ; with 
abl. of characteristic, to possess, be 
of, have ; fore ut, that the result 
would be that. 

summa, ae, / {fem. of summus, as 
nomt), the principal point; the 
sum, aggregate, whole ; summa 
ordinis consiliique, the first place 
in rank and counsel. 

summus, see superus. 

sum5, siimere, siimpsi, siimptum, 
V. tr. (sub and emo, to take), to 
take, take away, take up ; to take 
to one's self, assume, arrogate ; 
supplicium sumere, to inflict pun- 
ishment, to punish. 

siimptuose, adv. {old abl. of sumptu- 
Osus, expensive), extravagantly, 
expensively. 

sumptus, us, m. (sum-p-tus, sumo), 
expense, cost, charge ; expenditure; 
extravagance. 

super, prep, with ace. and abl., upon, 
above, over. In composition, above ; 
over and above, besides. 

superbe, adv. {old abl. of superbus), 
proudly, haughtily, arrogantly, in- 
solently. 

superbus, a, um, adj. (super-bus, 
super), proud, haughty, arrogant, 
insolent. 

superior, see superus. 



supero — taberna 



[07 



supero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (super- 

us), to go over, overtop ; to surpass, 
excel, exceed, outstrip ; to over- 
come, conquer, subdue ; to prevail. 

super-sum, esse, fui, v. intr,, to be 
over and above, be left, remain ; to 
survive. 

superus, a, um, compar. superior, 
sup. summus, adj. (super-us, 
super), that is above, on high, 
over; superior, higher, upper, su- 
perior, more povi^erful ; previous, 
former, preceding ; superior nox, 
night before last ; summus, the 
highest, greatest, very great, most' 
important; the top of, the summit 
of; summa hiems, midwinter; 
summa omnia, all the highest quali- 
fications. 

suppedito, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to 
supply, furnish. 

suppeto, petere, petivi or petii, peti- 
tum, V. intr. (sub-peto), to be at 
hand, be present, be in store. 

supplex, ids, adj. (sub-plic-s, plico, 
to bend), beseeching, entreating, 
imploring ; as noun, a suppliant. 

supplicatio, onis, / (supplica-tio, 
supplico, to supplicate), a religious 
solemnity, festival, or rejoicing ; a 
thanksgiving. 

supplicium, ii, n. (supplic-ium, sup- 
' plex), punishment, torture, pen- 
alty ; torment, pain, distress. 

surg5, surgere, surrexi, surrectum, 
V. intr. (sub-rego), to rise, arise. 

suscenseo, censere, censui, v. intr. 
{also succenseo, succensus, /. /. of 
succendo, to kindle), to be angry 
be indignant, be irritated. 



suscipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
(subs-capio), to take or lift up, 
sustain ; to undertake, take upon 
one's self, receive, incur ; to enter 
upon, engage in ; to conceive ; me 
inimicorum multitudinem susce- 
pisse video, I see that I have stirred 
up against me a multitude of per- 
sonal enemies. 

suspectus, a, um, adj. ( /. p. of sus- 
picio, to suspect), distrusted, sus- 
pected ; an object of suspicion. 

suspicio, onis, /. (suspic-io, suspicio, 
to suspect), suspicion, 

suspicor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (sus- 
picio, to suspect), to suspect, dis- 
trust, mistrust ; to surmise, appre- 
hend, believe. 

sustento, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (sus- 
ten-to,/r^i/. <9/sustineo), to hold up, 
sustain, support ; to endure, suffer. 

sustineo, tinere, tinui, tentum, -v. tr. 
(subs-teneo), to hold up, sustain, 
support ; to hold out against, 
check, retard, vi'ithstand. 

sustuli, perf o/sufEero ; also of tollo. 

suus, a, um, poss. pron. ( sui), his, 
her, its, their ; one's own. 

Syria, ae,/, Syria, a comttry of Asia, 
on the eastern coast of the Mediter- 
ranean. 



T.,for Titus, Titus, a Roman prraeno- 
nien. 

tabella, ae, /. (tabel-la, diin. of ta- 
bula = *tabel-a), a writing, doc- 
ument. 

taberna, ae, /, a shop, stall, work- 
shop. 



V io8 



tabesco — teliiin 



tabesco, tabescere, tabui, v. intr. 
(iiicept. ^ tabeo, to waste away), 
to pine or waste away ; to lan- 
guish, pine. 

tabula, ae, /, a board ; a writing- 
tablet ; a record, document, account, 
table ; a painting, picture ; tabulae 
novae, new accounts. 

tabularium, ii, n. (tabula-arium, 
tabula), a record-office. 

taceo, tacere, tacui, taciturn, v. intr. 
and tr., to keep silent, be silent, 
say nothing ; to pass over in silence. 

tacite, adv. {old abl of tacitus), 
silently, in silence. 

taciturnitas, atis, / (taciturno-tas, 
taciturnus, taciturn), silence. 

tacitus, a, um, adj. {p. p. 0/ taceo), 
silent, mute, saying nothing. 

tactus, a, um, p.p. of tango. 

taeter, taetra, taetrum, adj., dis- 
graceful, shameful, foul, shocking, 
horrible, hideous. 

talaris, e, adj. (talo-aris, talus, the 
ankle), reaching to the ankles, long. 

talis, e, adj., such, of such a kind, 
nature, quality, or character ; like. 

tarn, adv., so, so far, so very, to such 
a degree ; non tarn . . . quam, 
not so much ... as. 

tamen, conj., notwithstanding, never- 
theless, however ; yet, still, in spite 
of all this. 

tametsi, conj. (tamen-etsi), notwith- 
standing, although, though ; and 
yet. 

tam-quam, adv., as if, as it were, so 
to speak. 

tandem, adv. (tam-dem), at last, at 
length, finally ; pray, pray now, 



then ; quo usque tandem, how 
long, pray ? . 

tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum, v. tr., I 
to touch ; to strike. 

tantum, adv. {ace. of tantus), so far, 
so much, so greatly ; only so much, 
only so far, only, merely ; tantum 
modo, only, but, merely. 

tantus, a, um, adj. (tam-tus), of 
such size or measure, so great, so 
large ; so mighty, so powerful ; 
such, so small, so trivial, so slight ; 
tanti esse, to be of so great value, 
worth so much ; est mihi tanti, it 
is worth my while ; tanto, n. abl. , 
with comparatives, by so much, so 
much the, the ; tanto ante, so long 
in advance ; tanto opere, so greatly, 
so much. 

tarde, adv. {old abl. ^/tardus, slow), 
slowly, tardily, late. 

tarditas, atis, /. (tardo-tas, tardus, 
slow), slowness, delay. 

tardo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (tardus, 
slow), to delay, check, stop, hinder, 
retard, impede. 

Tarentinus, a, um, adj. (Tarento- 
inus, Tarentum), of Tarentum, a 
town of southern Italy, Tarentine; 
Tarentmi, orum, m. pi., the Taren- 
tines. 

Tarracinensis, e, adj. (Tarracina- 
ensis, Tarracina), of Tarracina, a 
coast town in Latiuin, Tarracinian. 

tectum, i, n. {neut. of p. p. o/tego), 
a roof ; a house, dwelling, abode. 

tego, tegere, texi, tectum, v. tr., to 
cover, hide, conceal ; to defend, 
protect. 

telum, i, n., a. dart, spear, javelin ; a 



)1 



temere — testis 



V 109 



weapon ; stare cum telo, to stand 
armed. 

temere, adv. {rtetit. ^/*temeris, rash), 
rashly, heedlessly, thoughtlessly. 

temeritas, atis, / (temeri-tas, 
*temeris, rash; cf. temere), rash- 
ness, heedlessness, indiscretion, fool- 
hardiness, temerity. 

temperantia, ae, / (temperant-ia, 
temperans, pres. p. of tempero), 
moderation, sobriety, self-control, 
discreetness. 

tempers, are, avi, atum, v. tr, and 
inir. (temper-0, tempus), to tem- 
per, moderate, restrain. 

tempestas, atis, / (tempes-tas, 
tempes, old stem of tempus), a 
space of time, period, season ; 
the weather, state of the weather, 
a storm. 

tempestivus, a, um, adj. (tempes- 
tivus, tempes, old stem (?/ tempus), 
seasonable, fitting, suitable ; early, 
protracted. 

templum, i, n. (tem-p-lum, /rcw the 
root tem, to cut, p euphonic ; in 
augury the space marked off in 
the heavens by the augur's wand), 
a consecrated place, sanctuary, 
temple. 

tempto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (temp- 
to, cf tempus), to try, put to the 
test ; to attack, try to gain ; to 
tamper with. 

tempus, oris, n. (tem-pus, /row the 
root tem, to cut ; cf templum) , a 
portion or period of time, time ; an 
exigency, peril, a critical moment, 
condition, or circumstances ; the 
fitting time, proper period ; ex 



tempore, extemporaneously ; id 
temporis, at that time; tempora, 
pL, the times, circumstances. 

tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentum or 
tensum, v. tr. {cf teneo), to stretch, 
stretch out, extend ; to travel, 
march. 

tenebrae, arum, / //., darkness, ob- 
scurity. 

Tenedos, \,f, Tenedos, an island off 
the coast of Asia Minor. 

teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum, v. tr., 
to hold, occupy, have, possess, pre- 
serve, keep, retain ; to hold firm ; 
se tenere, to keep one's self, re- 
main. 

tenuis, e, adj., thin, slender, slight; 
humble, of slender means. 

ter, num. adv. {cf tres), three times, 
thrice. 

termino, are, avi, atum, v, tr. (ter- 
minus), to set bounds to, bound, 
limit ; to close, finish, end, termi- 
nate. 

terminus, i, m., a limit, boundary, 
bound. 

terra, ae, /, the earth ; the land ; a 
country, region, district ; orb is ter- 
rae or terrarum, the whole earth, 
the world. 

terror, oris, m. (terr-or, terreo, to 
frighten), fear, terror, alarm, dread. 

tertius, a, um, num. adj. (tri-tius, 
tres, cf ter), third. 

testamentum, i, 71. (testa-mentum, 
testor), a will. 

testimonium, ii, n. (testi-monium, 
testis), witness, evidence, testi- 
mony, proof. 

testis, is, m. and f, a witness. 



V I 10 



tester — tracto 



tester, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (testis), 
to call to witness ; to declare, 
assert. 

tetendi, see tendo. 

tetigi, see tango. 

Teuton!, orum, m. pL, the Teutones 
or Teutoni, a Germanic people on 
the shores of the Baltic. 

Themistocles, is and \, m. {Greek), 
Themistocles, the celebrated Athe- 
7iian statesmaji and general. 

Theophanes, is, m. {Greek), The- 
ophanes, a learned Greek of Myti- 
lene, on the islajid of Lesbos, his- 
torian of the campaigns of Pompey. 

Thrax, Thracis, m., a Thracian. 

Ti., for Tiberius, Tiberius, a Roi7ia7i 
praejiomen. 

Tiberinus, a, um, adj. (Tiber-inus, 
Tiberis), of the Tiber. 

Tiberis, is, m., the river Tiber, on 
Tvhich I\ome is situated. 

Tiberius, i, w., Tiberius, a Roman 
praenomen. 

Tigranes, is, m., Tigranes, a king of 
Armenia, son-in-law of Mithridates. 

timeo, timere, timui, v. tr. and intr., 
to fear, be afraid of, dread ; to be 
afraid, be in fear, be anxious. 

timide, adv. {old abl. of timidus), 
fearfully, timidly, cautiously. 

timidus, a, um, adj. (timi-dus, 
timeo), fearful, timid, afraid, cow- 
ardly. 

timor, oris, m. (tim-or, timeo), fear, 
timidity, dread, alarm, anxiety, ap- 
prehension. 

tiro, onis, m., a raw recruit, tyro. 

Titus, i, m., Titus, a Roman praeno- 
men. 



toga, ae, / {cf tego), the toga, the 
ordinary outer garment of a Ro- 
maii in time of peace ; ad togas re- 
dire, to resume the garments of 
peace ; toga virilis, the manly 
toga, the white toga worn in man- 
hood ; toga praetexta, the toga 
with a purple border, worn in 
childhood ; see also 91, 96. 

togatus, a, um, adj. (toga-tus, toga), 
clad in the toga ; in the garb of 
peace, in civil life ; see p. 120. 

tolerabilis, e, adj. (tolera-bilis, to- 
lero), tolerable, supportable, endur- 
able. 

tolero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {cf 
tollo), to bear, endure. 

toUo, toUere, sustuli, sublatum, v. 
tr., to lift up, raise up, raise ; to 
exalt ; to take away, remove, con- 
vey away ; illo sublato, by putting 
him out of the way. 

Tongilius, i, m., Tongilius, a com- 
panion of Catiliiie. 

tormentum, i, n. (torqu-mentum, 
torqueo, to twist), suffering, pain, 
torture. 

Torquatus, i, w., Torquatus, a family 
name; L. Manlius Torquatus, 
Lucius Torquatus, consul 65 B. C. 

tot, adj. indecl. (toti, cf totus), so 
many. 

totiens, adv. (tot), so often, so many 
times. 

totus, a, um, adj. (toti-tus, cf tot), 
the whole, all, entire ; the whole 
of ; so7)ietimes best rendered wholly, 
entirely. 

tracto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {freq. of 
traho), to draw forward, present ; 



trado — Tubero 



VIII 



to treat, use ; se tractare, to con- 
duct one's self. 

trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum, v. 
tr. (trans-do), to give up, surren- 
der, deliver, hand over. 

traho, trahere, traxi, tractum, v. tr., 
to drag, draw ; to lead, influence. 

tranquillitas, atis,/ (tranquillo-tas, 
tranquillus), quiet, stillness, rest, 
calmness, tranquillity. 

tranquillus, a, um, adj., calm, tran- 
quil, quiet. 

trans, prep, with ace, across, over, be- 
yond, on the other side of; in 
composition (tra is often used before 
d, i consonant, 1, m, n), across, 
through, completely. 

Trans-alpinus, a, um, adj. ( Alp-inus, 
Alpes), lying beyond or north of 
the Alps, Transalpine ; Transal- 
pinum bellum, the war waged by 
Pompey against the Transalpine 
Gauls, 76 B.C. 

transcendo, scendere, scendi, scen- 
sum, V. tr. (trans and scando, to 
climb), to climb, pass over, cross. 

trans-fero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. tr., 
to Ijear or carry over or across ; to 
transfer, carry. 

trans -igo, igere, egi, actum, v. tr. 
(ago), to carry through, finish, 
complete, conclude, perform, 
accomplish, transact. 

trans-marinus, a, um, adj. (mar- 
inus, mare), beyond the sea, for- 
eign, transmarine. 

trans-mitto, mittere, misi, missum, 
V. tr. and intr., to send over or 
across ; to intrust ; to give over, 
devote ; to pass over, cross. 



tremo, tremere, tremui, v. intr., to 
tremble, waver. 

tres, tria, 7ium. adj , three. 

tribunal, alis, n. (tribuno-alis, tri- 
bunus), a judgment-seat, tribunal. 

tribunus, i, m. (tribu-nus, one who 
presides over a tribe ; tribus, a 
tribe), a tribune ; tribunus plebis, 
a tribune of the people, see 106- 
108. 

tribuo, tribuere, tribui, tribiitum, v. 
tr. (tribus, a tribe; to divide among 
the tiibes), to impart, assign, give, 
distribute ; to show, render, mani- 
fest ; to grant, concede, allow ; 
to ascribe, attribute. 

triduum, i, n. (tri-duum ; tres, andcf. 
dies), the space of three days, three 
days. 

tristis, e, adj., sad, sorrowful, dejected. 

triumpho, are, avi, atum, v. ifitr. 
(triumphus), to enjoy the honor 
of a triumphal pageant, to triumph ; 
to be exultant or triumphant ; de 
Mithridate triumphare, to cele- 
brate a triumph in honor of a vic- 
tory over Mithridates. 

triumphus, i, ;«., a triumphal proces- 
sion, triumph. 

tropaeum, i, n. {Greek), a trophy. 

trucido, are, avi, atum, v. tr. {cf. 
trux, fierce), to slaughter, butcher, 
massacre. 

tu, tui, pers. pron., thou, you ; //. 
VOS ; VOsmet, emphatic form of YOS. 

tuba, ae,/, a trumpet. 

Tubero, onis, m., Tubero, a family 
name : I, Q. Aelius Tubero, Quin- 
tus Tubero, //^^ accuser of Ligarijis ; 
2, L. Aelius Tubero, Lucius Tubero, 



V 112 



tueor — ultro 



the father of the preceding, a literary 
friend of Cicero. 

tueor, tueri, tuitus or tutus sum, v. 
dep., to see, look at, gaze at ; to 
care for, maintain, preserve, defend, 
protect. 

tuli, see fero- 

Tullia, ae, /, Tullia, Cicero's only 
daughter ; see 34. 

TuUius, i, }n., Tullius, the najue of a 
Ro??ian gens ; see Cicero. 

TuUus, i, m., Tullus, a family iiame ; 
L. Volcatius Tullus, Lucius Tullus, 
cons id 66 B. C. 

turn, adv., then, at that time ; next in 
order. 

tumultus, us, m. (tumulo-tus, *tumu- 
lus, noisy), an uproar, bustle, dis- 
turbance, commotion ; a revolt, war. 

tumulus, i, m. (tum-ulus, tumeo, to 
svi'ell), a heap of earth, mound, hil- 
lock, height ; a tomb. 

tunc, adv. (tum-ce), then, at that time. 

tunica, ae,/., tunic, an under-garment 
worn by the Romans. 

turbulentus, a, um, adj. (turba-len- 
tus, turba, turmoil), turbulent, rest- 
less, confused ; miscellaneous. 

turma, ae, / (tur-ma, cf turba, a 
crowd), a division, squadron, or 
troop of horsemen. 

turpis, e, adj., unseemly, shameful, 
base, disgraceful, dishonorable. 

turpiter, adv. (turpi-ter, turpis), in 
an unseemly manner, shamefully, 
disgracefully. 

turpitude, inis, / (turpi-tudo, tur- 
pis), disgrace, shame, baseness. 

tuto, adv. {abl. d?/ tutus), safely, se- 
curely, without danger, in safety. 



tiitor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. {freq. of 
tueor), to guaid, keep, protect, de- 
fend. 

tutus, a, um, adj. (/. /. of tueor), 
safe, secure, free from danger, pro- 
tected. 

tuus, a, um, poss. pron. (tu), thy, 
thine, your, yours. 

tyrannus, i, m. {Greek), a tyrant, des- 
pot. 

U 

liber, eris, «., a teat, dug, udder. 

ubertas, atis, / (uber-tas, uber, 
fruitful), fruit fulness, productive- 
ness, fertility. 

ubi, adv. (cu-bi, quo-bi, quis and 
qui), where? where, in which 
place ; when. 

ubinam, adv. (ubi-nam), where? 
ubinam gentium, where in the 
world ? 

ubi-que, adv., anywhere, everywhere. 

ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum, v. dep., 
to avenge one's self upon, take 
vengeance on ; to avenge ; to pun- 
ish, chastise. 

iillus, a, um, adj. (uno-lus, unus), any, 
any one. 

ulterior, us, gen. oris, sup. ultimus, 
adj. (ulter-ior, compar. of *ul-ter, 
cf. ultra), farther, on the farther 
side, beyond ; more remote ; ul- 
timus, farthest, most distant ; 
earliest. 

ultra, adv. {o7'iginally abl. of *ulter, 
cf ulterior), beyond, on the farther 
side. 

ultro, adv. {originally abl. d7/*ulter, cf 
ulterior), of one's own accord, vol- 
untarily. 



ultus — uxor 



V 113 



ultus, a, um, /. p. o/ulciscor. 

Umbrenus, i, m., Umbrenus, a fatjiily 
natne ; P. Umbrenus, Publius Um- 
brenus, a freedinan, an associate of 
Catiline. 

umquam, adv. {for cum-quam), at 
any time, ever. 

una, adv. {abl. of unus), at the same 
time, together with. 

unde, adv. (cum-de, quis arid qui), 
from which place, whence. 

undequinquagesimus, a, um, num. 
adj. (undequinquaginta-esimus, 
unus, de, quinquaginta), forty- 
ninth. 

undique, adv. (unde-que), from all 
parts, on all sides, everywhere. 

unguentum, i, 71. {cf. unguo, to smear), 
an ointment, unguent, perfume. 

iinice, adv. {old abl. of unicus, unique, 
unus), in an unprecedented, 
unparalleled, or extraordinary de- 
gree. 

universus, a, um, adj. (unus, verto), 
all, all collectively, whole, entire. 

unus, a, um, nutn. adj., one ; one and 
the same, common ; only, alone, 
merely ; with superlatives, without 
exception ; unus maximus, without 
exception the greatest ; unus quis- 
que, each one. 

urbanus, a, um, adj. (urbi-anus, 
urbs), of or relating to the city, in 
the city. 

urbs, urbis, /., the city; the city of 
Rome. 

urgeo, urgere, ursi, v. ir., to press 
upon, oppress ; to drive, press 
hard. 

usitatus, a, um, adj. {p.p. of usitor. 



to use often, freq. of utor), used, 
customary, familiar, common. 

iisquam, adv. at or in any place, any- 
where. 

usque, adv. as far as, even ; usque eo, 
so much. 

usiira, ae,/ (ut-tura, utor), use, en- 
joyment ; interest {on money lent). 

usurpo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (*usu- 
rapus, usus and rapio), to make 
use of, use, employ. 

usus, a, um, /. /. of utor. 

usus, us, 7n. (ut-tus, utor), use, prac- 
tice, skill, experience. 

ut or uti, adv. and conj., as, just as, 
as far as, how ; when, as, after, 
ever since, as soon as ; that, in 
order that ; so that, so as to ; 
though, although, even if; after 
verbs of fearing, that not. 

uter-que, utraque, utrumque, adj. 
(uter, which of the tv\o, which- 
ever), each of the two, both. 

Utica, ae, /i, Utica, a town in the Ro- 
man province of Africa. 

utilis, e, adj. (ut-ilis, utor), useful, 
beneficial, advantageous, profitable. 

utilitas, atis, / (utili-tas, utilis), 
usefulness, profit, advantage, ser- 
vice, interest, expediency. 

utinam, interj. (uti-nam), O that! 
would that ! 

utor, iiti, usus sum, v. dep., to use, 
make use of, employ, manage ; to 
practice, adopt, have, observe ; to 
win. 

utrum, adv. {ace. of uter, which of 
the two), whether ; in double ques- 
tions followed by an or necne. 

uxor, oris,/, a wife. 



V 114 



vacillo — veiido 



vacillo, are, avi, atum, v. intr., to 
stagger, totter. 

vaco, are, avi, atum, v. intr, {cf. 
vacuus), to be unoccupied ; to be 
free from. 

vacuefacio, facere, feci, factum, v. 
tr. (vacuus, facio), to make empty 
or vacant ; to clear. 

vacuus, a, um, adj. (vac-uus, vaco), 
empty, free from, stripped of, des- 
titute of, vacant, wanting ; vagina 
vacuus, unsheathed. 

vadimonium, ii, n. (vadi-monium, 
vas, bail), bail, security, recogni- 
zance ; vadimonium deserere, to 
forfeit bail. 

vagina, ae, /, a scabbard, sheath. 

vagor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. (va- 
gus, roaming), to wander, roam, 
range. 

valde, adv. {for valide, old abl. of 
validus, strong), very, very much, 
exceedingly, completely. 

valens, entis, adj. {pres. p. o/valeo), 
strong, powerful, active. 

valeo, valere, valui, v. intr., to be 
well, be in good health ; to be 
strong or powerful, have strength 
or force ; to avail, be able, have 
weight or influence, be effectual. 

Valerius, i, m., Valerius, the name 
of a Roman gens : I, L.Valerius 
Flaccus, Lucius Flaccus, consul loo 
B.C.; 2, L. Valerius Flaccus, Lu- 
cius Flaccus, praetor 6j B. C. 

valetiido, inis, / (vale-tudo, valeo), 
the state or condition of the body, 
health (good or bad). 

vallo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (vallum, , 



a wall), to wall in, intrench, for- 
tify, defend, protect. 

varietas, atis, / (vario-tas, varius) , 
diversity, variety, difference, varia- 
tion, 

varius, a, um, adj., diverse, manifold, 
various, changing. 

Varus, i, ;//., Varus, a faniily name ; 
see Attius. 

vastatio, onis, / (vasta-tio, vasto), 
devastation, ravaging. 

vastitas, atis, / (vasto-tas, vastus, 
waste), devastation, desolation. 

vast5, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (vastus, 
waste), to lay waste, devastate, rav- 
age, destroy. 

vates, is, m. and f, a soothsayer. 

ve, conj., enclitic, or. 

vectigal, alis, n. {from vectigale, 
neut. of vectigalis), a tax, toll, im- 
post, tribute ; revenue, income. 

vectigalis, e, adj. (vecti-go-alis, vec- 
tis, from veho, to carry), taxa- 
ble, tributary ; vectigales, ium, m. 
pi.., tributaries. 

vehemens, entis, adj. {cf veho), 
eager, violent, impetuous, vehe- 
ment ; forcible, strong, exciting. 

vehementer, adv. (vehement-i-ter, 
vehemens), violently, forcibly, ex- 
ceedingly, greatly, very much, 
strongly, extremely. 

vel, conj. {old imperative of Y0\6), or, 
or indeed ; even ; vel . . . vel, 
either ... or. 

velle, see volo. 
velum, i, n., a veil, 
vena, a.e, f, a vein. 
vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum, 
V, tr. (to place for sale; veuum, fur 



veneficus — vestis 



V 115 



sale, and diO, to place), to sell, expose 
for sale. 

veneficus, i, m. (veneno-fic-us, vene- 
num, facio), a poisoner. 

venenum, i, n., poison. 

veneo, ire, ii, v. intr. (venum-eo, to 
go to sale), to be sold. 

veneror, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
(venus, loveliness), to worship, 
adore ; to supplicate, beseech, im- 
plore, entreat. 

venia, ae, /, indulgence, favor, for- 
bearance, kindness ; forgiveness, 
pardon. 

venio, venire, veni, ventum, v. intr., 
to come, arrive ; quocumque ven- 
tum sit, wherever they have come, 

ventus, i, w., the wind. 

venustas, atis, / (venus-tas, venus, 
loveliness), grace, gracefulness, 

ver, veris, «., the spring. 

(verber), verberis, n. (rare in sing.), 
a lashing, scourging, 

verbero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ver- 
ber), to lash, to scourge. 

verbum, i, n., a word ; satis mihi 
multa verba fecisse videor, I think 
I have spoken at sufficient length. 

vere, adv. {old abl. (?/verus), truly, in 
truth, with good reason, really, in fact. 

verecundia, ae, / (verecundo-ia, 
vere-cundus, shy, vereor), respect, 
a sense of propriety. 

vereor, vereri, veritus sum, v. dep., to 
stand in awe of ; to respect ; to 
fear, dread, be afraid of. 

Veritas, atis,/ (vero-tas, verus), the 
truth, reality. 

vero, adv. {abl. of verus), in truth, 
truly, assuredly, in fact ; but. 



verso, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (vert-to, 
freq. of verto), to turn, put in 
motion ; to carry on ; in pass, zvith 
reflexive force, to move about, con- 
duct one's self; to frequent, dwell, 
live, be ; nobiscum versari, to hve 
with us ; versatur mihi ante ocu- 
los, there flits before my eyes ; to 
be prevalent ; to occupy one's self, 
be engaged, be busy, be versed ; 
to insist ; in summa severitate 
versatur, he insists upon the 
greatest severity. 

versus, us, m. (vert-tus, a turning, 
verto), a verse, line. 

verto, vertere, verti, versum, v. tr., 
to turn. 

verum, adv. {ace. <?/ verus), but. 

verum, i, n. {neut. ^ verus, ^^ noun), 
the truth, reality, fact. 

verus, a, um, adj., true, actual, real, 
well-grounded ; right, reasonable. 

vespera, ae, /, the evening star, even- 
ing. 

Vesta, ae, /, Vesta, the goddess of the 
hotisehold ; see illustration of the 
Temple of Vesta, p. 140. 

Vestalis, e, adj. (Vesta-alis, Vesta), 
pertaining to Vesta, sacred to Vesta ; 
virgines Vestales, Vestal virgins, 
priestesses of Vesta ; see note on p. 
127, 1. 13 ; also a portrait of a Ves- 
tal Virgin, p. 139. 

vester, vestra, vestrum, poss. pron. 
(ves-ter, vos), your, yours. 

vestigium, ii, n. (vestig-ium, ves- 
tigo, to track), a footstep, foot- 
print, track, trace ; vestigia, //., 
the traces, remains, ruins. 

vestis, is,/, clothing, garments, garb. 



V ii6 



vestitus — vindico 



vestitus, us, m. (vesti-tus, vestio, to 
clothe), clothing, apparel. 

veteranus, a, urn, adj. (veter-anus, 
vetus), old, tried, veteran. 

vetus, veteris, adj., old, aged, of long- 
standing, ancient. 

vetustas, atis, / (vetus -tas, vetus), 
antiquity, age, long continuance. 

vexatio, onis, / (vexa-tio, vexo), 
harassing, outrage. 

vexo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (vec-so, to 
drag hither and thither; freq. of 
veho, to carry), to disturb, annoy, 
vex, trouble, worry, harass. 

via, ae,/, a way, road, passage. 

vibro, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to bran- 
dish. 

vicesimus, a, um, nujn. adj. {cf. 
viginti), twentieth. 

vici, see vinco. 

vicinus, i, vi. (vico-inus, vicus), a 
neighbor, 

victima, ae, /, a beast for sacrifice, 
a sacrificial animal, victim. 

victor, oris, m. (vic-tor, vinco), a 
conqueror, victor ; as adj., victori- 
ous. 

victoria, ae, / (victor- ia, victor), 
victory, success. 

victrix, icis, / (vic-trix, vinco), a 
(^female) victor ; as adj., victorious. 

victus, a, um, /. /. ^/ vinco. 

victus, us, m. (vic-tus, vivo), a liv- 
ing, way of life ; food, provisions. 

vicus, i, vi., a village, hamlet. 

vide-licet, adv. (vide, imperative of 
video), manifestly, clearly, plainly, 
evidently ; of course, forsooth, with 
ironical sense. 

video, videre, vidi, visum, v. tr., to 



see, behold, look at, perceive ; to 
understand, comprehend, learn ; to 
take care, see to, provide ; in pass., 
to seem, appear ; to seem to one's 
self, think, imagine ; impers., it 
seems good or proper. 

vigeo, vigere, vigui, v. intr., to thrive, 
flourish, be in repute or esteem. 

vigilans, antis, adj. {pres. p. of vi- 
gilo), vigilant, watchful, attentive, 
careful. 

vigilia, ae,/ (vigil-ia, vigil, awake), 
a keeping awake, wakefulness, sleep- 
lessness ; a watching, watch, guard ; 
a watch, one of the four divisions of 
the night. 

vigilo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. (vigil, 
awake), to watch, keep awake ; to 
be watchful or vigilant. 

viginti, num. adj., twenty. 

vilis, e, adj., cheap, of trifling value, 
worthless. 

vilitas, atis, / (vili-tas, vilis), 
cheapness. 

villa, ae, /, a farm, country-seat, villa. 

vincio, vincire, vinxi, vinctum, v. 
tr., to bind, secure ; to secure, 
recover. 

vinco, vincere, vici, victum, v. tr., to 
conquer, be superior to, subdue, 
vanquish, overcome. 

vinculum, i, n. (vinc-ulum, vincio), 
a bond, chain, fetters ; imprison- 
ment. 

vindex, icis, m. and f, a punisher, 
avenger. 

vindico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (vin- 
dex), to claim, lay claim to; to free, 
liberate, deliver, rescue ; to avenge, 
revenge, punish. 



vmum — vox 



7 



vinum, i, n. (vi-num, cf. vi-tis, 
vine) wine ; drunkenness, rev- 
elry. 

vi^lo, are, avi, atuin, 7^. tr. {cf, vis), 
to treat with violence ; to injure, 
harm ; to infringe. 

vir, viri, ;;/., a man ; husband. 

vires, see vis. 

virgo, inis,/, a maid, maiden, virgin; 
virgines Vestales, the Vestal vir- 
gins, priestesses of Vesta, see Ves- 
talis. 

virtiis, litis, / (vir-tus, vir ), manli- 
ness ; strength, power, principle ; 
courage, valor, bravery ; virtue, 
goodness, worth, merit; ability, 
excellence ; energy, vigor, fortitude. 

vis, vis, /, violence, strength, force, 
power, vigor, energy ; effect, influ- 
ence ; multitude, quantity, amount ; 
vires, //., power, strength, might ; 
vis et manus, violent hands. 

viscus, eris, n. {rare in sing.), pL 
viscera, um, the vitals. 

viso, visere, visi, visum, v. tr. (vid- 
iOffreq. <?/ video), to view, behold, 
look at ; to go to see, visit. 

visus, a, um, /./. ^/ video; also of 
viso. 

vita, ae, /. (vivo-ta, vivus), life. 

vitium, ii, n., a vice, fault, offense, 
crime. 

vito, are, avi, atum, v. tr., to shun, 
avoid, seek to escape ; to escape, 
evade. 

vituperatio, onis, / (vitupera-tio, 
vitupero, to blame), a charge, 
accusation, censure. 

vivo, vivere, vixi, victum, v. intr. 
{cf vivus), to live. 



vivus, a, um, adj. {cf vivo), living, 
alive. 

vix, adv., with difficulty, hardly, 
scarcely, barely. 

vix-dum, adv., hardly then, scarcely, 
scarcely yet. 

vixi, see vivo. 

voco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (vox) , to 
call, summon, call upon ; to con- 
voke, invite, incite, summon, de- 
mand ; to doom, expose. 

volito, are, avi, atum, v. inir. {freq. 
of volo, to fly), to flit about. 

volo, velle, volui, v. tr., to wish, de- 
sire, choose ; to purpose, intend, 
be disposed ; to show one's desire ; 
quid sibi volunt, what do they 
intend ? 

Volturcius, i, m., Volturcius ; T. 
Volturcius, Titus Volturcius, <2:/(2;'- 
tisan of Catiline. 

voluntarius, a, um, adj. (voluntat- 
arius, voluntas), voluntary, will- 
ing ; voluntarius, ii, m., a volun- 
teer. 

voluntas, atis,/ (volent-tas, volens, 
pres. p. of volo), will, wish, choice, 
desire, inclination, feeling ; consent, 
approbation ; good will, favor, 
affection. 

voluptas, atis, / (volup-tas, cf 
volup, delightfully), satisfaction, 
pleasure, joy, delight. 

vos, vosmet, see tu. 

votum, i, n. {netit. of p. p. of 
VOveo, to vow), a vow; a prayer. 

VOX, vocis, /, a voice, sound, call, 
cry ; a word ; vOCes, //., expres- 
sions, reports, sayings, language, 
words, precepts. 



V II 



vulgaris — vultus 



vulgaris, e, adj. (vulgo-aris, vulgus, 

the multitude), ordinary, common. 

vulgo, adv. {abl. of vulgus, the mul- 
titude), generally, everywhere, uni- 
versally, commonly. 

vulner5, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 



(vulner-o, vulnus), to wound, hurt, 
injure. 

vulnus, eris, n.,2. wound, injury. 

vultus, us, w., the expression of the 
countenance, looks, air, mien, fea- 
tures ; the face. 



PARALLEL REFERENCES 



V 119 



PARALLEL REFERENCES TO ALLEN AND 
GREENOUGH'S LATIN GRAMMAR 



43. b 
44 

49, c 
100, c 
107 
137. b 
148, N. 
156, a 
217, e 

234 
263, 2 
282, d 
284 

286, N. 
287,3 
290 
291, a 
c 

293 

295, b 

296, a 

297, a 
b 
c 

298, a 
b 
f 

301, c 
f 

302, e 

306, b, N. 

307, b 
d 

308, f 
h 



36, b 
37 

40, c 
75, c 
79 

95, b 
104, N. 
Ill, a 
149, e 
160, c 
167, b 
184, c 
176, b 

186, N. 

187, b 
191 
93, a 
93, b 
193 

194, b 

195, d 
102, a 
102, b 
102, c 
195, c 

195, e 
195,1 

196, g 

196, f 

197, e 

199, b, 

200, b 

200, e 

201, e 
201, g 



N. 



312 

313. b 
b, 

314. a 
324. e 

326, a 
b 
c 

327 

327. I 

331. N. 

332, a 
335. b 

N. 
343. a 

b 

d 
346 
346, a, 3 

348. b 

349. a 
b 

350. b 
352 

354. b 

355. a 
N. 2 

364 
367 

b 

c 

d 
368,2 
370 
372 



N.2 



202, c 
93, c 
105, e 

156, c 
209 
209, a 
209, c 
209 

209, a, 1 

210, R. 

210, b 

211, b 
211 

214, a, 2 
214, c 
214, f 
216 
216,3 

217, b 

218, a 

218, b 

219, 1 
220 

221, b 

222, b 

225, d 
227 
227, b 
227, c 
227, d 
227. e, 2 
228 
230 



373 

b 
374, a, N. I 
375 

377 
380 

381 
382, I 

384 



N. 2 



385. 



390. c 

396, a 

397. a 
397. d 
401 

402, a 

403. c 

405. N. 3 

406, a 
407 

d 
409, a 
410 

a 
414 

415 
417 
418 
b 

423 
427. a 



231 

231, a 

232, N. 

232, a 
235 
235, a 
236 
229 

233, a 

234, a 
234, a, N.2 
234, d 
234, d, 2 

238, b 

239, c 

240, b 
240, d 
243, a 

243, d 

244, d 
246 
247, b 
247, a 

247, d 

248, c, 2 
249 

249, a 
250 
251 
252, a 
253 

245, a 
256 
258, d 
258, a, N. 1 



V 120 



PARALLEL REFERENCES 



429, I 
2 

431- a 
432, a 

439 
440 
441 
442 

444 
446 

449 
a 

450 
458 
462, a 
466 
468 
471, b 
c 

474 
476 
485. a 
b, 



486, b, N. 

497 

d 
498, a 



258, f,l 
258, f, 2 
254, b, 2 
261, a 



267 
267, b 
268 
311, a 
269, d 
269, e 
269, a 
271, c 
332, c 
276, a 

276, c 

277, b 
277, c 
279, a 
279, e 
287. a 
287, b. N. 
287, c 

287, e 

288, a 
288, d 
292, a 

292, e 

293, a 



500,4 
504- c 
510 

516, c 
d 

517. a 
c 

519 
521, a 

b 
524 
525. b 
527. a 

c 

d, N. 
532 
535. d 

e 

f 

537 

2 
540, N. 3 
542 
546, a 
558, a 

b 
561 

a 

563 



294, d 
298, a 
303 
307, c 

307, d 

308, a 
308, d 
316 
310, a 
310, b 
312 
315, b 
313, a 
313, c 
313, f 
317, c 
320, d 
320, e 

320, f 
319 
319, 2 

321, K. 
322 
325, b 

332,g,N.l, 
331, e, 2 
329 
329 
331 
331, d 



564 
565 

568, N 

569. a 
2 

571, a 
b 

572 
b 

575. d 

576 

580 
a 

582 

583 



585 
588 

592,3 
593 
a 

597 
598, a 

598. f 
601 

c 
631, d 
640 
641 



331, 
331, 



f 
f, R. 



288, f 
332, 2 
332, b 

332, d 
333 

333, b 

334, e 
334, c 
336, 2 
336, 2 
336, a, 2 
336, b 
336, c 
336, c, 
336, B 
339 
-341, d 
342 
342. a 
344 

344 
344, f 
346 
346*, c 
376, d 
385 
386 



N 2 



N.2 



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MORRIS Sr MORGAN'S LATIN SERIES 

HORACE'S ODES, EPODES 
and CARMEN SAECULARE 

EDITED, WITH INTRODUCTION AND COMMENTARY, 
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A Grammar of Attic and | 
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